Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Assessed by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Relationship to Treatment Resistance in Major Depressive Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Significant alterations in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate levels have been previously reported in major depressive disorder (MDD); however, no studies to date have investigated associations between these amino acid neurotransmitters and treatment resistance. Methods The objective of this study was to compare occipital cortex (OCC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) GABA and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) levels measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) in 15 medication-free treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients with those in 18 nontreatment-resistant MDD (nTRD) patients and 24 healthy volunteers (HVs). Results Levels of OCC GABA relative to voxel tissue water (W) were decreased in TRD patients compared with both HV (20.2% mean reduction; p = .001; Cohen's d = 1.3) and nTRD subjects (16.4% mean reduction; p = .007; Cohen's d = 1.4). There was a similar main effect of diagnosis for ACC GABA/W levels (p = .047; Cohen's d = .76) with TRD patients exhibiting reduced GABA in comparison with the other two groups (22.4% to 24.5% mean reductions). Group differences in Glx/W were not significant in either brain region. Only GABA results in OCC survived correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusions Our findings corroborate previous reports of decreased GABA in MDD and provide initial evidence for a distinct neuronal amino acid profile in patients who have failed to respond to several standard antidepressants, possibly indicative of abnormal glutamate/glutamine/GABA cycling. Given interest in novel antidepressant mechanisms in TRD that selectively target amino acid neurotransmitter function, the translational relevance of these findings awaits further study.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Lower medial prefrontal cortex GABA levels in major depressive disorder have been linked to smaller hippocampal volumes and to treatment resistance.
“Reduced mPFC GABA levels in MDD have been associated with smaller hippocampal volumes (139) and treatment resistance (142,143).”
From The Impact of Stress and Major Depressive Disorder on Hippocampal and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Morphology (2019) · cites this paper as [143]
Glutamatergic and GABAergic dysfunction in the PFC and ACC has been extensively implicated in both MDD and TRD.
“Glutamatergic and GABAergic dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been extensively implicated in both MDD and TRD [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25].”
From Pharmacotherapies Targeting GABA-Glutamate Neurotransmission for Treatment-Resistant Depression (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
An imbalance between L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a key role in the pathophysiology of TRD.
“An imbalance between two primary central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters, L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has emerged as having a key role in the pathophysiology of TRD.”
From Pharmacotherapies Targeting GABA-Glutamate Neurotransmission for Treatment-Resistant Depression (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
In both MDD and TRD, region-specific normalization of GABA concentrations in the occipital cortex (OCC), ACC, and DMN have repeatedly been observed in response to all successful antidepressant therapies.
“In both MDD and TRD, region-specific normalization of GABA concentrations in the occipital cortex (OCC), ACC, and DMN have repeatedly been observed in response to all successful antidepressant therapies [19,22,23,63].”
From Pharmacotherapies Targeting GABA-Glutamate Neurotransmission for Treatment-Resistant Depression (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
In the CNS, reductions in ACC GABA levels appear to correlate with increased anhedonia and treatment resistance.
“In the CNS, reductions in ACC GABA levels appear to correlate with increased anhedonia and treatment resistance [19,23].”
From Pharmacotherapies Targeting GABA-Glutamate Neurotransmission for Treatment-Resistant Depression (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · see citing works
The assessment of anxiety states by rating
HAMILTON, M. (1959) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x · Cited by 11,455 · see citing works
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., Markowitz, J. C., Ninan, P. T., Kornstein, S., Manber, R., et al. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01866-8 · Cited by 3,829 · see citing works
A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression.
Zarate, C. A., Singh, J. B., Carlson, P. J., Brutsche, N. E., Ameli, R., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Charney, D. S., & Manji, H. K. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.856 · Cited by 3,766 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression
Fava, M. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00231-2 · Cited by 1,380 · see citing works
Drevets, W. C. (2001) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00203-8 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic
Ressler, K. J., & Mayberg, H. S. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1944 · Cited by 1,007 · see citing works
Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders
Sanacora, G., Zarate, C. A., Krystal, J. H., & Manji, H. K. (2008) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2462 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
Hasler, G., van der Veen, J. W., Tumonis, T., Meyers, N., Shen, J., & Drevets, W. C. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.193 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Subtype-Specific Alterations of γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamatein Patients With Major Depression
Sanacora, G., Gueorguieva, R. V., Epperson, C. N., Wu, Y., Appel, M., Rothman, D. L., Krystal, J. H., & Mason, G. F. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.705 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 780 · see citing works
(1997) · PubMed · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Pet imaging of serotonin 1A receptor binding in depression
Drevets, W. C., Frank, E., Price, J. C., Kupfer, D. J., Holt, D., Greer, P. J., Huang, Y., Gautier, C., & Mathis, C. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00189-4 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Sanacora, G., Mason, G. F., Rothman, D. L., Behar, K. L., Hyder, F., Petroff, O. A. C., Berman, R. M., Charney, D. S., & Krystal, J. H. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.11.1043 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Self-citationBrief Screening for Family Psychiatric History: The Family History Screen
Weissman, M. M. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.7.675 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Localized 1H NMR measurements of gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain in vivo.
Rothman, D. L., Petroff, O. A. C., Behar, K. L., & Mattson, R. H. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5662 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Sanacora, G., Mason, G. F., Rothman, D. L., & Krystal, J. H. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.663 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Treatment resistant depression: methodological overview and operational criteria
Souery, D., Amsterdam, J. D., de Montigny, C., Lecrubier, Y., Montgomery, S., Lipp, O., Racagni, G., Zohar, J., & Mendlewicz, J. (1999) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(98)00004-2 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Resistance to antidepressant medications and short-term clinical response to ECT
Prudic, J., Haskett, R. F., Mulsant, B. H., Malone, K. M., Pettinati, H. M., Stephens, S., Greenberg, R. M., Rifas, S., & Sackeïm, H. A. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.8.985 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Charney, D. S., & Manji, H. K. (2004) · Science s STKE · doi:10.1126/stke.2252004re5 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGrath, P. J., Stewart, J. W., D, M. F. M., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Thase, M. E., Davis, L. L., Biggs, M. M., Shores‐Wilson, K., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1531 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Bhagwagar, Z., Wylezinska, M., Jezzard, P., Evans, J., Ashworth, F., Sule, A., Matthews, P. M., & Cowen, P. J. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.048 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Goddard, A. W., Mason, G. F., Almai, A., Rothman, D. L., Behar, K. L., Petroff, O. A. C., Charney, D. S., & Krystal, J. H. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.556 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel Drugs and Therapeutic Targets for Severe Mood Disorders
Mathew, S. J., Manji, H. K., & Charney, D. S. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301652 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationSaxena, S., Brody, A. L., Ho, M. L., Alborzian, S., Maidment, K. M., Zohrabi, N., Ho, M. K., Huang, S., Wu, H.-M., & Baxter, L. R. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.3.250 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Bhagwagar, Z., Wylezinska, M., Jezzard, P., Evans, J., Boorman, E. D., Matthews, P. M., & Cowen, P. J. (2007) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145707007924 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Clinical Studies Implementing Glutamate Neurotransmission in Mood Disorders
Sanacora, G., Rothman, D. L., Mason, G. F., & Krystal, J. H. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1300.018 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Behar, K. L., Rothman, D. L., Petersen, K. F., Hooten, M. W., Delaney, R. C., Petroff, O. A. C., Shulman, G. I., Navarro, V., Petrakis, I. L., Charney, D. S., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.952 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenberg, D. R., MacMaster, F. P., Mirza, Y., Smith, J. M., Easter, P. C., Banerjee, S. P., Bhandari, R. P., Boyd, C. C., Lynch, M. A., Rose, M., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.007 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Reduced Anterior Cingulate Cortex Glutamatergic Concentrations in Childhood Major Depression
Mirza, Y., Tang, J., Russell, A., Banerjee, S. P., Bhandari, R. P., Ivey, J., Rose, M., Moore, G. J., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200403000-00017 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid and homovanillic acid in depressive disorders.
Kasa, K., Otsuki, S., Yamamoto, M., Sato, M., Kuroda, H., & Ogawa, N. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Impaired GABA Neuronal Response to Acute Benzodiazepine Administration in Panic Disorder
Goddard, A. W., Mason, G. F., Appel, M., Rothman, D. L., Gueorguieva, R. V., Behar, K. L., & Krystal, J. H. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2186 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Pollack, M. H., Jensen, J. E., Simon, N. M., Kaufman, R. E., & Renshaw, P. F. (2008) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.11.023 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Low plasma γ-aminobutyric acid levels in male patients with depression
Petty, F., Kramer, G. L., Gullion, C. M., & Rush, A. J. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90039-3 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Time‐domain combination of MR spectroscopy data acquired using phased‐array coils
Brown, M. A. (2004) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.20244 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Batra, N. A., Šereš, J., Hanstock, C. C., Seres, P., Khudabux, J., Bellavance, F., Baker, G. B., Allen, P. S., Tibbo, P. G., Hui, E., et al. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.007 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
CSF GABA in depressed patients and normal controls
Roy, A., DeJong, J., & Ferraro, T. N. (1991) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700022248 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
How accurate are patients in reporting their antidepressant treatment history?
Posternak, M. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00049-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Basser (2000) · doi:10.1002/1522-2594(200010)44:4
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [33]Sargent PA Kjaer KH Bench CJ Rabiner EA Messa C Meyer J 2000 Brain serotonin-1A receptor binding measured by positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-100635: effects of depression and antidepressant treatment Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 174 180 10665620
- [44]Banasr M Chowdhury GM Terwilliger R Newton SS Duman RS Behar KL Sanacora G 2008 Glial pathology in an animal model of depression: reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate-modulating drug riluzole Mol Psychiatry Published Online: 30 September 2008 10.1038/mp.2008.106 PMC3347761 18825147 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Duman, R. S., Sanacora, G., & Krystal, J. H. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.013 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
The GABAergic deficit hypothesis of major depressive disorder
Luscher, B., Shen, Q., & Sahir, N. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.120 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Belleau, E. L., Treadway, M. T., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.031 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
The neurobiology of depression and antidepressant action
Willner, P., Scheel-Krüger, J., & Belzung, C. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.007 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Lener, M. S., Niciu, M. J., Ballard, E. D., Park, M., Park, L. T., Nugent, A. C., & Zarate, C. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.005 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Pittenger, C., Bloch, M. H., & Williams, K. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.006 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Fee, C., Banasr, M., & Sibille, E. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.05.024 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Discovering imaging endophenotypes for major depression
Hasler, G., & Northoff, G. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.23 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Evidence of Cortical Inhibitory Deficits in Major Depressive Disorder
Levinson, A. J., Fitzgerald, P. B., Favalli, G., Blumberger, D. M., Daigle, M., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.025 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Frey, B. N., Andreazza, A. C., Houenou, J., Jamain, S., Goldstein, B. I., Frye, M. A., Leboyer, M., Berk, M., Malhi, G. S., Lopez-Jaramillo, C., et al. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413478217 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Fuchs, T., Jefferson, S. J., Hooper, A., Yee, P.-H., Maguire, J., & Luscher, B. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.188 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Glutamate Metabolism in Major Depressive Disorder
Abdallah, C. G., Jiang, L., De Feyter, H. M., Fasula, M., Krystal, J. H., Rothman, D. L., Mason, G. F., & Sanacora, G. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14010067 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Pham, T. H., & Gardier, A. M. (2019) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.017 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Ma, K., Xu, A., Cui, S., Sun, M.-R., Xue, Y.-C., & Wang, J.-H. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.181 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Zink, M., Vollmayr, B., Gebicke-Haerter, P. J., & Henn, F. A. (2010) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.09.005 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Treatment-Resistant Depression in Primary Care across Canada
Rizvi, S. J., Grima, E., Tan, M., Rotzinger, S., Lin, P., McIntyre, R. S., & Kennedy, S. H. (2014) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371405900702 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Milak, M. S., Proper, C. J., Mulhern, S. T., Parter, A. L., Kegeles, L. S., Ogden, R. T., Mao, X., Rodriguez, C. I., Oquendo, M. A., Suckow, R. F., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.83 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationBanasr, M., Lepack, A., Fee, C., Duric, V., Maldonado-Aviles, J., DiLeone, R., Sibille, E., Duman, R. S., & Sanacora, G. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017720459 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Shen, Q., Lal, R., Luellen, B. A., Earnheart, J. C., Andrews, A. M., & Luscher, B. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.024 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Portella, M. J., de Diego-Adeliño, J., Gómez-Ansón, B., Morgan-Ferrando, R., Vives, Y., Puigdemont, D., Pérez-Egea, R., Ruscalleda, J., Álvarez, E., & Pérez, V. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.08.010 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The Nucleus Accumbens and Ketamine Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder
Abdallah, C. G., Jackowski, A., Salas, R., Gupta, S., Sato, J. R., Mao, X., Coplan, J. D., Shungu, D. C., & Mathew, S. J. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.49 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationRen, Z., Pribiag, H., Jefferson, S. J., Shorey, M., Fuchs, T., Stellwagen, D., & Luscher, B. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.009 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Delgado y Palacios, R., Campo, A., Henningsen, K., Verhoye, M., Poot, D., Dijkstra, J., Van Audekerke, J., Benveniste, H., Sijbers, J., Wiborg, O., et al. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.014 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Neurochemistry of major depression: a study using magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Godlewska, B. R., Near, J., & Cowen, P. J. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3687-y · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Abdallah, C. G., Jackowski, A., Sato, J. R., Mao, X., Kang, G., Cheema, R., Coplan, J. D., Mathew, S. J., & Shungu, D. C. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.025 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationThe dose makes the poison: From glutamate-mediated neurogenesis to neuronal atrophy and depression
Rubio-Casillas, A., & Fernández-Guasti, A. (2016) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0066 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Understanding the effects of chronic benzodiazepine use in depression: a focus on neuropharmacology
Lim, B., Sproule, B. A., Zahra, Z., Sunderji, N., Kennedy, S. H., & Rizvi, S. J. (2020) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000316 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapies Targeting GABA-Glutamate Neurotransmission for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Vecera, C. M., C. Courtes, A., Jones, G., Soares, J. C., & Machado-Vieira, R. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16111572 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“In the CNS, reductions in ACC GABA levels appear to correlate with increased anhedonia and treatment resistance [19,23].”
BackgroundRevisiting the Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression: A New Perspective
Goldberg, J. S., Bell, C. E., & Pollard, D. A. (2014) · Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4137/pmc.s11375 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Imaging synaptic density in depression
Holmes, S. E., Abdallah, C., & Esterlis, I. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01368-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Intrinsic Connectivity Networks of Glutamate-Mediated Antidepressant Response: A Neuroimaging Review
Demchenko, I., Tassone, V. K., Kennedy, S. H., Dunlop, K., & Bhat, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.864902 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Several 1H-MRS studies, on the other hand, have reported increased (51– 53) and unchanged (54, 55) glutamate/GLX levels in MDD participants, suggesting that the direction and magnitude of glutamate-specific alterations may differ depending on the brain region or the network of interest (56).”
BackgroundMeasuring the effects of ketamine on mGluR5 using [ <sup>18</sup> F]FPEB and PET
Holmes, S. E., Gallezot, J.-D., Davis, M. T., DellaGioia, N., Matuskey, D., Nabulsi, N., Krystal, J. H., Javitch, J. A., DeLorenzo, C., Carson, R. E., et al. (2020) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x19886316 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Benham, R. S., Hewage, N. B., Suckow, R. F., Engin, E., & Rudolph, U. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.063 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Price, R. B., Shungu, D. C., Mao, X., Nestadt, P., Kelly, C., Collins, K. A., Murrough, J. W., Charney, D. S., & Mathew, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mathew, Sanjay J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 792-800
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2934870
- OpenAlex
- W2012964562
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 7.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- CFIDS Association of America
- National Institutes of Health (K23-MH-069656, MO1-RR-00071, R01-MH07895)
- Weill Cornell Medical College
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- treatment-resistant depression, major depressive disorder, GABA, glutamate, glutamine, amino acid neurotransmitters, occipital cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, 1H NMR, antidepressant resistance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Drug Resistance, Female, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Glutamine, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Occipital Lobe, Case-Control Studies, Neurotransmitter Agents, Glutamic Acid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
