The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Direct 3D bioprinting of perfusable vascular constructs using a blend bioink
Open accessAbstract
Despite the significant technological advancement in tissue engineering, challenges still exist towards the development of complex and fully functional tissue constructs that mimic their natural counterparts. To address these challenges, bioprinting has emerged as an enabling technology to create highly organized three-dimensional (3D) vascular networks within engineered tissue constructs to promote the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, which can hardly be realized using conventional microfabrication techniques. Here, we report the development of a versatile 3D bioprinting strategy that employs biomimetic biomaterials and an advanced extrusion system to deposit perfusable vascular structures with highly ordered arrangements in a single-step process. In particular, a specially designed cell-responsive bioink consisting of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), sodium alginate, and 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-tetra-acrylate (PEGTA) was used in combination with a multilayered coaxial extrusion system to achieve direct 3D bioprinting. This blend bioink could be first ionically crosslinked by calcium ions followed by covalent photocrosslinking of GelMA and PEGTA to form stable constructs. The rheological properties of the bioink and the mechanical strengths of the resulting constructs were tuned by the introduction of PEGTA, which facilitated the precise deposition of complex multilayered 3D perfusable hollow tubes. This blend bioink also displayed favorable biological characteristics that supported the spreading and proliferation of encapsulated endothelial and stem cells in the bioprinted constructs, leading to the formation of biologically relevant, highly organized, perfusable vessels. These characteristics make this novel 3D bioprinting technique superior to conventional microfabrication or sacrificial templating approaches for fabrication of the perfusable vasculature. We envision that our advanced bioprinting technology and bioink formulation may also have significant potentials in engineering large-scale vascularized tissue constructs towards applications in organ transplantation and repair.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In this context, the fast development of new fabrication techniques, such as 3D bioprinting, has led to a general decline in the cost and the specialized work involved in fabricating these chips [65 -67].”
From 3D In Vitro Model (R)evolution: Unveiling Tumor–Stroma Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To this end, considerable efforts were made in developing hydrogel-based inks or printing techniques to enhance 3D stability and shape fidelity, such as printing multimaterial inks with combined nozzle system24, 25, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels17, 26, 27, adding viscosifiers28–30, or printing in sacrificial supporting materials31–33.”
From Fibre-infused gel scaffolds guide cardiomyocyte alignment in 3D-printed ventricles (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
3D bioprinting of tissues and organs
Murphy, S. V., & Atala, A. (2014) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2958 · Cited by 7,034
Hydrogels for biomedical applications
Hoffman, A. S. (2002) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00239-3 · Cited by 4,864
Hydrogels for biomedical applications
Hoffman, A. S. (2012) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.010 · Cited by 3,396
Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels
Yue, K., Trujillo-de Santiago, G., Alvarez, M. M., Tamayol, A., Annabi, N., & Khademhosseini, A. (2015) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045 · Cited by 3,146
Self-citationHydrogels in regenerative medicine
Slaughter, B. V., Khurshid, S. S., Fisher, O. Z., Khademhosseini, A., & Peppas, N. A. (2009) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200802106 · Cited by 2,703
Self-citationA 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity
Kang, H.-W., Lee, S. J., Ko, I. K., Kengla, C., Yoo, J. J., & Atala, A. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3413 · Cited by 2,622
Cell-laden microengineered gelatin methacrylate hydrogels
Nichol, J. W., Koshy, S. T., Bae, H., Hwang, C. M., Yamanlar, S., & Khademhosseini, A. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.064 · Cited by 2,377
Self-citationHyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Burdick, J. A., & Prestwich, G. D. (2011) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201003963 · Cited by 2,150
3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs
Kolesky, D. B., Truby, R. L., Gladman, A. S., Busbee, T. A., Homan, K. A., & Lewis, J. A. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201305506 · Cited by 2,102
Rapid casting of patterned vascular networks for perfusable engineered three-dimensional tissues
Miller, J. S., Stevens, K. R., Yang, M. T., Baker, B. M., Nguyen, D.-H. T., Cohen, D. M., Toro, E., Chen, A. A., Galie, P. A., Yu, X., et al. (2012) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3357 · Cited by 1,917
Printing three-dimensional tissue analogues with decellularized extracellular matrix bioink
Pati, F., Jang, J., Ha, D.-H., Won Kim, S., Rhie, J.-W., Shim, J.-H., Kim, D.-H., & Cho, D.-W. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4935 · Cited by 1,904
25th Anniversary Article: Engineering Hydrogels for Biofabrication
Malda, J., Visser, J., Melchels, F. P., Jüngst, T., Hennink, W. E., Dhert, W. J. A., Groll, J., & Hutmacher, D. W. (2013) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201302042 · Cited by 1,901
Designing materials to direct stem-cell fate
Lütolf, M. P., Gilbert, P. M., & Blau, H. M. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08602 · Cited by 1,409
Nanotechnological strategies for engineering complex tissues
Dvir, T., Timko, B. P., Kohane, D. S., & Langer, R. (2011) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.246 · Cited by 1,367
Scaffold-free vascular tissue engineering using bioprinting
Norotte, C., Marga, F., Niklason, L. E., & Forgács, G. (2009) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.034 · Cited by 1,342
Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs
Melchels, F. P. W., Domingos, M. A. N., Klein, T. J., Malda, J., Bártolo, P., & Hutmacher, D. W. (2011) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.007 · Cited by 1,223
Endothelial-pericyte interactions in angiogenesis
Gerhardt, H., & Betsholtz, C. (2003) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-003-0745-x · Cited by 1,086
3D Bioprinting of heterogeneous aortic valve conduits with alginate/gelatin hydrogels
Duan, B., Hockaday, L. A., Kang, K. H., & Butcher, J. T. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34420 · Cited by 1,005
Hydrogel bioprinted microchannel networks for vascularization of tissue engineering constructs
Bertassoni, L. E., Cecconi, M., Manoharan, V., Nikkhah, M., Hjortnaes, J., Cristino, A. L., Barabaschi, G., Demarchi, D., Dokmeci, M. R., Yang, Y., et al. (2014) · Lab Chip · doi:10.1039/c4lc00030g · Cited by 944
Self-citationEffect of Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , and Sr 2+ on Alginate Microbeads
Mørch, Y. A., Donati, I., Strand, B. L., & Skjåk‐Bræk, G. (2006) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/bm060010d · Cited by 896
Metre-long cell-laden microfibres exhibit tissue morphologies and functions
Onoe, H., Okitsu, T., Itou, A., Kato‐Negishi, M., Gojo, R., Kiriya, D., Sato, K., Miura, S., Iwanaga, S., Kuribayashi‐Shigetomi, K., et al. (2013) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3606 · Cited by 863
Microfluidic Bioprinting of Heterogeneous 3D Tissue Constructs Using Low‐Viscosity Bioink
Colosi, C., Shin, S. R., Manoharan, V., Massa, S., Costantini, M., Barbetta, A., Dokmeci, M. R., Dentini, M., & Khademhosseini, A. (2016) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201503310 · Cited by 863
Self-citationAccordion-like honeycombs for tissue engineering of cardiac anisotropy
Engelmayr, G. C., Cheng, M., Bettinger, C. J., Borenstein, J. T., Langer, R., & Freed, L. E. (2008) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2316 · Cited by 848
Microengineered hydrogels for tissue engineering
Khademhosseini, A., & Langer, R. (2007) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.07.021 · Cited by 830
Self-citationFunctional Human Vascular Network Generated in Photocrosslinkable Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels
Chen, Y., Lin, R., Qi, H., Yang, Y., Bae, H., Melero‐Martin, J. M., & Khademhosseini, A. (2012) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201101662 · Cited by 802
Self-citationCoaxial nozzle-assisted 3D bioprinting with built-in microchannels for nutrients delivery
Gao, Q., He, Y., Fu, J., Liu, A., & Ma, L. (2015) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.031 · Cited by 646
Microfluidic scaffolds for tissue engineering
Choi, N., Cabodi, M., Held, B., Gleghorn, J. P., Bonassar, L. J., & Stroock, A. D. (2007) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2022 · Cited by 618
A Multimaterial Bioink Method for 3D Printing Tunable, Cell‐Compatible Hydrogels
Rutz, A. L., Hyland, K. E., Jakus, A. E., Burghardt, W. R., & Shah, R. N. (2015) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201405076 · Cited by 586
Increasing Mechanical Strength of Gelatin Hydrogels by Divalent Metal Ion Removal
Xing, Q., Yates, K. M., Vogt, C. D., Qian, Z., Frost, M. C., & Zhao, F. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04706 · Cited by 494
Creating perfused functional vascular channels using 3D bio-printing technology
Lee, V. K., Kim, D. Y., Ngo, H., Lee, Y., Seo, L., Yoo, S.-S., Vincent, P. A., & Dai, G. (2014) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.083 · Cited by 494
Skardal, A., Zhang, J., & Prestwich, G. D. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.045 · Cited by 465
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Historical Overview and Concepts
Charbord, P. (2010) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2010.115 · Cited by 459
Elucidating the Role of Matrix Stiffness in 3D Cell Migration and Remodeling
Ehrbar, M., Sala, A., Lienemann, P. S., Ranga, A., Mosiewicz, K. A., Bittermann, A. G., Rizzi, S. C., Weber, F. E., & Lütolf, M. P. (2011) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.11.082 · Cited by 375
Biomimetic hydrogels with pro-angiogenic properties
Moon, J. J., Saik, J. E., Poché, R. A., Leslie-Barbick, J. E., Lee, S.-H., Smith, A. A., Dickinson, M. E., & West, J. L. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.104 · Cited by 364
Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Hyaluronic Acid-Gelatin Hydrogels
Camci‐Unal, G., Cuttica, D. F., Annabi, N., Demarchi, D., & Khademhosseini, A. (2013) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/bm3019856 · Cited by 353
Self-citationDiffusion Limits of an in Vitro Thick Prevascularized Tissue
Griffith, C. K., Miller, C., Sainson, R. C. A., Calvert, J. W., Jeon, N. L., Hughes, C. C. W., & George, S. C. (2005) · Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1089/ten.2005.11.257 · Cited by 346
Medium perfusion enables engineering of compact and contractile cardiac tissue
Radisic, M., Yang, L., Boublik, J., Cohen, R. J., Langer, R., Freed, L. E., & Vunjak‐Novakovic, G. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00171.2003 · Cited by 334
Mayer, H., Bertram, H., Lindenmaier, W., Korff, T., Weber, H., & Weich, H. A. (2005) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.20462 · Cited by 320
Hutson, C. B., Nichol, J. W., Aubin, H., Bae, H., Yamanlar, S., Al‐Haque, S., Koshy, S. T., & Khademhosseini, A. (2011) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0666 · Cited by 310
Self-citationMicrofluidic techniques for development of 3D vascularized tissue
Hasan, A., Paul, A., Vrana, N. E., Zhao, X., Memic, A., Hwang, Y.-S., Dokmeci, M. R., & Khademhosseini, A. (2014) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.091 · Cited by 282
Self-citationCulture media for the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells
Vater, C., Kasten, P., & Stiehler, M. (2010) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2010.07.037 · Cited by 279
Bae, H., Puranik, A. S., Gauvin, R., Edalat, F., Carrillo‐Conde, B., Peppas, N. A., & Khademhosseini, A. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003688 · Cited by 257
Self-citationCharacterization of printable cellular micro-fluidic channels for tissue engineering
Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Chen, H., & Ozbolat, I. T. (2013) · Biofabrication · doi:10.1088/1758-5082/5/2/025004 · Cited by 246
Self-citationPre-vascularization of in vitro three-dimensional tissues created by cell sheet engineering
Asakawa, N., Shimizu, T., Tsuda, Y., Sekiya, S., Sasagawa, T., Yamato, M., Fukai, F., & Okano, T. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.105 · Cited by 245
Controlled Positioning of Cells in Biomaterials—Approaches Towards 3D Tissue Printing
Wüst, S., Müller, R., & Hofmann, S. (2011) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb2030119 · Cited by 232
Vascularization of Engineered Tissues: Approaches to Promote Angiogenesis in Biomaterials
West, J., & Moon, J. J. (2008) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802608783790983 · Cited by 229
Concentrated collagen hydrogels as dermal substitutes
Hélary, C., Bataille, I., Abed, A., Illoul, C., Anglo, A., Louedec, L., Letourneur, D., Meddahi‐Pellé, A., & Giraud‐Guille, M. (2009) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.073 · Cited by 227
In vitro study of directly bioprinted perfusable vasculature conduits
Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Akkouch, A., Dababneh, A., Dolati, F., & Ozbolat, I. T. (2014) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/c4bm00234b · Cited by 226
Self-citationAdvanced Material Strategies for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Freed, L. E., Engelmayr, G. C., Borenstein, J. T., Moutos, F. T., & Guilak, F. (2009) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200900303 · Cited by 209
Sinha, S., Hoofnagle, M. H., Kingston, P. A., McCanna, M. E., & Owens, G. K. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00221.2004 · Cited by 203
Ayalon, O., Sabanay, H., Lampugnani, M. G., Dejana, E., & Geiger, B. (1994) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.126.1.247 · Cited by 197
Direct Bioprinting of Vessel-Like Tubular Microfluidic Channels
Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., & Ozbolat, I. T. (2013) · Journal of Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine · doi:10.1115/1.4024398 · Cited by 179
Self-citationOppositely Charged Gelatin Nanospheres as Building Blocks for Injectable and Biodegradable Gels
Wang, H., Hansen, M. B., Löwik, D. W. P. M., van Hest, J. C. M., Li, Y., Jansen, J. A., & Leeuwenburgh, S. C. G. (2011) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201003908 · Cited by 178
Composite living fibers for creating tissue constructs using textile techniques
Akbari, M., Tamayol, A., Laforte, V., Annabi, N., Najafabadi, A. H., Khademhosseini, A., & Juncker, D. (2014) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201303655 · Cited by 167
Self-citationKang, Y., Kim, S., Fahrenholtz, M. M., Khademhosseini, A., & Yang, Y. (2012) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.08.008 · Cited by 152
Self-citationHydrogel Templates for Rapid Manufacturing of Bioactive Fibers and 3D Constructs
Tamayol, A., Najafabadi, A. H., Aliakbarian, B., Arab‐Tehrany, E., Akbari, M., Annabi, N., Juncker, D., & Khademhosseini, A. (2015) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201500492 · Cited by 146
Self-citationVersatile fabrication of vascularizable scaffolds for large tissue engineering in bioreactor
Tocchio, A., Tamplenizza, M., Martello, F., Gerges, I., Rossi, E., Argentiere, S., Rodighiero, S., Zhao, W., Milani, P., & Lenardi, C. (2015) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.031 · Cited by 136
Ilan, N., Cheung, L., Pinter, E., & Madri, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m001857200 · Cited by 124
Ouyang, L., Yao, R., Chen, X., Na, J., & Sun, W. (2015) · Biofabrication · doi:10.1088/1758-5090/7/1/015010 · Cited by 116
Furumatsu, T. (2003) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvg081 · Cited by 104
Effects of the poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel crosslinking mechanism on protein release
Lee, S., Tong, X., & Yang, F. (2015) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/c5bm00256g · Cited by 104
Physiological aspects of cardiac tissue engineering
Eschenhagen, T., Eder, A., Vollert, I., & Hansen, A. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00007.2012 · Cited by 103
Advancing Tissue Engineering: A Tale of Nano‐, Micro‐, and Macroscale Integration
Leijten, J., Rouwkema, J., Zhang, Y. S., Nasajpour, A., Dokmeci, M. R., & Khademhosseini, A. (2015) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201501798 · Cited by 76
Self-citationSchukur, L., Zorlutuna, P., Cha, J. M., Bae, H., & Khademhosseini, A. (2012) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201200194 · Cited by 68
Self-citationKawasaki, Y., Imaizumi, T., Matsuura, H., Ohara, S., Takano, K., Suyama, K., Hashimoto, K., Nozawa, R., Suzuki, H., & Hosoya, M. (2008) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-008-0749-6 · Cited by 44
Multiple Facets for Extracellular Matrix Mimicking in Regenerative Medicine
Zhang, Y. S., & Younan Xia, A. (2015) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm.15.10 · Cited by 43
Self-citationBioengineering Human Microvascular Networks in Immunodeficient Mice
Lin, R., & Melero‐Martin, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/3065 · Cited by 21
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kolesky, 2014, 3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs, Adv. Mater., 26, 3124, 10.1002/adma.201305506 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges
Ngo, T. D., Kashani, A., Imbalzano, G., Nguyen, K. T. Q., & Hui, D. (2018) · Composites Part B: Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012 · Cited by 8,431
The bioink: A comprehensive review on bioprintable materials
Hospodiuk, M., Dey, M., Sosnoski, D. M., & Ozbolat, I. T. (2017) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.006 · Cited by 1,168
Bioprinting 3D microfibrous scaffolds for engineering endothelialized myocardium and heart-on-a-chip
Zhang, Y. S., Arneri, A., Bersini, S., Shin, S.-R., Zhu, K., Goli-Malekabadi, Z., Aleman, J., Colosi, C., Busignani, F., Dell’Erba, V., et al. (2016) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.003 · Cited by 979
Self-citationRecent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Rahman, M. S., Hasan, M. S., Nitai, A. S., Nam, S., Karmakar, A. K., Ahsan, M. S., Shiddiky, M. J. A., & Ahmed, M. B. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13081345 · Cited by 893
3D printing of hydrogels: Rational design strategies and emerging biomedical applications
Li, J., Wu, C., Chu, P. K.-H., & Gelinsky, M. (2020) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2020.100543 · Cited by 899
Metadata
- Authors
- Jia, W., Gungor-Ozkerim, P. S., Zhang, Y. S., Yue, K., Zhu, K., Liu, W., Pi, Q., Byambaa, B., Dokmeci, M. R., Shin, S. R., & Khademhosseini, A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Yu Shrike
- Shin, Su Ryon
- Khademhosseini, Ali
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 106
- Pages
- 58-68
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5300870
- OpenAlex
- W2502401296
- Cited by
- 922
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 44.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2025-11-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomaterials (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (1K99CA201603-01A1)
- National Institutes of Health (HL099073, EB02597, AR057837, HL092836)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- National Science Foundation (DMR0847287)
- Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (B.14.2.TBT.0.06.01-219-115543)
- Office of Naval Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Keywords
- 3D bioprinting, perfusable vascular networks, gelatin methacryloyl, sodium alginate, coaxial extrusion, calcium crosslinking, photocrosslinking, endothelial cells, stem cells, vascularized tissue engineering, mechanical strength
- MeSH terms
- Blood Vessels, Cells, Cultured, Equipment Design, Humans, Ink, Organ Culture Techniques, Perfusion, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Bioreactors, Bioartificial Organs, Tissue Engineering, Endothelial Cells, Tissue Scaffolds, Batch Cell Culture Techniques, Printing, Three-Dimensional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
