Tonic and phasic co-variation of peripheral arousal indices in infants
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Tonic and phasic differences in peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) indicators strongly predict differences in attention and emotion regulation in developmental populations. However, virtually all previous research has been based on individual ANS measures, which poses a variety of conceptual and methodlogical challenges to comparing results across studies. Here we recorded heart rate, electrodermal activity (EDA), pupil size, head movement velocity and peripheral accelerometry concurrently while a cohort of 37 typical 12-month-old infants completed a mixed assessment battery lasting approximately 20 min per participant. We analysed covariation of these autonomic indices in three ways: first, tonic (baseline) arousal; second, co-variation in spontaneous (phasic) changes during testing; third, phasic co-variation relative to an external stimulus event. We found that heart rate, head velocity and peripheral accelerometry showed strong positive co-variation across all three analyses. EDA showed no co-variation in tonic activity levels but did show phasic positive co-variation with other measures, that appeared limited to sections of high but not low general arousal. Tonic pupil size showed significant positive covariation, but phasic pupil changes were inconsistent. We conclude that: (i) there is high covariation between autonomic indices in infants, but that EDA may only be sensitive at extreme arousal levels, (ii) that tonic pupil size covaries with other indices, but does not show predicted patterns of phasic change and (iii) that motor activity appears to be a good proxy measure of ANS activity. The strongest patterns of covariation were observed using epoch durations of 40s per epoch, although significant covariation between indices was also observed using shorter epochs (1 and 5s).
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Changes in skin conductance level (SCL) reflect changes in the activity of the ANS.
“Changes in skin conductance level (SCL) reflect changes in these veins and thus reflect changes in the activity of the ANS (Wass et al., 2015).”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Wass et al., 2015
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Event-related potentials discriminate familiar and unusual goal outcomes in 5-month-olds and adults.
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Processing and Analyzing of Pupillometry Data
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Autonomic and neural activity dynamically couple during infant attention
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Electrodermal Activity as a Metric of Arousal in Autistic Children Prior to Dental Treatment
Isralowitz, E. B., Cermak, S. A., Sideris, J. H., Baranek, G. T., Polido, J. C., Ferrer, J. M. Y., & Duker, L. I. S. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26196172
- Authors
- Wass, S. V., de Barbaro, K., & Clackson, K.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wass, S.V.
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 111
- Pages
- 26-39
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4645095
- OpenAlex
- W1174439615
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- British Academy
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- autonomic nervous system, tonic arousal, phasic arousal, infants, heart rate, electrodermal activity, pupil size, attentional control, emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Attention, Autonomic Nervous System, Heart Rate, Humans, Infant, Pupil, Head Movements, Accelerometry
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