Abnormal glucose tolerance, white blood cell count, and telomere length in newly diagnosed, antidepressant-naive patients with depression
Open accessAbstract
Chronic mood disorders have been associated with a shortened telomere, a marker of increased mortality rate and aging, and impaired cellular immunity. However, treatment may confound these relationships. We examined the relationship of glucose tolerance, white blood cell count and telomere length to depression in newly diagnosed, antidepressant-naïve patients. Subjects with major depression (n=15), and matched healthy control subjects (n=70) underwent a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test and evaluation of blood cell count and telomere content. The depression group had significantly higher two-hour glucose concentrations and a lower lymphocyte count than control subjects (respective means [SD] for two-hour glucose were 125.0mg/dL [67.9] vs 84.6 [25.6] (p<.001); for lymphocyte count 2.1×10(9)/L [0.6] vs 2.5×10(9)/L [0.7] p=.028). Telomere content was significantly shortened in the depression group (87.9 [7.6]) compared to control subjects (101.0 [14.3]; p<0.01). Abnormal glucose tolerance, lymphopenia and a shortened telomere are present early in the course of depression independently of the confounding effect of antidepressant treatment, supporting the concept of major depression as an accelerated aging disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Of the 11 MDD studies, seven found significantly shorter LTL in currently depressed individuals (or in individuals with mixed mood disorders including MDD) compared to controls, while four did not.
“Of these, seven found significantly shorter LTL in currently depressed individuals (or in individuals with mixed mood disorders including MDD) compared to controls (Garcia-Rizo et al., 2013; Hartmann et al., 2010; Hoen et al., 2011; Lung et al., 2007; Simon et al., 2006; Verhoeven et al., 2014a; Wikgren et al., 2012b), while four did not (Needham et al., 2014; Schaakxs et al., 2015; Teyssier et al”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Garcia-Rizo et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069 · Cited by 3,926 · see citing works
Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older
Cawthon, R. M., Smith, K. R., O'Brien, E., Sivatchenko, A., & Kerber, R. A. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12384-7 · Cited by 1,761 · see citing works
The Relationship of Depression and Stressors to Immunological Assays: A Meta-Analytic Review
Zorrilla, E. P., Luborsky, L., McKay, J. R., Rosenthal, R., Houldin, A., Tax, A., McCorkle, R., Seligman, D. A., & Schmidt, K. (2001) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1006/brbi.2000.0597 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis
Knol, M. J., Twisk, J. W. R., Beekman, A. T. F., Heine, R. J., Snoek, F. J., & Pouwer, F. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0159-x · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Leukocyte Telomere Length and Cardiovascular Disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study
Fitzpatrick, A. L., Kronmal, R. A., Gardner, J. P., Psaty, B. M., Jenny, N. S., Tracy, R. P., Walston, J., Kimura, M., & Aviv, A. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj346 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Simon, N. M., Smoller, J. W., McNamara, K. L., Maser, R. S., Zalta, A. K., Pollack, M. H., Nierenberg, A. A., Fava, M., & Wong, K.-K. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.004 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Wolkowitz, O. M., Mellon, S. H., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F. S., Su, Y., Reus, V. I., Rosser, R., Burke, H. M., Kupferman, E., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017837 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Collerton, J., Martin-Ruiz, C., Davies, K., Hilkens, C. M., Isaacs, J., Kolenda, C., Parker, C., Dunn, M., Catt, M., Jagger, C., et al. (2012) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2012.05.005 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Immune suppression and immune activation in depression
Blume, J., Douglas, S. D., & Evans, D. L. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.008 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Depression gets old fast: do stress and depression accelerate cell aging?
Wolkowitz, O. M., Epel, E. S., Reus, V. I., & Mellon, S. H. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20686 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Telomere length predicts poststroke mortality, dementia, and cognitive decline
Martin-Ruiz, C. M., Dickinson, H. O., Keys, B., Rowan, E. N., Kenny, R. A., & von Zglinicki, T. (2006) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20869 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Metabolic profile of antipsychotic-naive individuals with non-affective psychosis
Fernández-Egea, E., Bernardo, M., Donner, T. W., Conget, I., Parellada, E., Justicia, A., Esmatjes, E., García‐Rizo, C., & Kirkpatrick, B. W. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.052605 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasma Metabonomics as a Novel Diagnostic Approach for Major Depressive Disorder
Zheng, P., Gao, H., Li, Q., Shao, W., Zhang, M. L., Cheng, K., Yang, D., Fan, S., Chen, L., Fang, L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr2010082 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Unadjusted and Adjusted Prevalence of Diagnosed Depression in Type 2 Diabetes
Nichols, G. A., & Brown, J. B. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.744 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Rosenberg, S. D., Drake, R. E., Wolford, G., Mueser, K. T., Oxman, T. E., Vidaver, R. M., Carrieri, K. L., & Luckoor, R. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.232 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Association of telomere shortening with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetic macroangiopathy
Adaikalakoteswari, A., Balasubramanyam, M., Ravikumar, R., Deepa, R., & Mohan, V. (2007) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.003 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Immune system dysregulation in adolescent major depressive disorder
Gabbay, V., Klein, R. G., Alonso, C. M., Babb, J. S., Nishawala, M., De Jesus, G., Hirsch, G. S., Hottinger-Blanc, P. M. Z., & Gonzalez, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.07.022 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Mental Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: A Multifaceted, Bidirectional Association
Lippi, G., Montagnana, M., Favaloro, E. J., & Franchini, M. (2009) · Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1222611 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
de Jonge, P., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0389-y · Cited by 146 · see citing works
History of Depression Increases Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Younger Adults
Brown, L. C., Majumdar, S. R., Newman, S. C., & Johnson, J. A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1063 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms in Subjects With Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
Knol, M. J., Heerdink, E. R., Egberts, T. C. G., Geerlings, M. I., Gorter, K. J., Numans, M. E., Grobbee, D. E., Klungel, O. H., & Burger, H. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31805f48b9 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Decreased plasma adiponectin concentration in major depression
Leo, R., Lorenzo, G. D., Tesauro, M., Cola, C., Fortuna, E., Zanasi, M., Troisi, A., Siracusano, A., Lauro, R., & Romeo, F. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.043 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Genetic pathway of major depressive disorder in shortening telomeric length
Lung, F., Chen, N. C., & Shu, B. (2007) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e32808374f6 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Absolute Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Count and Subsequent Mortality of Elderly Men
Bender, B. S., Nagel, J. E., Adler, W. H., & Andres, R. (1986) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1986.tb04906.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Brown, A. D. H., Barton, D. A., & Lambert, G. W. (2009) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200923070-00004 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Effect of Comorbid Chronic Diseases on Prevalence and Odds of Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Egede, L. E. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000149260.82006.fb · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Age-related deregulation of naive T cell homeostasis in elderly humans
Ferrando‐Martínez, S., Ruíz-Mateos, E., Hernández, A., Gutiérrez, E., Rodríguez-Méndez, M. M., Ordóñez, A., & Leal, M. (2010) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-010-9170-8 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Leo, R., Lorenzo, G. D., Tesauro, M., Razzini, C., Forleo, G. B., Chiricolo, G., Cola, C., Zanasi, M., Troisi, A., Siracusano, A., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n1114 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Insulin Tolerance Test in Depression
Mueller, P. S. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740230075011 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Derijks, H. J., Meyboom, R. H. B., Heerdink, E. R., Koning, F. H. P. D., Janknegt, R., Lindquist, M., & Egberts, T. C. G. (2008) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-007-0441-y · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Fernandez-Egea, E., Bernardo, M., Heaphy, C. M., Griffith, J. K., Parellada, E., Esmatjes, E., Conget, I., Nguyen, L., George, V., Stoppler, H., et al. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn169 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationHung, Y., Hsieh, C., Chen, Y., Pei, D., Kuo, S., Shen, D., Sheu, W. H., & Chen, Y. (2007) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02963.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Pan, A., Ye, X., Franco, O. H., Li, H., Yu, Z., Zou, S., Zhang, Z., Jiao, S., & Xu, L. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.11.002 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Neutrophilia and lymphopenia in major mood disorders
Darko, D. F., Rose, J., Christian Gillin, J., Golshan, S., & Baird, S. M. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90095-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Telomere content correlates with stage and prognosis in breast cancer
Fordyce, C., Heaphy, C. M., Bisoffi, M., Wyaco, J. L., Joste, N. E., Mangalik, A., Baumgartner, K. B., Baumgartner, R., Hunt, W. C., & Griffith, J. K. (2006) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-006-9204-1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationObana, N., Takagi, S., Kinouchi, Y., Tokita, Y., Sekikawa, A., Takahashi, S., Hiwatashi, N., Oikawa, S., & Shimosegawa, T. (2003) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.42.150 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Differences in glucose tolerance between deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia
Kirkpatrick, B. W., Fernández-Egea, E., García‐Rizo, C., & Bernardo, M. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.09.023 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., Jia, Y., Chen, X., Ling, X., Liu, S., Xu, G., & Huang, L. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112450781 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Telomere shortening & metabolic/vascular diseases.
Balasubramanyam, M., Adaikalakoteswari, A., Monickaraj, S. F., & Mohan, V. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Timonen, M., Salmenkaita, I., Jokelainen, J. J., Laakso, M., Härkönen, P. K., Koskela, P. U., Meyer‐Rochow, V. B., Peitso, A., & Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318157ad2e · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Depression, endocrinologically a syndrome of premature aging?
Heuser, I. (2002) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/s0378-5122(02)00012-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Could glucose be a proaging factor?
Kassi, E. N., & Papavassiliou, A. G. (2008) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00329.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rhee, M. K., Musselman, D. L., Ziemer, D. C., Vaccarino, V., Kolm, P., Weintraub, W. S., Caudle, J. M., Varughese, R. M., Irving, J. M., & Phillips, L. S. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02543.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Delineating the relationship between stress, depressive symptoms, and glucose intolerance.
Grandinetti, A., Kaholokula, J. K., & Chang, H. K. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.9.1443 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Depression and the cardiovascular system: increasing evidence of a link and therapeutic implications
Marano, G., Harnic, D., Lotrionte, M., Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Abbate, A., Romagnoli, E., & Mazza, M. (2009) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/erc.09.78 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio in mood disorders: A meta-analysis
Mazza, M. G., Lucchi, S., Tringali, A. G. M., Rossetti, A., Botti, E. R., & Clerici, M. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.012 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Lindqvist, D., Epel, E. S., Mellon, S. H., Penninx, B. W., Révész, D., Verhoeven, J. E., Reus, V. I., Lin, J., Mahan, L., Hough, C. M., et al. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Depression and telomere length: a meta-analysis
Ridout, K. K., Ridout, S. J., Price, L. H., Sen, S., & Tyrka, A. R. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.052 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Tyrka, A. R., Parade, S. H., Price, L. H., Kao, H.-T., Porton, B., Philip, N. S., Welch, E. S., & Carpenter, L. L. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.025 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Darrow, S. M., Verhoeven, J. E., Révész, D., Lindqvist, D., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Delucchi, K. L., Wolkowitz, O. M., & Mathews, C. A. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000356 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Telomere length and cortisol reactivity in children of depressed mothers
Gotlib, I. H., LeMoult, J., Colich, N. L., Foland-Ross, L. C., Hallmayer, J., Joormann, J., Lin, J., & Wolkowitz, O. M. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.119 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Leukocyte telomere length and late-life depression
Schaakxs, R., Verhoeven, J. E., Oude Voshaar, R. C., Comijs, H. C., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2015) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.06.003 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Peripheral telomere length and hippocampal volume in adolescents with major depressive disorder
Henje Blom, E., Han, L. K. M., Connolly, C. G., Ho, T. C., Lin, J., LeWinn, K. Z., Simmons, A. N., Sacchet, M. D., Mobayed, N., Luna, M. E., et al. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.172 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wojcicki, J. M., Heyman, M. B., Elwan, D., Shiboski, S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E., & Epel, E. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.71 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Blood cell count in antipsychotic-naive patients with non-affective psychosis
Garcia‐Rizo, C., Casanovas, M., Fernandez‐Egea, E., Oliveira, C., Meseguer, A., Cabrera, B., Mezquida, G., Bioque, M., Kirkpatrick, B., & Bernardo, M. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12456 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Garcia-Rizo, C., Fernandez-Egea, E., Miller, B. J., Oliveira, C., Justicia, A., Griffith, J. K., Heaphy, C. M., Bernardo, M., & Kirkpatrick, B.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Baylor Scott & White Health (US)
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 28
- Pages
- 49-53
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3587123
- OpenAlex
- W2042513845
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R25GM060201)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK069265)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, telomere length, glucose tolerance, white blood cell count, lymphopenia, accelerated aging, cell-mediated immunity, oral glucose tolerance test, depression biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Leukocyte Count, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Case-Control Studies, Lymphocyte Count, Telomere Shortening
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
