The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 114 of the 130 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 11 of the 118 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy
Open accessAbstract
A number of recent authors have compared acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and traditional cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The present article describes ACT as a distinct and unified model of behavior change, linked to a specific strategy of scientific development, which we term "contextual behavioral science." We outline the empirical progress of ACT and describe its distinctive development strategy. A contextual behavioral science approach is an inductive attempt to build more adequate psychological systems based on philosophical clarity; the development of basic principles and theories; the development of applied theories linked to basic ones; techniques and components linked to these processes and principles; measurement of theoretically key processes; an emphasis on mediation and moderation in the analysis of applied impact; an interest in effectiveness, dissemination, and training; empirical testing of the research program across a broad range of areas and levels of analysis; and the creation of a more effective scientific and clinical community. We argue that this is a reasonable approach, focused on long-term progress, and that in broad terms it seems to be working. ACT is not hostile to traditional CBT, and is not directly buoyed by whatever weaknesses traditional CBT may have. ACT should be measured at least in part against its own goals as specified by its own developmental strategy. © 2011 Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies.
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Claims the paper makes
11 of 118 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, humans who are aroused by a stimulus that has been paired with shock will be even more aroused by a neutral stimulus related to the original stimulus in the presence of a “larger than” cue (Dougher, Hamilton, Fink, & Harrington, 2007).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Dougher, Hamilton, Fink, & Harrington, 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report that the previously unpaired C stimulus elicited greater skin-conductance changes than the shock-paired B stimulus in most experimental participants. The Procedure describes C as a stimulus trained to occasion selection of the largest comparison, but does not describe a separate “larger than” cue being present during the skin-conductance test. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“And as an empirical fact ACT reduces “symptoms” quite well (Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006 source
The quantitative outcomes section (p. 15) reports an average between-condition effect size of 0.66 for clinically relevant ACT outcomes, both after treatment and at follow-up. The Discussion (p. 21) says the evidence suggests ACT works across a broad range of problems, while cautioning that the literature was still young. Those findings support the sentence’s qualitative claim that ACT reduces symptoms quite well. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Mindfulness measures also effectively tap these processes (Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > MEASURE THEORETICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PATHOLOGY AND HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004 source
- Supportedcites Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006 source
The General Discussion (p. 17) concludes that self-report mindfulness questionnaires have good psychometric properties. Part 2 (p. 6) reports that the questionnaires correlate with related variables in predicted directions, supporting the broad claim that they tap mindfulness-related processes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“For example, Twohig, Hayes, and Masuda (2006) and Twohig et al. (2010) found that the elements of an ACT model minus behavioral exposure were effective for obsessive-compulsive disorder.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Twohig, Hayes, and Masuda (2006) source
- Supportedcites Twohig et al. (2010) source
The Discussion reports greater improvement in OCD symptoms with ACT than with progressive relaxation training, both after treatment and at follow-up. The trial omitted formal in-session exposure procedures, although the authors caution in “ACT and exposure” that participants’ values-based activities may have functioned as exposure in a broader sense. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The first two published ACT outcome studies involved a direct comparison of ACT to cognitive therapy (CT; Zettle & Hayes, 1986; Zettle & Raines, 1989).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Zettle & Hayes, 1986 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Related Research section describes a direct comparison of comprehensive distancing with two variants of cognitive therapy and briefly reports outcomes. It does not call the intervention ACT or establish that this and the separately cited study were the first two published ACT outcome studies; it says fuller outcome data would be presented elsewhere. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zettle & Raines, 1989 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RFT researchers have discovered that the core of human language and cognition is learning to relate events mutually and in combination not simply on the basis of their formal properties (e.g., size, shape) but also on the basis of arbitrary cues.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“training in relational framing can increase language acquisition and higher-order skills such as perspective taking and empathy.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“weakness in relational framing is associated with significant cognitive deficits”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Given a change agenda, people tend toward suppressive tactics that expand difficult content (John & Gross, 2004; Wegner, 1994) even if that was decidedly not the goal of the clinician.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many complex cognitive phenomena, such as metaphorical reasoning, sense of self, lexical recognition, and implicit cognition can now be modeled and researched, both behaviorally and neurobiologically, in the RFT laboratory.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“without them children do not develop normal language”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“RFT researchers have found that these “relational frames” begin in infancy”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some clinical disorders have specific framing deficits”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Interestingly, at follow-up ACT participants now had significantly higher self-confidence than CBT participants.1”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lappalainen et al., 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“which instead related more to changes in the observing subscale of the KIMS.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two recent effectiveness studies comparing traditional CBT and CT to ACT (Forman et al., 2007; Lappalainen et al., 2007) also both demonstrated different processes impacted by these approaches.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lappalainen et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What is most noteworthy, however, is the consistency across the entire dataset: the small number of concepts specified by an ACT model work very consistently as mediators across the very wide range of problems targeted by ACT.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“It found ACT was equally effective in targeting stigma toward mental illness regardless of participants’ level of psychological flexibility”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Masuda et al., 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of the evidence on mediation in ACT varies.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Forman, Hoffman, et al. found that changes in the acceptance and acting with awareness subscales of the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS; Baer et al., 2004), as well as the AAQ, related to outcomes with ACT but not as well with CT”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baer et al., 2004 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“reductions in dysfunctional attitudes correlated with treatment effects for CT but not ACT (Zettle & Raines, 1989).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zettle & Raines, 1989 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Already, studies show that ACT may not work quite as well for minor problems and less entangled and avoidant clients (Forman, Herbert, et al., 2007; Zettle, 2003)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman, Herbert, et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zettle, 2003 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Outcomes differed depending on an individual’s level of sensitivity to food in the environment.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Forman, Hoffman, et al. (2007) compared the impact of a brief ACT intervention for food cravings to a traditional CBT model (drawn from Friedman & Brownell, 1996), and no treatment.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Friedman & Brownell, 1996 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The link between ACT/RFT and a CBS development strategy is reflected by the consensus the development community reached several years ago about the name of its society.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“but that psychoeducation was less effective when individuals reported higher levels of psychological inflexibility.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Masuda et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“that showed that training clinicians in ACT produced better overall outcomes in an outpatient setting.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EARLY AND CONTINUOUS TESTS OF EFFECTIVENESS, DISSEMINATION, AND TRAINING STRATEGIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Strosahl, Hayes, Bergan, & Romano, 1998 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“indeed it has not been (e.g., Forman, Hoffman, et al., 2007).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Forman, Hoffman, et al., 2007 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measured against that criterion it has been an abject failure.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since then two additional effectiveness studies have been conducted with ACT targeting heterogeneous clinical populations (Forman et al., 2007; Lappalainen et al., 2007)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EARLY AND CONTINUOUS TESTS OF EFFECTIVENESS, DISSEMINATION, AND TRAINING STRATEGIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lappalainen et al., 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three independent meta-analyses have arrived at broadly similar values (Öst, 2008; Powers, Vörding, & Emmelkamp, 2009; Pull, 2009).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“but individuals who reported high levels of difficulty did significantly better than either CBT or no treatment when exposed to ACT.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since 2006, successful controlled studies have appeared in additional areas, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, marijuana dependence, skin picking, racial prejudice, prejudice toward people with mental health problems, whiplash-associated disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, chronic pediatric pain, weight-maintenance and self-stigma, clinicians’ adoption of evidence-based pharmacotherapy”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Individuals who reported few difficulties with food did worse with ACT”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“The first ACT study of the modern era was an effectiveness study (Strosahl, Hayes, Bergan, & Romano, 1998)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EARLY AND CONTINUOUS TESTS OF EFFECTIVENESS, DISSEMINATION, AND TRAINING STRATEGIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Strosahl, Hayes, Bergan, & Romano, 1998 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this paper we have pointed to signs that the ACT/RFT development strategy is succeeding in areas where success has not been common in applied psychology.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIn the paper
“Thus models that specify the relation of one psychological action to another (including thought-behavior or emotion-behavior relations) are viewed as inherently incomplete until they identify the contextual variables that would allow in principle for the goal of “influence” to be met (Biglan & Hayes, 1996).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EXPLICATE PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Biglan & Hayes, 1996 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thoughts may be related to particular emotional and overt behavioral events, but only in historical and situational contexts that give rise both to these thoughts and to their relation to subsequent emotions and actions.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EXPLICATE PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ACT is grounded in functional contextualism, a type of psychological pragmatism that extends Skinner’s radical behaviorism (Hayes, Hayes, Reese, & Sarbin, 1993) by adopting a functional approach to truth and meaning linked to the prediction and influence, with precision, scope, and depth, of whole organisms interacting in and with a context considered historically and situationally (Hayes, 1993).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EXPLICATE PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hayes, Hayes, Reese, & Sarbin, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hayes, 1993
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An urge to move ahead quickly on the problem of cognition caused the search for more adequate basic behavioral principles in this area to be abandoned in favor of clinical models of cognition.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
““Influence” requires the specification of manipulable events, as only contextual variables can be manipulated directly (Hayes & Brownstein, 1986).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EXPLICATE PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hayes & Brownstein, 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because learning is additive, not subtractive, RFT suggests that it is often safer to create more flexible responding by diminishing the excessive impact of cognitive events than trying to correct their content.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distracting or soothing events become related to the avoided event, thus creating more opportunities for the aversive event to appear.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to RFT, humans target aversive private events for change in the same ways that external events are targeted due to an overextension of the problem-solving and evaluative functions of cognition.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, the relational nature of human language and cognition makes it possible to categorize, evaluate, and seek to avoid emotional responses themselves.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is part of why it is hard to restructure cognitive networks and schemas fully, efficiently, and permanently.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These avoidance or escape rules often contain stimuli that relate to the experiences to be altered, or to events that evoke them.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To all but a few, basic behavioral principles are too technical and abstract to give ready clinical guidance in many situations”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“This insight has led to new assessment and training methods for children who fail to develop perspective-taking skills (Rehfeldt, Dillen, Zionek, & Kowalchuk, 2007).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rehfeldt, Dillen, Zionek, & Kowalchuk, 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“While there are some differences, experiential avoidance overlaps with several other concepts in the literature such as lack of distress tolerance (Brown, Lejuez, Kahler, & Strong, 2002), intolerance of uncertainty (Dugas, Freeston, & Ladouceur, 1997), and cognitive and emotional suppression (e.g., Wenzlaff & Wegner, 2000).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because relational frames are learned and arbitrarily applicable it is impossible to control the relational context so thoroughly so as to entirely keep unhelpful relations from being derived.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Choices based on avoidance, social compliance, or fusion (e.g., “I should value X” or “A good person would value Y” or “My mother wants me to value Z”) are not helpful behaviorally (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999) because they do not lead to the flexibility characteristic of choices linked to positive consequences.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sheldon & Elliot, 1999 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self as context is fostered in ACT by mindfulness exercises, metaphors, and experiential processes.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Checking to see whether avoidance is effective necessitates cognitive contact with what is being avoided, thus evoking it.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, avoiding anxiety in order to avoid a shameful incapacity to function tends to elicit anxiety in response to the verbal construction of an inability to function.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The avoidance behavior itself, through negative reinforcement, also strengthens the behavior regulatory effect of the avoided private event even if that prevents adaptive, values-based responses.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive fusion is argued in RFT to be due to the pervasiveness of literal, reason-giving, problem-solving, and evaluative contexts sustained by natural language communities.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In part as a result, there is a tendency to avoid and escape from aversive private events, such as emotions, thoughts, memories, and bodily sensations, even when this creates behavioral harm.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deliberate attempts to alter negative cognitive content can paradoxically increase its functional importance.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People lose contact with present-moment contingencies due to entanglement with a conceptualized past and future and resulting attentional inflexibility.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearA claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“and produce lower reported distress (e.g., Gutiérrez, Luciano, Rodríguez, & Fink, 2004; Levitt et al., 2004) compared to inactive and emotion control/distraction conditions.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once a child derives “I am unlovable,” that behavior will always be at some strength.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these contribute to narrow and rigid behavioral patterns characterized by inaction, impulsivity, and avoidant persistence in specific domains, dominated by excessive social compliance and avoidance rather than chosen values.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with all learning, once relating occurs, it can be inhibited but will never be fully unlearned.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When answering a series of questions about what one did (“I did this,” “I felt that,” “I saw this,” etc.) “I” does not refer to the content of the answers but to the perspective from which observations are made and in that way normal language development leads to a sense of self as a perspective.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Research has shown that acceptance interventions alone and in combination with other ACT components increase persistence and willingness to engage in distressing tasks (e.g., Hayes, Bissett, et al., 1999; Levitt, Brown, Orsillo, & Barlow, 2004; McMullen et al., 2008; Takahashi, Muto, Tada, & Sugiyama, 2002)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The verbal nature of experiential avoidance greatly expands avoidance learning per se.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A key RFT insight of clinical importance is that relational framing is regulated by two distinguishable features: the relational context and the functional context.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, challenging the rationality of a thought can easily make a thought more central, noticed, or important.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach avoids the problem with large-scale dismantling studies, which are expensive and often delayed for many years, limiting their impact because they occur too late in the dissemination cycle.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metaphors and stories allow ACT therapists to help clients learn to relate to their experiences in more flexible ways without creating a new set of rigid rules.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is the functional context that determines the impact of relational responding—an observation that is put to good use in ACT.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contexts that promote fusion and experiential avoidance often also take an individual out of flexible contact with the present; what becomes central is being somewhere else, where difficult events are not occurring.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six key middle-level processes have been identified and organized into the model of pathology, intervention, and health shown in Figures 1 and 2.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without bidirectional relational responding there is neither an evolutionary reason nor a robust means to avoid what follows the presentation of aversive stimuli, and emotional or other responses are in that category.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Comparing treatments at the level of processes of change is a useful approach in determining whether interventions are distinct from each other (O’Donohue & Yeater, 2003).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O’Donohue & Yeater, 2003 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“and show behavioral rigidity in tasks that require adaptive skills (Hopkinson & Neuringer, 2003).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hopkinson & Neuringer, 2003 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“For example, emotionally avoidant and controlling coping strategies are more likely to be applied rigidly, independent of the current context (Folkman, Lazarus, Gruen, & DeLongis, 1986).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Folkman, Lazarus, Gruen, & DeLongis, 1986 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“and improve reactions to health messages (Harris & Napper, 2005).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris & Napper, 2005 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Brief values writing exercises have been shown to increase school performance in stigmatized minority students (Cohen, Garcia, Apfel, & Master, 2006)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen, Garcia, Apfel, & Master, 2006 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“War veterans experiencing PTSD exposed to a full ACT protocol decreased significantly more in PTSD symptoms than when exposed to one without the self-as-context component (Williams, 2006).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Williams, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“Depressive symptoms and response to treatment are better predicted by flexibility of attributions than by the content of cognitive schemas (Moore & Fresco, 2007).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moore & Fresco, 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In virtually every case, when alternative mediators drawn from other perspectives were applied to ACT interventions they did not work or did not work as well as those drawn from ACT theory.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Studies on training attentional flexibility (e.g., Langer & Moldoveanu, 2000) suggest that a flexible present-moment focus can be helpful.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Langer & Moldoveanu, 2000 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies of this kind have found ACT elements to be helpful (e.g., Eifert & Heffner, 2003; Levitt et al., 2004).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, acceptance and values interventions sometimes increase persistence in a distressing task even without reducing distress (Hayes, Bissett, et al., 1999; McMullen et al., 2008)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Similarly, inflexible application of emotion regulation strategies is more determinative of effectiveness than are the strategies themselves (Bonanno, Papa, Lalande, Westphal, & Coifman, 2004).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bonanno, Papa, Lalande, Westphal, & Coifman, 2004 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Studies have also shown that values interventions increase task persistence when combined with other ACT components (e.g., Gutiérrez et al., 2004).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gutiérrez et al., 2004 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“reduce physiological stress in distressing tasks (Creswell et al., 2005)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Creswell et al., 2005 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another example of psychological flexibility is the desynchrony effect that frequently occurs in ACT interventions in which the link between private events (i.e., emotions and cognitions) and overt behavior is reduced.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Asking participants to focus on sensations during painful stimulation increases task persistence (e.g., Cioffi & Holloway, 1993).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cioffi & Holloway, 1993 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Indeed, cognitive flexibility moderates the relationship between negative life events and depression, even after controlling for the influence of explanatory style and the interaction between explanatory style and negative life events (Moore & Fresco, 2007).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moore & Fresco, 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“To detect process changes in targeted protocols problem-specific versions of the AAQ have been developed in such areas as smoking (Gifford et al., 2004), weight (Lillis & Hayes, 2008), psychosis (Shawyer et al., 2007), chronic pain (McCracken, Vowles, & Eccleston, 2004), epilepsy (Lundgren et al., 2008), and diabetes (Gregg, Callaghan, Hayes, & Glenn-Lawson, 2007).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > MEASURE THEORETICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PATHOLOGY AND HEALTH
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In pain tolerance tasks, brief values interventions have been found to increase task persistence, without decreasing self-reports of pain, especially when high degrees of pain are encountered (Páez-Blarrina et al., 2008).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Páez-Blarrina et al., 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ACT model when applied to chronic pain is designed to move patients away from a focus on pain intensity toward a focus on its unnecessary interference with living.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mediation and moderation data are high tests of a CBS approach because they simultaneously examine the utility and coherence of the relationship between theory, technology, and outcomes.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A CBS approach differs from stage-based treatment development models in which effectiveness and dissemination research is only conducted after multiple studies have tested the treatment.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EARLY AND CONTINUOUS TESTS OF EFFECTIVENESS, DISSEMINATION, AND TRAINING STRATEGIES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same problem of incoherence occurs if all that is of concern is the validation of technology.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As measured against its own criteria, which readers of the present article would now better understand, the early ACT literature is in many ways stronger than the traditional CBT literature Öst himself held up as a proper comparison, despite its minority status and relative lack of funding.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The consistency of the evidence on the model, however, provides a target for the creativity of researchers and clinicians, who can then focus more on empirically supported processes than labels, packages, and manuals (Rosen & Davison, 2003).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rosen & Davison, 2003 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“disorder-specific distress is generally a secondary concern compared to valued actions and life functioning in ACT.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is not important to CBS that ACT technology always be more successful than other approaches—indeed it has not been (e.g., Forman, Hoffman, et al., 2007).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the functional simplification that is provided by the discovery of diseases, psychiatric syndromes can lead to an endless random walk through a wilderness of topographical correlations.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and instead are leading to model-consistent methods to attempt to overcome this problem by, for example, emphasizing values and compassion more than struggle with personal pain.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The success of this plan requires that psychiatric syndromes lead to functional understood entities with known etiologies, that is, to diseases.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contextual behavioral scientists are not trying to find out what is “true” in an ontological sense and then see whether that knowledge is useful.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EARLY AND CONTINUOUS TESTS OF EFFECTIVENESS, DISSEMINATION, AND TRAINING STRATEGIES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: From a pragmatic perspective, the truth of an analysis is found in its utility where it is applied.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and outcomes alone are not an adequate basis upon which to build a progressive science.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 60
- Probably not a substantial claim. 84
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests these relational skills are operant (e.g., Berens & Hayes, 2007), and that they impact all other behavioral processes, both operant and classical.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Berens & Hayes, 2007 source
The citation is attached to the first clause, which says relational skills are operant. In the Implications section, the authors state that their data suggest relational operants exist; the Discussion describes their study as controlled evidence that relational frames are learned. The later claim about effects on other behavioral processes is not attributed to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Believability of depressive thoughts mediated outcomes in ACT but not CT (Hayes et al., 2006; Zettle & Hayes, 1986);”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hayes et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Mediational studies section (p. 17) reports that changes in the believability of depressive thoughts mediated ACT’s superior outcomes relative to CT. It does not report a separate analysis showing that believability did not mediate outcomes within the CT group, so the “but not CT” portion is not established. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites Zettle & Hayes, 1986 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ATQ section reports a larger reduction in depressive-thought believability with comprehensive distancing than with cognitive therapy, and Related Research reports better depression outcomes for the distancing group. But the paper does not show that believability mediated outcomes in either group; it also reports that believability declined in both groups. The claim turns a tentative account of differing processes into a specific mediation finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, some studies show mediation using processes assessed before outcome differences are seen (e.g., Gifford et al., 2004; Lundgren et al., 2008; Zettle & Hayes, 1986, as reanalyzed in Hayes et al., 2006); in other cases the mediators were assessed concurrently with outcome.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gifford et al., 2004 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lundgren et al., 2008 source
- Partly supportedcites Zettle & Hayes, 1986 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Related Research, the paper reports a significant depression-outcome difference at follow-up; in ATQ, it reports a significant difference in thought believability at posttreatment. That supports the stated ordering of process and outcome differences for this study. The paper calls its process findings tentative, however, and does not report a mediation analysis; the cited reanalysis cannot be assessed from this paper's text. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ; Hayes et al., 2004; see Bond et al., in press, for a review of the AAQ II) assesses experiential avoidance and psychological flexibility fairly broadly and does a very good job of predicting many forms of psychopathology, as is predicted by the model (Hayes et al., 2006).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > MEASURE THEORETICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PATHOLOGY AND HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hayes et al., 2004 source
- Supportedcites Hayes et al., 2006 source
In Research on ACT (p. 10), the paper describes the AAQ as a broad measure of experiential avoidance and ACT processes bearing on psychological flexibility. On pp. 12–13, it reports associations with depression, anxiety, and other mental-health measures, a longitudinal prediction of better mental health, and correlations consistent with the ACT model. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Overall the between-group effect size was d=.66 at post and d=.65 at follow-up.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hayes et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 'Quantitative characterization of the relative strength of ACT outcomes' section (p. 15) reports an overall between-condition Cohen’s d of .66 at post, matching the claim. It reports .66—not .65—at follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“In the 1980s we conducted more than a dozen studies on the theories behind common CBT procedures, and found little or no support for these models (see Rosenfarb & Hayes, 1984, on cognitive reappraisal/self-statements for an example of these).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The CBT Tradition and the Origins of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rosenfarb & Hayes, 1984 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“RFT researchers have found that a sense of locus derives from learning “deictic relational frames,” such as “I–you,” “here–there,” and “now–then,” and that these are central to the ability to take the perspective of others, feel empathy, or to communicate (Rehfeldt & Barnes-Holmes, 2009).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rehfeldt & Barnes-Holmes, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Lappalainen et al. found that CBT increased self-confidence more than acceptance at post, while the reverse was found for ACT.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lappalainen et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both related to outcomes on the SCL-90 but if partial correlations with outcome were calculated for both, self-confidence no longer predicted outcome.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lappalainen et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Öst (2008) criticized the lack of attention to syndromal diagnosis in the ACT literature, failing to note why this choice was made or to note the use of functional dimensional process information instead.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Öst, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interventions with even more challenging populations (e.g., those with IQs below 70, brain-injured clients, young children, prisoners) are currently being tested.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the usual approach, philosophical assumptions are not explicated, basic processes are all too often an afterthought, and if they exist at all theories are generally narrowly focused, vague, expressed in commonsense terms, and at times wholy untested.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT and RFT are being developed by an open, diverse, nonhierarchical worldwide community of clinicians, basic scientists, applied scientists, scholars, and students.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a value of the ACT/RFT development community to consciously limit hierarchy, isolation, and self-interest.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“various considerations have led well-known and respected CBS researchers to call their protocols by other names at times (e.g., McCracken, 2005).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McCracken, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As of late 2011, ACBS had nearly 4,000 members, more than half outside of the United States.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, no progressive science has ever been built in such a fashion.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in their meta-analysis of ACT Powers et al. (2009) entered disorder-specific distress as a primary outcome, even at times categorizing targeted behavioral outcomes as secondary.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Powers et al., 2009 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in addition to studies on training (e.g., Luoma et al., 2007).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EARLY AND CONTINUOUS TESTS OF EFFECTIVENESS, DISSEMINATION, AND TRAINING STRATEGIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Luoma et al., 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, ACBS has eschewed certification of therapists.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no attempt to restrict those decisions in presentations accepted at ACBS conventions.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Junior researchers often are applauded (or at least funded) for mixing and matching techniques and syndromes like cooks in a kitchen, relabeling every combination as a model, approach, or treatment, provided only that in the end the technological stew is tested in the form of a randomized trial.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even serious scholars do not seem to understand the very different strategy being followed by the CBS community.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea seems to be that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) style of medication validation can be used to build a progressive field based on manualized treatments focused on well-specified syndromes that are empirically validated in well-controlled studies.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence for that claim is in the very list of matched CBT studies he created.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, Powers et al. entered pain intensity as a primary outcome of ACT studies on chronic pain in their meta-analysis and large effect sizes suddenly approached zero in some cases.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Powers et al., 2009 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether protocols that comport with an ACT model are branded “ACT” is considered inside the CBS community to be a strategic decision, not a matter of fundamental importance”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CBT list of studies was 100% composed of studies on depression and anxiety, was funded well (77% with grants of more than $150,000), contained no mediational analyses, and provided almost no process information of any kind.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT trainers are “recognized” by a free process of peer review, and must sign a values statement in which protocols are made available for free or at low cost, and entanglement of ACT training with proprietary claims are prohibited.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but a domination of empirically validated technology over progressive theory is deeply embedded in contemporary empirical clinical thinking.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mountain of manuals and models that result is impossible to simplify or even to characterize.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“He compared the ACT literature to a matched set of traditional CBT studies using a set of methodological standards drawn from a traditional model of development applied and argued that the ACT literature was weaker, but failed to note or explain the evidence that instead ACT studies were following a different model of scientific development.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Öst, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The breadth of ACT research is undeniable, and RFT is even broader.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance and mindfulness techniques are now entering into new manuals at light speed, sometimes sitting side by side with seemingly contradictory methods, and without a well-crafted strategy in place for developing a real science out of this technological tangle.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we have tried to describe, ACT and RFT researchers have done so.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Various ACT methods are argued to be the same or different, but the grounds for the argument seem to be appearances, not well-crafted theory, data, or deep and broad exposure.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due in part to the dominance of the FDA model, ACT is most often approached as a collection of techniques evaluated only in terms of outcomes.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On such a basis, a sophisticated CBT scholar can argue that ACT is the same as cognitive therapy (Hofmann & Asmundson, 2008) and in the next breath argue that ACT is the same as an obscure Japanese treatment from the early part of the last century (Hofmann, 2008).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hofmann & Asmundson, 2008 source
- Not matchedcites Hofmann, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scientific progress of empirical clinical psychology seems mixed—no one claims that either paradise or failure has been achieved.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So far the vast majority of ACT critics have not explored ACT extensively, whether that is meant experientially or in the intellectual sense of a deep understanding of functional contextualism, RFT, and the CBS strategy of development.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It would be unusual to evaluate an empirical clinical approach by examining the clarity of its philosophical assumptions; by the adequacy, progressivity, and coherence of its basic behavioral principles; by the integrity of its processes of change; by the coherence and general utility of its theory; and by the consistency of the link between all of these and successful outcomes.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many of the techniques in ACT are relatively distinct, many are shared with other approaches, especially within CBT writ large but also with experiential, humanistic, and analytic traditions.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems clear that the field is changing with the ascendance of mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches and their core assumptions that differ so from traditional CBT assumptions.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The core unit of analysis adopted is the act in context: the ongoing situated purposive action (Hayes, 1993; Pepper, 1942).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EXPLICATE PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hayes, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Pepper, 1942
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“ACT researchers are skeptical of the idea that CBT needs to apply “the cognitive model of a particular disorder with the use of a variety of techniques designed to modify the dysfunctional beliefs and faulty information processing characteristic of each disorder” (Beck, 1993, p. 194) or that its core is to “identify distorted cognitions” and then to subject these distortions “to logical analysis”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The CBT Tradition and the Origins of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present article describes ACT as a distinct and unified model of behavior change, linked to a specific strategy of scientific development, which we term “contextual behavioral science.””
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All actions are considered to be whole events, having meaning only with reference to their context.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EXPLICATE PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“ACT is part of the larger family of behavioral and cognitive therapies (Forman & Herbert, 2009) and has always been said to be so (e.g., Hayes, Strosahl, et al., 1999, p. 79).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The CBT Tradition and the Origins of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forman & Herbert, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Hayes, Strosahl, et al., 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The change from behavior therapy to CBT reflected the right problem but not the best solution.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT is an overarching model of key intervention and change processes, linked to a research program on the nature of language and cognition, to a pragmatic philosophy of science, and to a model of how to speed scientific development that we call here a contextual behavioral science (CBS) approach.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The CBT Tradition and the Origins of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While functional contextualists assume the one (“real”) world, there may be many ways of successfully differentiating the world, depending on one’s goals.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EXPLICATE PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: There is one real world.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From an ACT/RFT approach, psychopathology is caused in large part by the tendency to become entangled in cognition, taking thoughts literally and remaining in a problem-solving mode even when that is not helpful.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This in turn undermines excessive rule control and increases psychological flexibility.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to move voluntarily from one domain of the present to another, or to persist in a focus when that is needed, is useful in bringing attention itself under purposive control and greatly expands what the present environment affords.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, acceptance is one of the biggest functional changes possible, and often will ultimately change the form of emotional events themselves.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CBS solution to this conundrum is to develop clinically useful models of pathology and treatment based on middle-level terms that are not behavioral principles but are based on them.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance is not passive tolerance or resignation but an intentional behavior that alters the function of inner experiences from events to be avoided to a focus of interest, curiosity, and observation as part of living a valued life.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Behavioral principles are difficult to scale directly into clinical work, and early bold attempts to do so (Kanfer & Saslow, 1969) were long ago put aside.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kanfer & Saslow, 1969
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral inflexibility narrows the opportunities that are apparently present to move in a valued direction.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is termed “experiential avoidance,” which is thought to enormously restrict behavioral flexibility and effectiveness.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The limits of perspective taking cannot be consciously known (e.g., you cannot consciously note the limits of consciousness) and thus provide a transcendent, spiritual aspect to human experience.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RFT in turn is leading to applied programs in many areas.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“ACT researchers have found that word repetition (Hayes, Strosahl, et al., 1999, pp. 154–156) reduces both believability and subjective distress experienced from negative self-relevant phrases (Masuda, Hayes, Sackett, & Twohig, 2004).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Masuda, Hayes, Sackett, & Twohig, 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ACT model is meant to be a kind of user-friendly interface—an operating system if you will—that stands atop a far more extensive enterprise.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All complex organisms show avoidance learning, but in nonverbal organisms what is avoided are aversive stimuli, not reactions to them.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theoretically, it is argued that all six processes are related to each other in all directions, but specific life histories, organismic patterns, and current situations enhance or diminish these processes and their interrelationships.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An inadequate analysis of cognition was one source of the difficulty but the other was complexity.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT promotes attending to what is present in a focused, voluntary, and flexible fashion, linked to one’s values and purposes.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relational context determines how and when events are related; the functional context determines what functions will be transformed in terms of a relational network.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, teaching a person to add “I am having the thought that …” to a self evaluation such as “I’m bad” is indeed designed to amplify the person’s cognitive network (it is a relational context intervention) but in a way that diminishes automatic and unhelpful cognitive control (it is also designed to be a helpful functional context intervention).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, arbitrary applicability means that virtually any situation can evoke aversive emotions, such as when a beautiful sunset makes a person sad because a person who passed away is not there to see it.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT seeks to undermine an attachment to a conceptualized self (our fused, evaluative stories about who we are) and to promote contact with a sense of self based on the “I/here/nowness” of conscious experience.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The “soldiers on parade” mindfulness exercise (Hayes, Strosahl, et al., 1999, pp. 158–160) reduces subjective distress from an intrusive thought-provoking task (Marcks & Woods, 2005) and willingness to engage in the task again (Marcks & Woods, 2007).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important in ACT in part because self-as-context interventions help clients see inner experiences as distinct from consciousness as such, and thus not necessarily a threat.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although fusion is not necessarily harmful, it becomes so when over-extended.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coming together of all of these processes is termed “psychological inflexibility,” which is argued to be at the core of most human suffering.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance seems to depend upon defusion, for example, because it is hard to embrace private events fully if they are as we evaluate them to be.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As RFT explains, experiential avoidance often works in the short term to reduce some discomfort, but can have long-term negative effects. This idea is supported in the larger literature (Baumeister, Zell, & Tice, 2007; John & Gross, 2004; Pennebaker & Chung, 2007) and by numerous studies on experiential avoidance per se (see Chawla & Ostafin, 2007, for a recent review).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Zell, & Tice, 2007
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites John & Gross, 2004 source
- Not matchedcites Pennebaker & Chung, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the nature of language itself, trying to undermine literality using literal language is difficult and can easily lead to more entanglement in the name of “understanding.””
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They fail to stay in contact with a more transcendent sense of self, allowing behavioral patterns to be dominated by a conceptualized sense of self instead.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A MODEL OF PATHOLOGY, INTERVENTION, AND HEALTH TIED TO BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relational context interventions can also be functional context interventions and the two can easily conflict.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > DEVELOP A BASIC ACCOUNT OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR WITH MANIPULABLE, CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPLES ORGANIZED NTO THEORIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting less behavioral impact and more psychological flexibility in the presence of hallucinations and delusions.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Values measures are also beginning to appear (e.g., Lundgren et al., 2008; Wilson, Sandoz, & Kitchens, 2010).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > MEASURE THEORETICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PATHOLOGY AND HEALTH
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting these interventions may reduce the dominant control of distress over subsequent behavior and allow for more flexible responding in aversive contexts.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There needs to be tight links between theoretical constructs and the auxiliaries and conditions of measurement, so that empirical problems can be attributed to the theory rather than to characteristics of the measure (Hayes, 2004).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > MEASURE THEORETICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PATHOLOGY AND HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hayes, 2004 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“For example, it is known that depressed individuals are less sensitive to emotional contexts and show less reactivity to both positive and negative emotional stimuli (Rottenberg, Gross, & Gotlib, 2005)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rottenberg, Gross, & Gotlib, 2005 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Believability ratings are commonly used to assess defusion (e.g., Varra, Hayes, Roget, & Fisher, 2008) and specific defusion questionnaires have emerged (Wicksell, Renofalt, Olsson, Bond, & Melin, 2008).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > MEASURE THEORETICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PATHOLOGY AND HEALTH
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, ACT for persons with psychosis reduces self-report of positive symptoms less than treatment as usual, but patients are rehospitalizated less—particularly those who admit to positive symptoms (Bach & Hayes, 2002)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > BUILD AND TEST TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS LINKED TO PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bach & Hayes, 2002 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Öst was not being baised: that is, indeed, where the traditional vision of scientific development inside CBT had led us, with large and expensive studies excessively focused on a relatively narrow set of problems but with very weak process knowledge and limited evidence of theoretical coherence and progress.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only way to test and further develop a putatively unified model is to apply it to topographically distinct populations understood in terms of the functional dimensional processes specified by the model.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The failures so far seem theoretically sensible (e.g., it makes sense that acceptance will not help with food cravings if the person is not dominated by food to begin with) but a lot remains to be learned.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EMPHASIZING MEDIATION AND MODERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED IMPACT
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That breadth exists because of this strategic vision.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diversity and openness ensures that the range of ideas, settings, backgrounds, professions, and cultures brought to this development strategy is large and that blind spots can be more readily contacted, especially those held by developers and early explorers.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In a CBS approach, all ideas and methods are contextually limited.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Technological knowledge alone gives us no basis for dealing with a new problem or situation, no systematic means to develop new techniques, and no way to organize the field except under broad tribal labels such as “CBT” that are gradually becoming meaningless.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The American Psychiatric Association planning committee for the next edition of the DSM (Kupfer, First, & Regier, 2002) concluded “Reification of DSM-IV entities, to the point that they are considered to be equivalent to diseases, is more likely to obscure than to elucidate research findings”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kupfer, First, & Regier, 2002
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The creation of a broad and diverse development community is a necessary feature of the CBS approach for three reasons.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the inductive and yet broadly focused development strategy of a CBS approach can be quite slow.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It becomes “difficult to assimilate the mountain of seemingly disconnected bits of information that science-as-technology presents. The field becomes an incoherent mass, impossible to master and impossible to teach [and] the shallow level of analysis means that other areas of science cannot be related to clinical techniques” (Hayes, Strosahl, et al., 1999, p. 15).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hayes, Strosahl, et al., 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, community control over development avoids the problem faced by labeled and certified empirically supported treatments linked to scientific development strategies based on adherence to validated manuals, namely, that only developers or the anointed have the power to add or subtract elements.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only many hands can mount such an agenda.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the distant and high aspirations of a CBS approach, the flexibility and temporal extension of communitarian control is necessary.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Those outside of the behavior analytic tradition are commonly worried about the expansive goals of the ACT/RFT community, but it is fully consistent with Skinner’s (1948) original vision.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Skinner, 1948
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hierarchy, self-focus, and ossification that may result could well slow long-term scientific progress.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > CREATE AN OPEN, DIVERSE, AND NONHIERARCHICAL DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The field needs a development strategy linked to pragmatically useful processes and theory”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Knowledge development in such an approach is embedded and horizontal.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EARLY AND CONTINUOUS TESTS OF EFFECTIVENESS, DISSEMINATION, AND TRAINING STRATEGIES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such an approach to treatment testing may allow researchers to more readily identify the boundary conditions of the model in accounting for pathology and specifying treatment course and outcome”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > TEST THE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACROSS A BROAD RANGE OF AREAS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“This suggests that effectiveness, training, and dissemination research should begin early and be emphasized throughout (Hayes, 2002).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > ACT: A CBS Approach > EARLY AND CONTINUOUS TESTS OF EFFECTIVENESS, DISSEMINATION, AND TRAINING STRATEGIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hayes, 2002 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: From a pragmatic perspective, the truth of an analysis is found in its utility where it is applied.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-term scientific progress is the key to defeating such a difficult opponent, but that will take more than effort. It requires a strategy that works.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The level of technique is a moving target and unless processes are understood, it is impossible to know when different techniques are truly different”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A more interesting way to compare approaches, if comparisons are to be made, is to compare their assumptions, theories, evidence regarding processes of change, component evidence, and developmental strategy.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is not an issue of label or school.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contextual behavioral science approach seems coherent, reasonable, and distinctive, and it has now yielded a body of work that is substantial enough for it to deserve to be considered on its own terms.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generational changes within a field provide opportunities for advancement and renewal.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The statement “unlike CBT, there is little emphasis in MBCT [mindfulness-based cognitive therapy] on changing the content of thoughts; rather, the emphasis is on changing awareness of and relationship to thoughts” (Segal, Teasdale, & Williams, 2004, p. 54) could have been stated by an ACT theorist without altering a single word other than the name of the therapy.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Segal, Teasdale, & Williams, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT and traditional CBT are distinct models but they are part of the same family and they share the same opponent: the human suffering that exists because of scientific ignorance.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These may be wasted, however, unless we think seriously about the scientific development strategies that are most likely to produce long-term progress.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But whether it succeeds or fails depends not one bit on the success or failure of traditional CBT or any other area of empirical clinical science and practice.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Everyday language and commonsense understanding based on mainstream assumptions is too flexible for that exercise to work well.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in the long run what seems most important are not empirically supported packages, techniques, or labels, and the monuments to immortality developers tend to build around them but empirically supported processes and theories (Rosen & Davison, 2003)”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rosen & Davison, 2003 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The meta-anlysis was still reasonably supportive, but the failure to characterize evidence in an ACT-consistent way contributed to the incorrect conclusion that ACT was only as effective as any alternative active treatment (see Levin & Hayes, in press, for a re-analysis of their data set).”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Levin & Hayes, in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Frankly, that argument will not be decided by established researchers—it will be decided sociologically by junior researchers, theorists, and students choosing where to invest their life energy.”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logically, that evidentiary basis would make cognitive therapy a form of Morita therapy”
§ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Contextual Behavioral Science: Examining the Progress of a Distinctive Model of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy > The Scientific Development Strategy of Empirical Clinical Psychology
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
There is one real world.
“While functional contextualists assume the one (“real”) world, there may be many ways of successfully differentiating the world, depending on one’s goals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All scientific theories are ultimately shown to be incorrect.
“All scientific theories are ultimately shown to be incorrect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The CBT tradition has relatively little written about how to produce greater progress within an empirical approach.
“but in the cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) tradition relatively little has been written about how to produce greater progress within an empirical approach.”
The paper relies on this without support.
ACT is not hostile to traditional CBT and is not directly buoyed by whatever weaknesses traditional CBT may have.
“ACT is not hostile to traditional CBT, and is not directly buoyed by whatever weaknesses traditional CBT may have.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nearly two dozen formal mediational analyses of ACT now exist, including some that are analyzed and being written up but not yet published or in press.
“Nearly two dozen formal mediational analyses of ACT now exist, including those that are analyzed and being written up but are not yet published or in press.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are now scores of studies on ACT component methods, including studies not done by ACT researchers but clearly applicable to these components.
“There are now scores of studies on ACT component methods, including those not done by ACT researchers but clearly applicable to these components.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The theoretical model provides the conceptual scaffolding for creating and deploying treatment technologies and components.
“The theoretical model provides the conceptual scaffolding for creating and deploying treatment technologies and components.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In a CBS approach, all ideas and methods are contextually limited.
“in a CBS approach all ideas and methods are assumed to be contextually limited.”
The paper relies on this without support.
From a pragmatic perspective, the truth of an analysis is found in its utility where it is applied.
“From a pragmatic perspective, the truth of a given analysis is found in its utility where it is applied.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Quit2Heal is also based on the principles of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a behavioral approach that promote smoking cessation by teaching skills to observe and accept cravings to smoke without smoking.39”
From Efficacy of smartphone applications to help cancer patients quit smoking: Protocol of the Quit2Heal randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It has been shown to have good internal consistency and validity and also to mediate behavioral outcomes in ACT interventions [31].”
From Development and evaluation of an 1-day Acceptance and Commitment Therapy workshop for Veterans with comorbid chronic pain, TBI, and psychological distress: Outcomes from a pilot study (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Among the various therapeutic orientations, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) can be a promising approach for exploring cultural tailoring in treatment.”
From Differential associations of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes with psychological distress across racial groups. (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“From a functional contextualist perspective, experiential avoidance is primarily problematic when it serves as a precursor to behavioral passivity, such as Inaction.15”
From Differential associations of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes with psychological distress across racial groups. (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Many individuals attempt to change the form, frequency, or intensity of internal experiences such as thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations, even if doing so leads to actions that conflict with their values or goals.This effort often results in EA, which reduces psychological flexibility (Hayes et al., 2013).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy effectiveness for fear of cancer recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) · cites this paper as Hayes et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, the six core therapeutic processes of ACT are acceptance, cognitive defusion, contact with present moment, self-as-context, values, and committed action.”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy in adult cancer survivors: a systematic review and conceptual model (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The contextual behavioral scientific approach that gave rise to ACT (Hayes et al., 2013) is well-suited to modular treatment design and evaluation because both rest on a pragmatic philosophy that lends itself to inductive and iterative methodologies for knowledge development and dissemination.”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy modules: Differential impact on treatment processes and outcomes (2016) · cites this paper as Hayes et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This result is consistent with ACT’s psychological flexibility model, which makes a distinction between symptom reduction and well-being (Hayes et al., 2013).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy modules: Differential impact on treatment processes and outcomes (2016) · cites this paper as Hayes et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“ACT addresses goals, values, barriers, and cognition through acceptance, mindfulness, commitment, and behavior changes [40-42].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“we utilized the ACT treatment model because it is transdiagnostic14 and applicable to the range of difficulties experienced by the patient population recruited, including depression, anxiety, and/or chronic pain7.”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Prevention of Chronic Postsurgical Pain and Opioid Use in At-Risk Veterans: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This model is widely used in teaching (Harris, 2019) and studying ACT (Hayes et al., 2013)”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes and Mediation: Challenges and How to Address Them (2023) · cites this paper as Hayes et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to the ACT model, increased psychological flexibility is the primary mechanism underlying the beneficial health effects of ACT [15].”
From Protocol of a randomized trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for fatigue interference in metastatic breast cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“' concrete goals that are values consistent can be achieved ' (Hayes et al ., 2013; p. 8).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as an approach for working with climate distress (2024) · cites this paper as Hayes et al ., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, ACT targets ineffective and unhelpful behaviour which functions to avoid internal events (e.g., unwanted thoughts, emotions, and stress), and introduces mindfulness and acceptance-based skills to facilitate behaviour change and reduce psychological suffering [22,24].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, in including a measure of valued action, it will be possible to assess change in functioning which is important in populations living with chronic health conditions and arguably more congruent with the a priori goals of ACT [24,92].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The ACT intervention has potential to improve glycaemic control due to including seven sessions covering all six core ACT processes to train psychological flexibility. These are acceptance, cognitive defusion, being present, self as a context, values and committed action, which all are further described by Hayes et al.23”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for adult type 1 diabetes management: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A clinical approach that addresses some of the limitations of current parent-focused interventions is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), an evidence-based psychotherapeutic modality that aims to increase psychological flexibility and values-congruent behavior [26].”
From A Qualitative Study of Participant Feedback on an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Group-Based Intervention for Parents of Youth with Anxiety Disorders. (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is because ACT emphasizes an ideographic approach, focusing on the individual's unique contexts rather than adhering strictly to a standardized protocol.15,16”
From Differential associations of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes with psychological distress across racial groups. (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an evidence-based psychological treatment, which aims to facilitate psychological flexibility”
From Internet-delivered guided self-help acceptance and commitment therapy for family carers of people with dementia (iACT4CARERS): a feasibility study. (2022) · cites this paper as Hayes et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“ACT stems from Relational Frame Theory (RFT) and is based on the psychological flexibility model, a framework according to which the content, form and intensity of thoughts and emotions alone are not sufficient to explain behaviour, instead behaviour is determined by the function of these experiences in a particular context [12,13].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“through 6 inter-related facets: acceptance, cognitive defusion, mindfulness, self-as-observer, values, and committed actions.65”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Primary Headache Sufferers: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Efficacy (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Most evidence-based psychosocial treatments for addiction, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (Carroll 1998) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (Hayes et al. 2013)(Brewer et al. 2009; Chiesa and Serretti 2014; Hoppes 2006; Luoma et al. 2012), incorporate the teaching of techniques for responding adaptively to stress.”
From Context and craving during stressful events in the daily lives of drug-dependent patients (2017) · cites this paper as Hayes et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“Its preferred strategy, however, consistent with its functional contextual framework, is slightly different, and is predominantly pragmatic rather than realist: state the goal, investigate until the goal is achieved, and hold a more inductive approach to evidence and principles.3”
From Reply to Johan W. S. Vlaeyen and to Melissa A. Day and Beverly E. Thorn (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“So far this approach, including a focus on specific processes from PF—processes that are distinct from those within traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy—is already yielding progress in understanding treatment mediation within the wider field of cognitive-behavioral approaches.1,3”
From Reply to Johan W. S. Vlaeyen and to Melissa A. Day and Beverly E. Thorn (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Another form of CBT is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (“ACT”), [13] which has a strong scientific basis for improving chronic pain outcomes [14–17].”
Citations
Cites
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511
Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 · Cited by 6,587 · cited 3×
“, in press, for a review of the AAQ II) assesses experiential avoidance and psychological flexibility fairly broadly and does a very good job of predicting many forms of psychopathology, as is predicted by the model (Hayes et al., 2006).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLippa, N. C., & Sanderson, S. C. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353712 · Cited by 6,095
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
Self-citationBond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007 · Cited by 3,950
Self-citationHayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152 · Cited by 3,595
Self-citationHandbook of emotion regulation
Gross, J. (2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.52-1127 · Cited by 3,283
Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.571 · Cited by 2,917
Ironic processes of mental control.
Wegner, D. M. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.101.1.34 · Cited by 2,609
Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model
Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482 · Cited by 2,541
Flagged first, then by citations
16 of the 130 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Hayes, 1998, Market-driven treatment development, The Behavior Therapist, 21, 32
- Takahashi, 2002, Acceptance rationale and increasing pain tolerance: Acceptance-based and FEAR-based practice, Japanese Journal of Behavior Therapy, 28, 35
- Williams, L.M. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An example of third-wave therapy as a treatment for Australian Vietnam War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Unpublished dissertation, Charles Stuart University, Bathurst, New South Wales.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Unified Model of Behavior Change
Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Levin, M. E. (2012) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000012460836 · Cited by 718
Self-citationChronic Pain and Mental Health Disorders
Hooten, W. M. (2016) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.04.029 · Cited by 571
“Acceptancebased therapies emphasize that inflexible beliefs about chronic pain (eg, chronic pain is curable and expectation for total pain relief) halt the pursuit of highly regarded life values, resulting in a state of despondency and disability.(130) Two widely used acceptancebased approaches for chronic pain includ…”
BackgroundFear Generalization in Humans: Systematic Review and Implications for Anxiety Disorder Research
Dymond, S., Dunsmoor, J. E., Vervliet, B., Roche, B. T., & Hermans, D. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.10.001 · Cited by 542
“Heit, E. (2000). Properties of inductive reasoning.”
Francis, A. W., Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2016) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.05.003 · Cited by 496
Levin, M. E., Hildebrandt, M. J., Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.05.003 · Cited by 471
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hayes, Steven C.
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 180-198
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3635495
- OpenAlex
- W2056853212
- Cited by
- 1,120
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 21
- FWCI
- 3.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH096341)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- acceptance and commitment therapy, contextual behavioral science, cognitive behavioral therapy, theory development, philosophy of psychology, mediating and moderating effects
- MeSH terms
- Behavior, Behavior Therapy, Humans, Object Attachment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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