Depression and telomere length: a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Several recent studies have investigated the relationship between telomere length and depression with inconsistent results. This meta-analysis examined whether telomere length and depression are associated and explored factors that might affect this association.Methods Studies measuring telomere length in subjects with clinically significant unipolar depression were included. A comprehensive search strategy identified studies in PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Global Health, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. A structured data abstraction form was used and studies were appraised for inclusion or exclusion using a priori conditions. Analyses were conducted using standardized mean differences in a continuous random effects model.Results Thirty-eight studies (N=34,347) met the inclusion criteria. The association between depression and telomere length was significant, with a Cohen's d effect size of -0.205 (p<0.0001, I(2)=42%). Depression severity significantly associated with telomere length (p=0.03). Trim and fill analysis indicated the presence of publication bias (p=0.003), but that the association remained highly significant after accounting for the bias. Subgroup analysis revealed depression assessment tools, telomere measurement techniques, source tissue and comorbid medical conditions significantly affected the relationship.Limitations Other potentially important sub-groups, including antidepressant use, have not been investigated in sufficient detail or number yet and thus were not addressed in this meta-analysis.Conclusions There is a negative association between depression and telomere length. Further studies are needed to clarify potential causality underlying this association and to elucidate the biology linking depression and this cellular marker of stress exposure and aging.
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Shorter telomeres are associated with multiple psychiatric conditions, including stress-related disorders, mood disorders, externalizing disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
“Emerging evidence suggests that shorter telomeres are associated with multiple psychiatric conditions, including stress-related disorders such as PTSD and anxiety, mood disorders including depression and bipolar, externalizing disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.11–16”
From Telomere Length and Psychopathology: Specificity and Direction of Effects Within the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
Telomere length is associated with psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, as well as depressive symptoms.
“Telomere length, a marker associated with aging is also known to be associated with psychiatric disorders35 including major depressive disorder36, as well as depressive symptoms37.”
From Methylome-wide change associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy in depressed patients (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Ridout, K. K., Ridout, S. J., Price, L. H., Sen, S., & Tyrka, A. R.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ridout, Kathryn K.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 191
- Pages
- 237-247
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4760624
- OpenAlex
- W2188949284
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 12
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH101076, R01MH083704, R01MH101459)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, telomere length, major depressive disorder, depression severity, aging, publication bias, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Genetic Techniques, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Telomere, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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