Frequent Low-Dose Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Adolescence Disrupts Microglia Homeostasis and Disables Responses to Microbial Infection and Social Stress in Young Adulthood
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Background During adolescence, microglia are actively involved in neocortical maturation while concomitantly undergoing profound phenotypic changes. Because the teenage years are also a time of experimentation with cannabis, we evaluated whether adolescent exposure to the drug's psychotropic constituent, Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), might persistently alter microglia function. Methods We administered THC (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) once daily to male and female mice from postnatal day (PND) 30 to PND44 and examined the transcriptome of purified microglia in adult animals (PND70 and PND120) under baseline conditions or following either of two interventions known to recruit microglia: lipopolysaccharide injection and repeated social defeat. We used high-dimensional mass cytometry by time-of-flight to map brain immune cell populations after lipopolysaccharide challenge. Results Adolescent THC exposure produced in mice of both sexes a state of microglial dyshomeostasis that persisted until young adulthood (PND70) but receded with further aging (PND120). Key features of this state included broad alterations in genes involved in microglia homeostasis and innate immunity along with marked impairments in the responses to lipopolysaccharide- and repeated social defeat-induced psychosocial stress. The endocannabinoid system was also dysfunctional. The effects of THC were prevented by coadministration of either a global CB 1 receptor inverse agonist or a peripheral CB 1 neutral antagonist and were not replicated when THC was administered in young adulthood (PND70-84). Conclusions Daily low-intensity CB 1 receptor activation by THC during adolescence may disable critical functions served by microglia until young adulthood with potentially wide-ranging consequences for brain and mental health.
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Adolescent cannabis exposure is known to activate microglia, which are responsible for much of the synaptic pruning that reduces gray matter volume during adolescence, potentially leading to unhealthy amounts of synaptic pruning and loss of cortical gray matter.
“Indeed, ACE is known to activate microglia [118, 119], which are responsible for much of the synaptic pruning that reduces GMV during adolescence [120], potentially leading to unhealthy amounts of synaptic pruning and loss of cortical gray matter [117].”
From Consequences of adolescent drug use (2023) · cites this paper as [118]
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Boachie, N., Gaudette, E. V., Bazinet, R. P., Lin, L., Tyndale, R. F., Mansouri, E., Huestis, M. A., Tong, J., Foll, B. L., Kish, S. J., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13101375 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Self-citationNAAA-regulated lipid signaling in monocytes controls the induction of hyperalgesic priming in mice
Fotio, Y., Tagne, A. M., Squire, E., Lee, H.-L., Phillips, C. M., Chang, K., Ahmed, F., Greenberg, A. S., Villalta, S. A., Scarfone, V. M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46139-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationFreels, T. G., Westbrook, S. R., Zamberletti, E., Kuyat, J. R., Wright, H. R., Malena, A. N., Melville, M. W., Brown, A. M., Glodosky, N. C., Ginder, D. E., et al. (2024) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2023.0014 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Emerging Roles of Endocannabinoids as Key Lipid Mediators for a Successful Pregnancy
Rava, A., & Trezza, V. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065220 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Alleviates Hyperalgesia in a Humanized Mouse Model of Sickle Cell Disease
Tagne, A. M., Fotio, Y., Gupta, K., & Piomelli, D. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.124.002285 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent exposure to low-dose Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol depletes the ovarian reserve in female mice
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Self-citationAdolescent THC impacts on mPFC dopamine-mediated cognitive processes in male and female rats
Martinez, M. X., Vera, V. A., Ruiz, C. M., Floresco, S., & Mahler, S. V. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06676-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Post-weaning social isolation alters sociability in a sex-specific manner
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Potential roles for microglia in drug addiction: Adolescent neurodevelopment and beyond
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Cannabis use in youth is associated with chronic inflammation
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Targeting dysfunctional endocannabinoid signaling in a mouse model of Gulf War illness
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Self-citationAdministration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice
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Interrogating the Impact of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Use During Adolescence: Microglia Lead the Way
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Adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol impairs testicular function in young adult male mice
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Self-citationAdolescence as a Window of Vulnerability to Cannabis Use: Insights from Animal Studies
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The how and why for multiple forms of hippocampal LTP
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A glial perspective on the neuropsychiatric effects of cannabis in adolescence and aging
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The endocannabinoid system and the ageing brain
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- Authors
- Lee, H.-L., Jung, K.-M., Fotio, Y., Squire, E., Palese, F., Lin, L., Torrens, A., Ahmed, F., Mabou Tagne, A., Ramirez, J., Su, S., Wong, C. R., Jung, D. H., Scarfone, V. M., Nguyen, P. U., Wood, M., Green, K., & Piomelli, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Piomelli, Daniele
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 845-860
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10629396
- OpenAlex
- W4229446974
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA044118-01)
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Keywords
- delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, adolescent cannabis exposure, microglia, microglial homeostasis, CB1 receptor, endocannabinoid system, lipopolysaccharide challenge, social defeat stress, innate immunity, brain immune cells, neuroinflammation, sex differences, mouse model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Homeostasis, Lipopolysaccharides, Male, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Stress, Psychological, Dronabinol, Microglia, Mice
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