Exercise protects against chronic restraint stress-induced oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus
Abstract
Chronic stress induces high levels of reactive oxygen species, creating a neurotoxic environment. Because exercise protects against the neurodegenerative effects of oxidative stress, we investigated the protective effects of exercise against chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced expression of the proapoptotic cortical B-cell associated X protein (Bax) and cyclooxegenase-2 (Cox-2) as well as microglial/macrophage proliferation and co-expression of Cox-2 in the cortex and hippocampus of mice. CRS induced a large, moderately significant increase in protein levels of Bax 1 h following stress. However, exercised mice had significantly lower cortical levels of Bax at both the 1 and 24 h time points. The level of Cox-2 protein was also significantly lower in the cortex of exercised mice. While no significant changes in microglia/macrophage proliferation were observed in either brain region, CRS induced significant increases of Cox-2 labeling on microglia/macrophages in both the hippocampus and cortex of stressed mice. In the cortex, stressed mice showed significantly greater numbers of Iba1/Cox-2 co-labeled cells than non-stressed mice; however, exercise alone did not induce any changes. In the hippocampus, CRS induced significantly greater numbers of Cox-2 labeled microglia/macrophages in stressed sedentary animals as compared to non-stressed controls. However, exercised mice were protected against these increases, as there was no significant difference in the numbers of Iba1/Cox-2 co-labeled cells between stressed and non-stressed exercised mice. Therefore, exercise protects against CRS-induced increases in levels of Bax in the cortex, and microglial/macrophage expression of Cox-2 in the hippocampus. Taken together, these data suggest that exercise may confer neuroprotection by acting to increase the resilience of the brain against CRS-induced oxidative stress.
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Exercise mitigates stress-induced neural damage by reducing markers of cell death (eg, Bax) and inflammation (eg, Cox-2), as well as limiting microglial activation in brain areas like the cortex and hippocampus.
“Exercise, however, has been shown to mitigate such effects by reducing markers of cell death (eg, Bax) and inflammation (eg, Cox-2), as well as limiting microglial activation in brain areas like the cortex and hippocampus.”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
Physical exercise supports resilience by protecting brain health.
“The scientific community increasingly recognizes that physical exercise supports resilience by protecting brain health.9”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Gerecke, K. M., Kolobova, A., Allen, S., & Fawer, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Rhodes College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gerecke, Kim M.
- ORCID
- Allen, Sarah
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 1509
- Pages
- 66-78
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2040796363
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Rhodes College
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- physical activity, chronic restraint stress, oxidative stress, neuroprotection, Bax, cyclooxygenase-2, microglia, macrophages, hippocampus, cortex, reactive oxygen species, neurodegeneration, stress resilience
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Hippocampus, Nerve Degeneration, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Restraint, Physical, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Microglia, Oxidative Stress, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Mice, Cyclooxygenase 2
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