Environmental enrichment promotes improved spatial abilities and enhanced dendritic growth in the rat
Abstract
An enriched environment consists of a combination of enhanced social relations, physical exercise and interactions with non-social stimuli that leads to behavioral and neuronal modifications. In the present study, we analyzed the behavioral effects of environmental complexity on different facets of spatial function, and we assessed dendritic arborisation and spine density in a cortical area mainly involved in the spatial learning, as the parietal cortex. Wistar rat pups (21 days old) were housed in enriched conditions (10 animals in a large cage with toys and a running wheel), or standard condition (two animals in a standard cage, without objects). At the age of 3 months, both groups were tested in the radial maze task and Morris water maze (MWM). Morphological analyses on layer-III pyramidal neurons of parietal cortex were performed in selected animals belonging to both experimental groups. In the radial maze task, enriched animals exhibited high performance levels, by exploiting procedural competencies and working memory abilities. Furthermore, when the requirements of the context changed, they promptly reorganized their strategies by shifting from prevalently using spatial procedures to applying mnesic competencies. In the Morris water maze, enriched animals more quickly acquired tuned navigational strategies. Environmental enrichment provoked increased dendritic arborisation as well as increased density of dendritic spines in layer-III parietal pyramidal neurons.
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Environmental enrichment significantly improves performance on spatial and nonspatial memory tasks in rats and mice.
“Consistent with the effects of environmental enrichment on neurodevelopment, numerous studies have shown that it significantly improves performance on an array of spatial and nonspatial memory tasks in rats (Leggio et al., 2005; Nilsson et al., 1999) and mice (Kempermann, Kuhn, & Gage, 1997; Williams et al., 2001).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Leggio et al., 2005
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- Authors
- Leggio, M. G., Mandolesi, L., Federico, F., Spirito, F., Ricci, B., Gelfo, F., & Petrosini, L.
- Affiliations
- Fondazione Santa Lucia (IT)
- Parthenope University of Naples (IT)
- University of Siena (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Leggio, Maria Giuseppa
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 78-90
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038112334
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 9.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Cassino (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (Parthenope University of Naples) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- environmental enrichment, spatial learning, spatial memory, dendritic branching, dendritic spine density, parietal cortex, layer III pyramidal neurons, radial maze, Morris water maze, working memory, strategic flexibility, hippocampal-dependent memory, neuronal morphology, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dendrites, Environment, Housing, Animal, Memory, Parietal Lobe, Random Allocation, Social Environment, Space Perception, Rats, Wistar, Maze Learning, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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