Can herbs provide a new generation of drugs for treating Alzheimer’s disease?

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The Curry Spice Curcumin Reduces Oxidative Damage and Amyloid Pathology in an Alzheimer Transgenic Mouse

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Aβ peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease

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ABAD Directly Links Aß to Mitochondrial Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease

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Peripheral anti-Aβ antibody alters CNS and plasma Aβ clearance and decreases brain Aβ burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

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Curcumin has potent anti‐amyloidogenic effects for Alzheimer's β‐amyloid fibrils in vitro

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Evidence of oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease brain: central role for amyloid β-peptide

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Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines

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Herbal Medicines and Perioperative Care

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The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs

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Aβ Immunotherapy Leads to Clearance of Early, but Not Late, Hyperphosphorylated Tau Aggregates via the Proteasome

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Indirubins Inhibit Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β and CDK5/P25, Two Protein Kinases Involved in Abnormal Tau Phosphorylation in Alzheimer's Disease

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Dietary Intake of Antioxidant Nutrients and the Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease in a Biracial Community Study

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ApoE genotype accounts for the vast majority of AD risk and AD pathology

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Mitochondrial targeting and a novel transmembrane arrest of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein impairs mitochondrial function in neuronal cells

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Brain to Plasma Amyloid-β Efflux: a Measure of Brain Amyloid Burden in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

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Insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme and amyloid-β peptide in Alzheimer's disease: review and hypothesis

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Alzheimer's brains harbor somatic mtDNA control-region mutations that suppress mitochondrial transcription and replication

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Review of insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression, signaling, and malfunction in the central nervous system: Relevance to Alzheimer's disease

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Self-Assembly of Aβ 1 - 42 into Globular Neurotoxins

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New Frontiers in Alzheimer's Disease Genetics

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Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function

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A possible emerging role of phytochemicals in improving age-related neurological dysfunctions: a multiplicity of effects

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Amyloid-β immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: the end of the beginning

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Differential Expression of Oxidative Phosphorylation Genes in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Early Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Damage

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Plants with traditional uses and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders

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Inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761

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Aromatherapy as a Safe and Effective Treatment for the Management of Agitation in Severe Dementia: The Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

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Protective effect of resveratrol on β-amyloid-induced oxidative PC12 cell death

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Differential loss of synaptic proteins in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for synaptic dysfunction

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Salvia for dementia therapy: review of pharmacological activity and pilot tolerability clinical trial

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The ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects hippocampal neurons against cell death induced by β‐amyloid

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Flavonoids and the brain: interactions at the blood–brain barrier and their physiological effects on the central nervous system

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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of some Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and Narcissus extracts

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Plants and the central nervous system

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Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial

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Studies on molecular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract

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Vitamin E and Vitamin C Supplement Use and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease

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The CNS effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts and ginkgolide B

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Certain Inhibitors of Synthetic Amyloid β-Peptide (Aβ) Fibrillogenesis Block Oligomerization of Natural Aβ and Thereby Rescue Long-Term Potentiation

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Microglia enhance β‐amyloid peptide‐induced toxicity in cortical and mesencephalic neurons by producing reactive oxygen species

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Are mitochondria critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease?

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Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial

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Medicinal plants and Alzheimer’s disease: From ethnobotany to phytotherapy

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The Liver X Receptor Ligand T0901317 Decreases Amyloid β Production in Vitro and in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

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Discovery of Natural Products from Curcuma longa that Protect Cells from Beta-Amyloid Insult: A Drug Discovery Effort against Alzheimer's Disease

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Ginkgo for Memory Enhancement

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Oxidative damage and protection by antioxidants in the frontal cortex of Alzheimer’s disease is related to the apolipoprotein E genotype

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Intracellular metabolism and bioactivity of quercetin and its in vivo metabolites

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Does Donepezil Treatment Slow the Progression of Hippocampal Atrophy in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease?

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The in vivo neuromodulatory effects of the herbal medicine ginkgo biloba

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Prevention of age-related spatial memory deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by chronic Ginkgo biloba treatment

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Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Alzheimer's disease: old and new mechanisms of action

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The Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) Protects and Rescues Hippocampal Cells Against Nitric Oxide‐Induced Toxicity

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Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Alzheimer's Disease

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The psychopharmacology of huperzine A: an alkaloid with cognitive enhancing and neuroprotective properties of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

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Chronic nicotine treatment reduces β‐amyloidosis in the brain of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (APPsw)

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Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: a placebo controlled study

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Deer Browsing and Population Viability of a Forest Understory Plant

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Antioxidant strategies for Alzheimer's disease

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Butyryl‐ and acetyl‐cholinesterase inhibitory activities in essential oils of Salvia species and their constituents

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Microglia as a Potential Bridge between the Amyloid β‐Peptide and Tau

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Salvia lavandulaefolia (Spanish Sage) enhances memory in healthy young volunteers

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Reduction of cortical TrkA but not p75NTR protein in early‐stage Alzheimer's disease

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The Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 rescues the PC12 neuronal cells from β-amyloid-induced cell death by inhibiting the formation of β-amyloid-derived diffusible neurotoxic ligands

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The extracts from Nelumbo Nucifera suppress cell cycle progression, cytokine genes expression, and cell proliferation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

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Melatonin alleviates behavioral deficits associated with apoptosis and cholinergic system dysfunction in the APP 695 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

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In-vitro activity of S. lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) relevant to treatment of Alzheimer's disease

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Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease

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Up-regulation of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 and down-regulation of IL-4 in cerebral cortex regions of APPSWE transgenic mice

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Novel Diterpenoid Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors fromSalvia miltiorhiza

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Ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: a randomized clinical trial

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Pharmacological Studies Supporting the Therapeutic Use of Ginkgo biloba Extract for Alzheimer’s Disease

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Curcumin, the active constituent of turmeric, inhibits amyloid peptide‐induced cytochemokine gene expression and CCR5‐mediated chemotaxis of THP‐1 monocytes by modulating early growth response‐1 transcription factor

Giri, R. K., Rajagopal, V., & Kalra, V. K. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02800.x · Cited by 144

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 increases stress resistance and extends life span of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Wu, Z., Smith, J. V., Paramasivam, V., Butko, P., Khan, I. A., Cypser, J. R., & Luo, Y. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 143

Aβ(25–35)-Induced Memory Impairment, Axonal Atrophy, and Synaptic Loss are Ameliorated by M1, A Metabolite of Protopanaxadiol-Type Saponins

Tohda, C., Matsumoto, N., Zou, K., Meselhy, M. R., & Komatsu, K. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300388 · Cited by 142

Evaluation of the Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity of Manganese Complexes of Curcumin and Its Derivative

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Aspects of spatial memory and behavioral disinhibition in Tg2576 transgenic mice as a model of Alzheimer’s disease

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Effects of EGb 761® Ginkgo biloba Extract on Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Stress

Eckert, A., Keil, U., Kressmann, S., Schindowski, K., Leutner, S., Leutz, S., & Müller, W. E. G. (2003) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-2003-40449 · Cited by 134

Nitric oxide, human diseases and the herbal products that affect the nitric oxide signalling pathway

Achike, F. I., & Kwan, C. (2003) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03885.x · Cited by 130

Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells and Protective Effect of Bilobalide

Zhou, L., & Zhu, X. (2000) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)39323-1 · Cited by 129

Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761® in Dementia: Intent-to-treat Analyses of a 24-week, Multi-center, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Trial

Kanowski, S., & Hoerr, R. (2003) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-2003-45117 · Cited by 127

Nicotine reduces Aβ in the brain and cerebral vessels of APPsw mice

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Nitric oxide-related toxicity in cultured astrocytes: effect of Bacopa monniera.

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Oxidative Damage to Proteins, Lipids, and DNA in Cortical Brain Regions from Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies

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Phyto-oestrogens

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Herbs commonly used by women: An evidence-based review

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A Controlled Trial of Aromatherapy for Agitation in Nursing Home Patients with Dementia

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Aromatherapy and behaviour disturbances in dementia: a randomized controlled trial

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Medicinal Plants and Alzheimer's Disease: Integrating Ethnobotanical and Contemporary Scientific Evidence

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Apolipoprotein E, transthyretin and actin in the CSF of Alzheimer's patients: relation with the senile plaques and cytoskeleton biochemistry

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Genotype and phenotype in Alzheimer's disease

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Aroma therapy for dementia

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Amyloid precursor protein metabolism is regulated toward alpha-secretase pathway by Ginkgo biloba extracts

Colciaghi, F., Borroni, B., Zimmermann, M., Bellone, C., Longhi, A., Padovani, A., Cattabeni, F., Christen, Y., & Luca, M. D. (2004) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2004.03.011 · Cited by 102

The NMDA receptor ion channel: a site for binding of huperzine A

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Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil inhibits cholinesterase in vivo

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Comparative effects of huperzine A, donepezil and rivastigmine on cortical acetylcholine level and acetylcholinesterase activity in rats

Liang, Y. Q., & Tang, X. C. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.071 · Cited by 96

Neuroprotective effect of garlic compounds in amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis in vitro.

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Tenuigenin treatment decreases secretion of the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid β-protein in cultured cells

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Acetylcholinesterase Complexed with Bivalent Ligands Related to Huperzine A: Experimental Evidence for Species-Dependent Protein−Ligand Complementarity

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Effects of Green Tea Polyphenol on Cognitive and Acetylcholinesterase Activities

Kim, H. K., Kim, M., Kim, S., Kim, M., & Chung, J. H. (2004) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.68.1977 · Cited by 87

Anti-apoptotic properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in differentiated PC12 cells.

Smith, J. V., Burdick, A. J., Golik, P., Khan, I. A., Wallace, D. C., & Luo, Y. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 84

Association of Alzheimer's Disease Onset With Ginkgo Biloba and Other Symptomatic Cognitive Treatments in a Population of Women Aged 75 Years and Older From the EPIDOS Study

Andrieu, S., Guyonnet, S., Amouyal-Barkate, K., Nourhashémi, F., Reynish, E. L., Ousset, P., Albarède, J. L., Vellas, B. J., & Grandjean, H. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.4.m372 · Cited by 83

Ginkgolide B inhibits the neurotoxicity of prions or amyloid-beta1-42.

Bate, C., Salmona, M., & Williams, A. (2004) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-1-4 · Cited by 82

Rhizoma acori graminei and its active principles protect PC-12 cells from the toxic effect of amyloid-β peptide

Irie, Y., & Keung, W. M. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04050-7 · Cited by 80

Lack of Pharmacokinetic or Pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Memantine and Donepezil

Periclou, A. P., Ventura, D., Sherman, T., Rao, N. S., & Abramowitz, W. (2004) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1d638 · Cited by 79

Aromatherapy in dementia

Holmes, C., & Ballard, C. G. (2004) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.10.4.296 · Cited by 71

Huperzine A enhances the level of secretory amyloid precursor protein and protein kinase C-α in intracerebroventricular β-amyloid-(1–40) infused rats and human embryonic kidney 293 Swedish mutant cells

Zhang, H., Yan, H., & Tang, X. C. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.01.055 · Cited by 70

Activity of flurbiprofen and chemically related anti-inflammatory drugs in models of Alzheimer's disease

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Cholinesterase inhibitors influence APP metabolism in Alzheimer disease patients

Zimmermann, M., Borroni, B., Cattabeni, F., Padovani, A., & Luca, M. D. (2005) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.01.002 · Cited by 67

ESP-102, a standardized combined extract of Angelica gigas, Saururus chinensis and Schizandra chinensis, significantly improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice

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The herbal medicine Dipsacus asper Wall extract reduces the cognitive deficits and overexpression of β-amyloid protein induced by aluminum exposure

Zhangjin, Z., Qian, Y., Hu, H., Yang, J., & Yang, G. (2003) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00649-0 · Cited by 62

Bioavailability of Dietary Supplements and Impact of Physiologic State: Infants, Children and Adolescents

Krebs, N. F. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1351s · Cited by 61

Ptychopetalum olacoides, a traditional Amazonian “nerve tonic”, possesses anticholinesterase activity

Siqueira, I. R., Fochesatto, C., da Silva, A. L., Nunes, D. S., Battastini, A. M. O., Netto, C. A., & Elisabetsky, E. (2003) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00113-8 · Cited by 60

Red wine micronutrients as protective agents in Alzheimer-like induced insult

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Alternative therapies for traditional disease states: menopause.

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Influence of aromatherapy on medication administration to residential-care residents with dementia and behavioral challenges

Gray, S., & Clair, A. A. (2002) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/153331750201700305 · Cited by 56

Nicotine increases the expression of high affinity nerve growth factor receptors in both in vitro and in vivo

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Alzheimer's disease: the pharmacological pathway

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Nicotine Enhances the Biosynthesis and Secretion of Transthyretin from the Choroid Plexus in Rats: Implications for β-Amyloid Formation

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Oxidative-stress associated parameters (lactoferrin, superoxide dismutases) in serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease

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Reduction of inclusion body pathology in ApoE-deficient mice fed a combination of antioxidants

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Androgens, ApoE, and Alzheimer's Disease

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Reduced Risk of Alzheimer Disease in Users of Antioxidant Vitamin Supplements: The Cache County Study

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Huperzine A, a nootropic alkaloid, inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced current in rat dissociated hippocampal neurons

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Early induction of interleukin-6 mRNA in the hippocampus and cortex of APPsw transgenic mice Tg2576

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Effect of kami-untan-to on the impairment of learning and memory induced by thiamine-deficient feeding in mice

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Inhibitory effect of zeatin, isolated from Fiatoua villosa, on acetylcholinesterase activity from PC12 cells

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Structure-activity Studies with Ginkgo biloba Extract Constituents as Receptor-gated Chloride Channel Blockers and Modulators

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A water extract of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) rescues PC12 cell death caused by pyrogallol or hypoxia/reoxygenation and attenuates hydrogen peroxide induced injury in PC12 cells

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EGb 761 is a neuroprotective agent against beta-amyloid toxicity.

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Plants and the central nervous system

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Response Patterns of EGb 761® in Alzheimer’s Disease: Influence of Neuropsychological Profiles

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Effect of combination of extracts of ginseng and ginkgo biloba on acetylcholine in amyloid beta-protein-treated rats determined by an improved HPLC.

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Differentiating effects of anisodamine on cognitive amelioration and peripheral muscarinic side effects induced by pilocarpine in mice

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Spermidine antagonizes the inhibitory effect of huperzine A on [3H]dizocilpine (MK-801) binding in synaptic membrane of rat cerebral cortex

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Attenuating effect of a traditional korean formulation, Paeng‐Jo‐Yeon‐Nyeon‐Baek‐Ja‐In‐Hwan (PJBH), on hydrogen peroxide‐induced injury in PC12 cells

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Involvement of CDK4, pRB, and E2F1 in ginsenoside Rg1 protecting rat cortical neurons from beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis.

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Effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761®) on Differential Gene Expression

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PEP Talk: Treating Nonoccupational HIV Exposure

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Chronic administration of EGb 761 modulates synaptic and mitochondrial plasticity in adult vitamin E-deficient rats.

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Resveratrol—A boon for treating Alzheimer's disease?

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Plants traditionally used in age related brain disorders—A survey of ethnobotanical literature

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Mitochondria as a Therapeutic Target for Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri on beta-amyloid-induced cell death in primary cortical culture

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P4-363 Chinese herb component SSY-P3 protects against abnormality in animal models of Alzheimer's disease

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Polyherbal and Multimodal Treatments: Kaempferol- and Quercetin-Rich Herbs Alleviate Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Anti-inflammatory and memory-enhancing properties of Chinese herbal extracts: The possible application in Alzheimer’s disease

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Plant-derived phytochemicals for Alzheimer’s disease: mechanisms of action, experimental evidence, and therapeutic perspectives

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Phytotherapy: A promising approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

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