Progress Update: Fluid and Imaging Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing health crisis around the world. Although significant progress has been made in our understanding of AD pathogenesis, there is currently no effective treatment to delay onset or prevent the disease. The focus has now shifted to the identification and treatment of AD in the early clinical stages as well as before cognitive symptoms emerge-during the long preclinical stage. It is possible that diagnosis of individuals with AD will be more accurate when clinical symptoms and signs are combined with biomarkers, which can improve both the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of AD and its differentiation from the other neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses fluid and imaging biomarkers that have shown promise in such areas, as well as some of the current challenges that face the field.
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Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, and namzaric can temporarily alleviate or stabilize symptoms but cannot stop long-term progression and are associated with various side effects.
“Medications such as donepezil (4),41–43 rivastigmine (5),44,45 galantamine (6),46–48 memantine (7),49,50 and namzaric (8)51,52 have been employed in clinical settings. While these drugs can temporarily alleviate or stabilize symptoms, they are unable to stop the long-term progression of the disease and are associated with various side effects.”
From Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies. (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
The Introduction (page not specified) says current Alzheimer’s therapies can provide modest, temporary improvement or stabilization in some patients but do not target the underlying pathology. It does not name the five drugs or document side effects for them; the adverse effect it mentions concerns a different, experimental drug. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Olsson, B., Lautner, R., Andreasson, U., Öhrfelt, A., Portelius, E., Bjerke, M., Hölttä, M., Rosén, C., Olsson, C., Strobel, G., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00070-3 · Cited by 2,049 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Xia, Y., Zhang, J., & Chen, L. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01911-3 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Kester, M. I., Teunissen, C. E., Sutphen, C., Herries, E. M., Ladenson, J. H., Xiong, C., Scheltens, P., van der Flier, W. M., Morris, J. C., Holtzman, D. M., et al. (2015) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0142-1 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
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Hudd, F., Shiel, A., Harris, M., Bowdler, P., McCann, B., Tsivos, D., Wearn, A., Knight, M., Kauppinen, R., Coulthard, E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180879 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sutphen, C. L., Fagan, A. M., & Holtzman, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holtzman, David M.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 520-526
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3947397
- OpenAlex
- W2030596620
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 0.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (P01-26276)
- National Institute on Aging (P 50 AG05681, P50AG005681, P01 AG0 3991, P01AG003991, P01AG026276)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, fluid biomarkers, imaging biomarkers, preclinical Alzheimer's disease, early diagnosis, diagnostic accuracy, prognostic accuracy
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Biomarkers, Positron-Emission Tomography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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