Cited by 92Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesT-cell and B-cell Immunology

The importance of immune checkpoints in immune monitoring: A future paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer

Open access
Alemohammad, Hajar, Najafzadeh, Basira, Asadzadeh, Zahra, Baghbanzadeh, Amir, Ghorbaninezhad, Farid, Najafzadeh, Arezoo, Safarpour, Hossein, Bernardini, Renato +5 more·2022·Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

Abstract

The growth and development of cancer are directly correlated to the suppression of the immune system. A major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy depends on various mechanisms to detect immunosuppressive factors that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Immune checkpoints are expressed on many immune cells such as T-cells, regulatory B cells (Bregs), dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells (NKs), regulatory T (Tregs), M2-type macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Immune inhibitory molecules, including CTLA-4, TIM-3, TIGIT, PD-1, and LAG-3, normally inhibit immune responses via negatively regulating immune cell signaling pathways to prevent immune injury. However, the up-regulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints during tumor progression on immune cells suppresses anti-tumor immune responses and promotes immune escape in cancer. It has recently been indicated that cancer cells can up-regulate various pathways of the immune checkpoints. Therefore, targeting immune inhibitory molecules through antibodies or miRNAs is a promising therapeutic strategy and shows favorable results. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are introduced as a new immunotherapy strategy that enhance immune cell-induced antitumor responses in many patients. In this review, we highlighted the function of each immune checkpoint on different immune cells and therapeutic strategies aimed at using monoclonal antibodies and miRNAs against inhibitory receptors. We also discussed current challenges and future strategies for maximizing these FDA-approved immunosuppressants' effectiveness and clinical success in cancer treatment.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112516

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  • The dMMR/MSI-H phenotype has increased immunogenic properties inducing high immune cell infiltration, particularly from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.

    “Nonetheless, it has been proved that this phenotype also has increased immunogenic properties inducing high immune cell infiltration, particularly from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [12,43].”

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Authors
Alemohammad, H., Najafzadeh, B., Asadzadeh, Z., Baghbanzadeh, A., Ghorbaninezhad, F., Najafzadeh, A., Safarpour, H., Bernardini, R., Brunetti, O., Sonnessa, M., Fasano, R., Silvestris, N., & Baradaran, B.
Affiliations
  • University of Tabriz (IR)
  • Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Birjand University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • University of Catania (IT)
  • Istituto Tumori Bari (IT)
Corresponding author
  • Silvestris, Nicola
  • Baradaran, Behzad
Venue
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-02
Volume
146
Pages
112516
ISSN
0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4200317153
Cited by
92
References
240
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16
FWCI
1.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords
immune checkpoint, cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor immune evasion, CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, TIGIT, LAG-3, regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory B cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, monoclonal antibodies, microRNA, antitumor immunity
MeSH terms
Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Immune Checkpoint Proteins, Neoplasms, Monitoring, Immunologic, Signal Transduction, Down-Regulation, Up-Regulation, Tumor Escape, MicroRNAs

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