CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 69Medicinal Plants and NeuroprotectionAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsCholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Phytotherapy: A promising approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Open access
John, Ogbodo Onyebuchi, Amarachi, Ihim Stella, Chinazom, Agbo Precious, Adaeze, Echezona, Kale, Mayur B., Umare, Mohit D., Upaganlawar, Aman B.·2022·Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine
DOI 10.1016/j.prmcm.2021.100030
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disease and the most common form of dementia, affecting more than 10 million people all over the world. Clinically, AD is characterized by progressive deficits in memory, cognitive impairment, and altered behavior. Although researches have largely continued, there is still no appropriate treatment option for disease-modifying AD. However, symptomatic treatment options exist. Medicinal plants have been used in different systems of medicine from ancient times for the treatment of diseases. Numerous herbs have been shown to improve brain function and may have a role to play in AD treatment. In this review, we provide a systematic review on the role of medicinal plants and herbs useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, the effect of these herbs on hormones, herb-drug interactions as well as stability-related testing for the herbal pharmaceutical medicines.

Verified 2026-10-10 · 1 reference not checked yet

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review summarizes medicinal plants and phytoconstituents studied for Alzheimer’s disease, including proposed mechanisms, hormonal/estrogenic effects, herb–drug interactions, and stability testing of herbal products. It concludes that phytotherapy is promising but remains limited by scarce clinical testing, possible interactions, and stability/standardization challenges.

Key findings

  • Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia; the abstract states it affects more than 10 million people worldwide, while the introduction reports dementia affects an estimated 0.7% of the world population or 51.6 million individuals, with AD responsible for up to 80% of dementia diagnoses and AD-linked fatalities rising by 89% between 2000 and 2014.
  • Several herbs show preclinical anti-AD mechanisms: ginseng ginsenosides/gintonin reduce Aβ aggregation and AChE activity; *Ginkgo biloba* extract contains 24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpene lactones, and a study involving 2020 patients reported improved cognition with no significant adverse effects, though case reports link Ginkgo to bleeding and interactions with trazodone/warfarin.
  • The phytoestrogen formulation Phyto-β-SERM showed 83-fold greater binding selectivity for ERβ than ERα; 9-month treatment improved spatial memory and reduced cerebral amyloid-β accumulation in triple-female transgenic AD mice. Other extracts showed estrogenic activity: *Glycyrrhiza uralensis* caused a 300% surge in EA, *Sophora flavescens* methanol root extract caused a 400% upsurge in EA, and its methanolic whole-plant extract had an EC50 of 3.2 μg/ml.
  • Herbal products require stability testing; a total of 10% deterioration is usually allowable if the decomposition product is not toxic, and WHO/ICH climatic zones I–IV specify long-term storage conditions such as 21°C/45% RH, 25°C/60% RH, 30°C/35% RH, 30°C/65% RH, and 30°C/75% RH.

Methods

  • Design: narrative review (the abstract calls it a “systematic review,” but no systematic search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quality appraisal is reported) of medicinal plants and herbs for Alzheimer’s disease, covering mechanisms, hormones, herb–drug interactions, and stability testing.
  • Data/sample: no primary sample; the paper synthesizes published literature, including animal and human studies, case reports, and WHO/ICH guidelines.
  • Main analysis: narrative synthesis with figures and tables on AD pathophysiology, herbs and their chemical composition, AD hypotheses and drugs, climatic zones, and recommended stability tests for different herbal dosage forms.

Limitations

  • Paper-stated: future research must overcome methodological drawbacks including poor experimental design, very small sample size, poor result procedures, and inappropriate end-point selections; larger clinical trials and further mechanistic studies are needed.
  • Paper-stated: although numerous herbal medicines have been effective experimentally, only a few have been clinically tested; adverse-event and interaction reports are scarce, possibly due to underreporting.
  • Evident from the text: no systematic search, inclusion criteria, risk-of-bias assessment, or meta-analysis is described, and efficacy claims rely heavily on preclinical/animal models and some case reports, so clinical effectiveness and safety remain uncertain.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.prmcm.2021.100030

Cites

120 of 121 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 141 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Animal and human research have shown a scientific foundation for the use of therapeutic plants.

    “Furthermore, animal and human research have shown a scientific foundation for the use of therapeutic plants.[9 , 10]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Lundstrom, 2017, Interaction of plant extracts with central nervous system receptors, Medicines source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] MB, 2021, Exercise and nutraceuticals: eminent approach for diabetic neuropathy, Curr. Mol. Pharmacol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Ginkgo biloba leaves are used in management of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's patients.

    “This is a natural medicinal plant whose leave is used in the management of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's patients [38] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Agarwal, 2013, Herbal remedies for Neurodegenerative disorder (Alzheimer’s disease): a review, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Scientific research results of Yang proved that Ginkgo biloba has potentials to improve cognitive function for treatment of Alzheimer's disease patients.

    “Scientific research results of Yang [38] proved that Ginkgo biboba has the potentials to improve cognitive function for the treatment of AD patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Agarwal, 2013, Herbal remedies for Neurodegenerative disorder (Alzheimer’s disease): a review, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Plants with antioxidants (flavonoids, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E) can help reduce the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative symptoms through countering oxidative stress that is scientifically linked to one of the accelerators of Alzheimer disorder.

    “These plants with antioxidants (flavonoids, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E) can help reduce the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative symptoms through countering of oxidative stress that is scientifically linked to one of the accelerators of Alzheimer disorder [4 , 18] .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Upaganlawar, A.B., Wankhede, N.L., Kale, M.B., Umare, M.D., Sehgal, A., Singh, S. et al. (2021) Interweaving epilepsy and neurodegeneration: vitamin E as a treatment approach. Biomed. Pharmacother., Elsevier Masson. 143, 112146. 10.1016/J.BIOPHA.2021.112146 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Aglawe, 2021, Agmatine improves the behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with chronic gestational ethanol exposure in rats, Brain Res. Bull. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisereasoning

    Some herbs have the ability to improve brain functions as a result of naturally derived phytochemicals.

    “Some herbs have the ability to improve brain functions as a result of the naturally dawned phytochemicals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 33
  • May combine two claims. 50
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    While certain FDA-approved medications are approved for management of Alzheimer's disease, their results are frequently disappointing, leaving space for alternative therapies, particularly herbal therapy.

    “While certain FDA-approved medications are approved for the management of AD, the results are frequently disappointing, and there is a space for alternative therapies, particularly herbal therapy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The specificity of phytoconstituents and extracted chemicals for brain receptors suggests that herbal medicines may play an essential role in management of neurological illnesses.

    “The specificity of phytoconstituents and extracted chemicals for Brain receptors suggests that herbal medicines may play an essential role in the management of neurological illnesses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Diet and exercise are the only proven methods that can help prevent cognitive decline and maintain a healthy lifestyle, and are first-line suggestions for all patients regardless of cognitive function.

    “Diet and exercise are the only proven methods that can help prevent cognitive decline and maintain a healthy lifestyle.These interventions are first-line suggestions for all patients regardless of their cognitive function.[6]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Rakesh, G., Szabo, S.T., Alexopoulos, G.S. and Zannas, A.S. (2017) Strategies for dementia prevention: latest evidence and implications. Therap. Adv. Chronic Dis., 2017/06/27. SAGE Publications. 8, 121–36. 10.1177/2040622317712442 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although numerous herbal medicines have been effective experimentally, only a few have been clinically tested.

    “Although numerous herbal medicines have been effective experimentally, only a few have been clinically tested [41] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] SN, 2021, Evolving role of natural products from traditional medicinal herbs in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, ACS Chem. Neurosci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gintonin, a bioactive glycoprotein, reduces formation of Aβ and improves learning and memory capacity through activation of phosphatidic acid receptors involved in hemolysis.

    “Gintonin, a bioactive glycoprotein reduces the formation of A 𝛽, improves learning and memory capacity through the activation of phosphatidic acid receptors involved in hemolysis [26 , 27] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [26] Green, 2009, Effect of tarenflurbil on cognitive decline and activities of daily living in patients with mild alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Fasae, 2021, Metallobiology and Therapeutic Chelation of Biometals (Copper, Zinc and Iron) in Alzheimer’s disease: limitations, and current and future perspectives, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The generic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action of herbal medications, as well as their particular cholinesterase inhibitory effect, support their usage in Alzheimer's disease.

    “The generic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action of herbal medications, as well as their particular cholinesterase inhibitory effect, lend support to their usage in Alzheimer's disease.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycyrrhiza inflata extract inhibited strongly Aβ aggregation and radical-scavenging activities.

    “Also, a study by Tapia-Rojas [43] revealed that glycyrrhiza inflata extract, a different species of glycyrrhiza inhibited strongly A 𝛽 aggregation and radical-scavenging activities [55] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Tapia-Rojas, 2019, It’s all about tau, Prog. Neurobiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Numerous herbs have been shown to improve brain function and may have a role to play in Alzheimer's disease treatment.

    “Numerous herbs have been shown to improve brain function and may have a role to play in AD treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Some medicinal plants investigated and reported to be utilized in Alzheimer's disease treatment include Ginkgo biloba, Centella Asiatica, Withaniasomnifera, Savia officinalis, Tinospora cordifolia, Lepidummeyenii, Curcuma long, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Magnolia Officinalis, Convolvulus pluricaulis and others.

    “Some of the medicinal plants which have been investigated and reported to be utilized in AD treatment include Ginkgo biloba, Centella Asiatica, Withaniasomnifera, Savia officinalis, Tinospora cordifolia, Lepidummeyenii, Curcuma long, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Magnolia Officinalis, Convolvulus pluricaulis and others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gintonin ameliorates Alzheimer's disease symptoms through stimulation of autophagy, anti-inflammatory mechanism, anti-apoptosis, and oxidative stress regulation, as proved through extensive in vitro and in vivo studies.

    “It also ameliorates AD symptoms through the stimulation of autophagy, anti-inflammatory mechanism, anti-apoptosis, and oxidative stress regulation which proved through extensive in vitro and in vivo studies [28] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Prachayasittikul, 2013, 8-Hydroxyquinolines: a review of their metal chelating properties and medicinal applications, Drug Des. Dev. Ther. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ginsenosides found in ginseng possess high AChE inhibitory activities, an effective mechanism of reducing Alzheimer's disease symptoms.

    “Molecular enzyme study revealed that ginsenosides found in ginseng possess high AChE inhibitory activities which are an effective mechanism of reducing AD symptoms.[45]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Yang, 2019, Screening and determination for potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitory constituents from ginseng stem-leaf saponins using ultrafiltration (UF)-LC-ESI-MS 2, Phytochem. Anal. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These phytochemicals reduce the level of lipid peroxides by increasing production of catalase and SOD, thereby leading to improved cognition in the brain.

    “These phytochemicals reduce the level of lipid peroxides by increasing the production of catalase and SOD thereby leading to improved cognition in the brain [50] .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Ganguly, 2005, Effect of moringa oleifera in experimental model of Alzheimer’s Disease role of antioxidants, Ann. Neurosci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the cholinergic system, gintonin increases choline acetyltransferase expression, triggering release of Ach, thereby attenuating Aβ-induced cholinergic disorder in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

    “In the cholinergic system, gintonin is said to have the ability to increase choline acetyltransferase expression triggering the release of Ach thereby attenuating A 𝛽 induced cholinergic disorder in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model [47] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Kim, 2015, Oral administration of gintonin attenuates cholinergic impairments by scopolamine, amyloid-β protein, and mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Mol. Cell source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ginkgo biloba extract prevents Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, ROS accumulation, glucose uptake, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of ERK and JNK pathways through regulation of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and SOD activity.

    “This plant extract prevents A 𝛽 induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, ROS accumulation, glucose uptake, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways through the regulation of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and SOD activity [53] .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Chen, 2019, Gingko biloba extract (EGb) inhibits oxidative stress in neuro 2A cells overexpressing APPsw, Biomed. Res. Int.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Moringa olifera enhances stabilization of monoamines level and causes a decrease in generation of tau hyperphosphorylation in hyperhomocysteinemia in experimental rats.

    “It also enhances the stabilization of monoamines level and causes a decrease in the generation of tau hyperphosphorylation in hyperhomocysteinemia in experimental rats [51] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Mahaman, 2018, Moringa oleifera alleviates homocysteine-induced Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology and cognitive impairments, J. Alzheimer’s Dis. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ginseng contains ginsenosides (saponins), a derivative of triterpenoid dammarane, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, that inhibits aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), removes Aβ from neurons, increases neurotrophic factor secretion, and improves mitochondrial dysfunction.

    “Ginseng or Chinese ginseng as it is commonly known contains phytochemicals such ginsenosides (saponins) a derivative of triterpenoid dammarane, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol that inhibits aggregation of amyloid-beta (A 𝛽) removes A 𝛽 from neurons, in-creases neurotrophic factor secretion and improves mitochondrial dysfunction [44] .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Shin, 2021, Therapeutic effects of non-saponin fraction with rich polysaccharide from Korean Red Ginseng on aging and Alzheimer’s disease, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Moringa olifera is locally used in management of Alzheimer's disease due to its vast bioactive components.

    “Moringa olifera with the family name, moringaceace is locally used in the management of AD.This could be due to its vast bioactive components.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Elettaria cardamomum seed extracts and Ginkgo biloba extracts showed both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects in an investigation.

    “The Gingko Biloba and E.cardamomum seed extracts indicated the effect of both EA and anti-EA when an investigation was tested out to determine the Estrogenic activity of EA of E. cardamomum, Plantago ovata seeds, and Gingko bilob [81]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [81] Echeverria, 2021, Estrogenic plants: to prevent neurodegeneration and memory loss and other symptoms in women after menopause, Front Pharmacol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a preclinical study, the most neurotoxic species injected was Aβ oligomers and estrogen treatment before Aβo administration prohibited cholinergic neuronal loss.

    “The results showed that the most neurotoxic species injected was that of the A 𝛽 oligomers and estrogen treatment before A 𝛽o administration prohibited cholinergic neuronal loss [74] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Szego, 2011, Effects of estrogen on beta-amyloid-induced cholinergic cell death in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, Neuroendocrinology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Estrogenic compounds have in vitro neuroprotective activity against Aβ toxicity and in Alzheimer's disease in vivo models.

    “Estrogenic compounds have in vitro neuroprotective activity against A 𝛽 toxicity in vitro [70 , 71] in addition to the AD in vivo models [72 , 73]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [70] You, 2017, Genistein protects against Aβ25-35 induced apoptosis of PC12 cells through JNK signaling and modulation of Bcl-2 family messengers, BMC Neurosci. BioMed Central.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] Yang, 2018, Involvement of estrogen receptors in silibinin protection of pancreatic β-cells from TNFα- or IL-1β-induced cytotoxicity, Biomed. Pharmacother. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [72] Bagheri, 2011, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Genistein ameliorates learning and memory deficits in amyloid b (1 -40) rat model of Alzheimer ’ s disease, Neurobiol. Learn Mem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [73] Limón, 2012, Neuroprotective effect of the aminoestrogen prolame against impairment of learning and memory skills in rats injected with amyloid- β -25 -35 into the hippocampus, Eur. J. Pharmacol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prolonged treatment with Phyto-β-SERM for 9 months enhanced spatial recognition memory and abridged plaque of cerebral amyloid-β build-up in triple-female transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice.

    “Additionally, prolonged treatment with Phyto-𝛽-SERM for 9-months enhanced spatial recognition memory and abridged plaque of the cerebral amyloid-𝛽 build-up in triple-female transgenic AD mice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [81] Echeverria, 2021, Estrogenic plants: to prevent neurodegeneration and memory loss and other symptoms in women after menopause, Front Pharmacol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor action of Salvia lavandulaefolia is acquired from its essential oil and some of its modified terpenes.

    “The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) action is acquired from their essential oil and some of its modified terpenes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] Kennedy, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In observational studies, postmenopausal women receiving estrogen-only or estrogen-progestogen hormone replacement therapy exhibited gradual declines in cognitive functions and a decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease, but positive effects are not found in all experiments.

    “In observational studies, postmenopausal women receiving estrogenonly or estrogen-progestogen hormone replacement therapy (HRT) exhibited gradual declines in cognitive functions and a decreased risk of AD [75] , nonetheless, positive effects are not unearthed in all the experiments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Song, 2020, The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis, Front Neurosci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pistacia vera extract can inhibit cisplatin and vincristine-induced motor and cognitive impairment, possibly due to high flavonoid and phenolic content.

    “The scientific report shows that Pistacia vera extract can inhibit cisplatin and vincristine-induced motor and cognitive impairment.This action could be due to its high flavonoid and phenolic content (Golchin et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites (Golchin et al. 2015)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Estrogen protects the brain, keeps it healthy, encourages development and existence of cholinergic neurons, intensifies cholinergic action, contains antioxidant characteristics, and accelerates non-amyloidogenic metabolism of amyloid precursor protein.

    “Estrogen protects the brain, keeps it healthy, and encourages the development and existence of cholinergic neurons [66] , intensifies cholinergic action [67] , contains antioxidant characteristics [68] , and accelerates the non-amyloidogenic metabolism of the amyloid precursor protein [57] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [66] Goodman, 1996, Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone exacerbates excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, and amyloid β-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons, J. Neurochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [67] Luine, 1985, Estradiol increases choline acetyltransferase activity in specific basal forebrain nuclei and projection areas of female rats, Exp. Neurol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [68] Behl, 1995, 17-[beta] estradiol protects neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death in vitro, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Salvia lavandulaefolia extract has anti-butyrylcholinesterase and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities.

    “anti-butyryl and anti-acetyl-cholinesterase activities are gotten from its extract [82]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] Kennedy, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although no consensus has been reached, hormone replacement therapy enhances cognitive functions in menopausal women in most clinical studies.

    “Although no consensus has been reached [76] , HRT enhances cognitive functions in menopausal women in most clinical studies [77] .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [76] Kocoska-Maras, 2011, A randomized trial of the effect of testosterone and estrogen on verbal fluency, verbal memory, and spatial ability in healthy postmenopausal women, Fertil. Steril. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [77] Sherwin, 2011, Differential effects of estrogen and micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on cognition in postmenopausal women, Fertil. Steril. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica ripe and unripe fruits exhibited significant effect on Alzheimer's disease mice model by improving learning, memory, and antioxidant potential and decreasing AChE activity.

    “Also, the ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus Emblica ripe and unripe fruits exhibited a significant effect on an AD mice model by improving the learning, memory, and antioxidant potential as well as decreasing AChE activity(Uddin, Mamun, Hossain, et al. 2016)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites (Uddin, Mamun, Hossain, et al. 2016)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Curcuma longa experimental results showed reduction in oxidative stress and improvement in cognitive functions, possibly due to ability of extract to inhibit NF-kB induced iNOS and COX-2.

    “The experimental results also showed a reduction in oxidative stress and improvement in cognitive functions.This could be due to the ability of the extract to inhibit nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) induced Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX (cyclooxygenase) -2 [58] .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Ono, 2004, Curcumin has potent anti- amyloidogenic effects for Alzheimer’s β-amyloid fibrils in vitro, J. Neurosci. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phyllanthus acidus extract is used in management of Alzheimer's disease patients because it decreases lipid peroxidation, AChE activity and increases brain antioxidant enzymes, improving cognitive functions and reducing oxidative stress.

    “This plant is of the family phyllanthaceae.The plant extract is used in the management of AD patient because it decreases lipid peroxidation, AChE activity and increases the level of brain antioxidant enzymes which improves cognitive functions, as well as cause reduction in oxidative stress (Uddin, Mamun, Hossain, MS Ashaduzzaman, et al. 2016)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites (Uddin, Mamun, Hossain, MS Ashaduzzaman, et al. 2016)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pistacia contains essential neuroprotective potentials such as antioxidant activity, anti-Aβ aggregation, antineuroinflammatory properties, and AChE inhibitory activity.

    “The traditional application of the Pistacia plant has led to the scientific confirmation that it contains essential neuroprotective potentials such as antioxidant activity, anti-A 𝛽 aggregation, antineuroinflammatory properties, and AChE inhibitory activity (Moeini et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites (Moeini et al. 2019)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Zhao et al. defined a phytoestrogen formulation named Phyto-β-SERM, which showed 83 times greater binding selectivity for ERβ than ERα.

    “Zhao et al. carried out such investigations and defined a phytoestrogen formulation named Phyto-𝛽-SERM, which showed 83 times greater binding selectivity for ER 𝛽 than ER 𝛼.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [81] Echeverria, 2021, Estrogenic plants: to prevent neurodegeneration and memory loss and other symptoms in women after menopause, Front Pharmacol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Pratensein reduced inflammatory biomarkers MDA, NO, nNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α in rats.

    “Pratenseinreduced the inflammatory measurable biomarkers such as MDA, nitric oxide (NO), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), IL-1 𝛽, and TNF-𝛼 which signified it has anti-inflammatory actions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Wei, 2015, Fitoterapia Pratensein attenuates A β -induced cognitive de fi cits in rats : enhancement of synaptic plasticity and cholinergic function, Fitoterapia source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Pratensein reduced Aβ levels by lessening manifestation of APP, CatB, BACE1, and IDE.

    “A 𝛽 levels were abridged by the pretense by lessening the manifestation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and cathepsin B (CatB), the A 𝛽-synthesizing enzyme 𝛽-secretase (BACE1), and the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Wei, 2015, Fitoterapia Pratensein attenuates A β -induced cognitive de fi cits in rats : enhancement of synaptic plasticity and cholinergic function, Fitoterapia source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract produced a 300% increase in estrogenic activity over baseline in plant extract screening.

    “A 300% surge in EA over the minimum amount of energy expended by the body to maintain vital processes was observed with G. uralensis when plant extracts were screened [85]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] Kang, S.C., Lee, C.M., Choi, H., Lee, J.H., Oh, J.S., Kwak, J.H. et al. (2006) Evaluation of Oriental Medicinal Herbs for Estrogenic and Antiproliferative Activities. 1019, 1017–9. 10.1002/ptr source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GegenQinlian Decoction lowers blood sugar and raises serum insulin concentrations in type II diabetic mice.

    “Its function is that it lessens blood sugar and rises serum insulin concentrations in type II diabetic mice [86]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [86] Xu, 2020, Study on the mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction for treating type II diabetes mellitus by integrating network pharmacology and pharmacological evaluation, J. Ethnopharmacol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Glycyrrhiza glabra is a famous estrogenic plant.

    “Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae), likewise named licorice, is a famous estrogenic plant [88]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [88] Simons, R., Vincken, J., Mol, L.A.M. and The, S.A.M. (2011) Agonistic and antagonistic estrogens in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra). 305–13. 10.1007/s00216-011-5061-9 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sophoflavescenol holds high repressive actions against AGE, BACE1, and cholinesterases.

    “There is also an activity-guided separation procedure that is allowed to classify compound sophoflavescenol holding high repressive actions against AGE, BACE1, and ChEs by isolating the active principles from S. flavescens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] Hillerns, P.I. and Wink, M. (2005) Binding of Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens to the Rat Uterine Estrogen Receptor. 1065-8. 10.1055/s-2005-871302 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pratensein therapy drastically reduced Aβ-causing cognitive damage and hippocampal neuronal degeneration in vehicle-treated rats.

    “therapy with pratensein drastically reduced A 𝛽 causing cognitive damage and hippocampal degeneration of the neuron detected in the vehicle-treated rats.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Wei, 2015, Fitoterapia Pratensein attenuates A β -induced cognitive de fi cits in rats : enhancement of synaptic plasticity and cholinergic function, Fitoterapia source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Pratensein is an anti-Alzheimer's disease functional compound that augments synaptic plasticity and surges cholinesterase action in the brain.

    “The researchers resolved that pratenseindenotes is an anti-AD functional compound that augments synaptic plasticity and surges cholinesterase action in the brain [91]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Wei, 2015, Fitoterapia Pratensein attenuates A β -induced cognitive de fi cits in rats : enhancement of synaptic plasticity and cholinergic function, Fitoterapia source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Results from animal models of cognitive impairment predict efficacy in Alzheimer's disease patients.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prenylated flavonols from Sophora flavescens obstruct AGE, BACE1, and ACh-lowering cholinesterases.

    “Prenylated flavonols from S. flavescens obstruct the invention of progressive glycation endproducts (AGE), in addition to BACE1 and the AChlowering cholinesterases (ChE).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] Hillerns, P.I. and Wink, M. (2005) Binding of Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens to the Rat Uterine Estrogen Receptor. 1065-8. 10.1055/s-2005-871302 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Licorice extracts showed weak ER and PR binding and estrogen-induced transcription of pS2 in S30 breast cancer cells.

    “An assessment of the EA in extracts of licorice presented a weak ER and PR binding and estrogen-induced transcription of pS2 (presenilin-2), an estrogen-inducible gene present in S30 breast cancer cells”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [88] Simons, R., Vincken, J., Mol, L.A.M. and The, S.A.M. (2011) Agonistic and antagonistic estrogens in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra). 305–13. 10.1007/s00216-011-5061-9 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compounds separated from methanol extract of red clover bind ER alpha and ER beta and increase alkaline phosphatase action and PR manifestation in the endometrium.

    “Compounds separated from methanol extract of red clover bounds to the ER 𝛼 and ER 𝛽 and increases alkaline phosphatase action and the manifestation of PR in the endometrium [84]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Abu-taweel, 2018, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) perinatal exposure effects on the development, behavior and biochemical parameters in mice offspring, Saudi J. Biol. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Flavones from Sophora flavescens cause a decrease of Aβ released by HEK-293 cells, consistent with BACE1 inhibition.

    “Consistent with the inhibition of BACE1, the flavones cause a decrease of A 𝛽 released by human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells [94]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [94] Jung, H.A., Jin, S.E., Park, J. and Choi, J.S. (2011) Antidiabetic Complications and Anti-Alzheimer Activities of Sophoflavescenol, a Prenylated Flavonol from Sophora flavescens, and its Structure - Activity Relationship. 715, 709–15. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prenylated flavonoids from Sophora flavescens roots displayed small binding affinities for rat uterine ER, but groups at position 8 improved their binding ability.

    “The outcomes displayed small binding affinities of prenylated flavonoids; But, the groups at position 8 improved their binding ability to the ER of rat uterine ER [92]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [92]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phenelzine, a monoamine inhibitor proposed for adjunctive treatment of Alzheimer's disease because of neuroprotective properties, interacts with ginseng.

    “Phenelzine, a monoamine inhibitor proposed for adjunctive treatment of AD because of its neuroprotective properties [98] , has been shown to interact with ginseng.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] Kremers, 2002, In vitro tests for predicting drug-drug interactions: the need for validated procedures, Pharmacol. Toxicol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ginseng used with phenelzine at 45 mg/day caused sleeplessness and greater depression in patients.

    “as well as sleeplessness and greater depression in patients when ginseng was used with phenelzine at a dose of 45 mg/day [99]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] Hu, 2005, Herb-drug interactions : a literature review related papers herb-drug interactions, Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The clinical significance of drug-herb interactions is linked to health status, concurrent medications, therapeutic indices, route of administration, environment, and timing of administration.

    “The clinical significance of drug-herb interactions has been linked to factors such as the health status of the individual, the medications being taken concurrently, the therapeutic indices of the drug(s) or herb(s), the route of administration, the environment, and the timing of administration of the drug(s) and herb(s) [97]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [97] Boullata, 2005, Natural Health Product Interactions with Medication, Nutr. Clin. Pract. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Theoretically, the clearance of donepezil, which is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, should be affected by Ginkgo, a CYP3A4 inducer.

    “Theoretically, the clearance of donepezil which is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, should be affected by Ginkgo, which is a CYP3A4 inducer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] Kremers, 2002, In vitro tests for predicting drug-drug interactions: the need for validated procedures, Pharmacol. Toxicol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Herbs can induce or inhibit enzymes that inhibit or induce metabolic processes.

    “Studies have also revealed the ability of herbs to induce or inhibit enzymes that inhibit or induce metabolic processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Mi, E., Bae, Y., Young, H., Kim, D., Hong, S., Hwan, J. et al. (2008) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry BACE1 inhibitory effects of lavandulyl flavanones from Sophora flavescens. 16, 6669–74. 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.080 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Drug-herb interactions can occur through alteration of pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic processes.

    “The possible means of drugherb interactions can be through alteration of pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Mi, E., Bae, Y., Young, H., Kim, D., Hong, S., Hwan, J. et al. (2008) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry BACE1 inhibitory effects of lavandulyl flavanones from Sophora flavescens. 16, 6669–74. 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.080 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Co-administration of drugs with herbal remedies can affect drug absorption when both compete for gastrointestinal absorption or when herbs cause chelation of drugs.

    “co-administration of drugs with herbal remedies can affect the drug's absorption when both compete for gastrointestinal absorption, or when herbs cause the chelation of drugs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Mi, E., Bae, Y., Young, H., Kim, D., Hong, S., Hwan, J. et al. (2008) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry BACE1 inhibitory effects of lavandulyl flavanones from Sophora flavescens. 16, 6669–74. 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.080 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    P-gp and CYP are crucial to the bioavailability of many drugs and herbs and may play significant roles in drug-herb interactions.

    “Therefore, P-gp and CYP are crucial to the bioavailability of many drugs as well as herbs and may play significant roles in drug-herb interactions [98]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] Kremers, 2002, In vitro tests for predicting drug-drug interactions: the need for validated procedures, Pharmacol. Toxicol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a study involving 2020 patients, Ginkgo improved cognition with no significant adverse effects.

    “In a study involving 2020 patients, Ginkgo was found to improve cognition and with no significant adverse effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [104] Kim, 2002, Inhibitory effect of ginsenosides on NMDA receptor-mediated signals in rat hippocampal neurons, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Miller, 1998, Herbal medicinals, Arch. Intern. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Renal clearance of drugs can be inhibited or stimulated by herbs.

    “Renal clearance of drugs can also be inhibited or stimulated by herbs [95]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Mi, E., Bae, Y., Young, H., Kim, D., Hong, S., Hwan, J. et al. (2008) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry BACE1 inhibitory effects of lavandulyl flavanones from Sophora flavescens. 16, 6669–74. 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.080 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Administration of 90 mg/day Ginkgo with donepezil for 30 days in 14 CE patients caused no significant changes in plasma donepezil concentration or red blood cell cholinesterase activity.

    “administration of 90 mg/day of Ginkgo with donepezil for 30 days in 14 CE patients, caused no significant changes in the plasma concentration of donepezil or did alter the activity of red blood cells cholinesterase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [110] Galluzzi, 2000, Coma in a patient with Alzheimer's disease taking low dose trazodone and Ginkgo biloba, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Chemical markers are usually selected and used for stability assessment in herbal products.

    “To overcome this challenge, chemical markers are usually selected and used for stability assessment in herbal products [126 , 127]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [126] Gautam, 2010, Identification, evaluation and standardization of herbal drugs: a review, Pharm. Lett.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [127] 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Analytical markers are used for analytical purposes.

    “while analytical markers are used for analytical purposes [124]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [124] Barnes, 2007, Product stability and stability testing, The Design and Manufacture of Medicines, 3rd ed.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Possible chemical degradation in herbal medicines includes hydrolysis, oxidation, racemization, geometric isomerization, and polymerization.

    “The possible chemical degradation that occurs in herbal medicines includes hydrolysis; oxidation (especially in fixed, volatile, and essential oils); racemization; geometric isomerization, and polymerization [115 , 123]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [115] Ogbodo, 2021, Alzheimer’s Disease: pathogenesis and Therapeutic interventions, Curr. Aging Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [123] Philips, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Stability determination of pharmaceutical herbal formulations can be very challenging due to their many constituents.

    “Stability determination of pharmaceutical herbal formulations can be very challenging due to their many constituents [115 , 125]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [115] Ogbodo, 2021, Alzheimer’s Disease: pathogenesis and Therapeutic interventions, Curr. Aging Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [125] Kruse, 2013, Stability testing of herbal medicinal products; Bridging science to industry, Planta Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The ICH and WHO guideline for performing long-term or real-time stability testing and accelerated stability testing is based on these climatic zones and their prevailing environmental conditions.

    “The ICH and WHO guideline for performing long-term or real-time stability testing and accelerated stability testing is based on these climatic zones and their prevailing environmental conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [118][119][120]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ICH and WHO ensured the standardization and harmonization of these stability conditions to ensure industrial practicability as well as provide a robust procedure for broad application.

    “ICH and WHO ensured the standardization and harmonization of these stability conditions to ensure industrial practicability as well as provide a robust procedure for broad application [118][119][120]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [118][119][120]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In long-term studies, samples are collected and tested at intervals to determine when 10% of the product's labeled amount undergoes degradation.

    “Samples are collected and tested at intervals to determine when 10% of the product's labeled amount undergoes degradation [121 , 123]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [121] (1993) Stability testing of new drug substances and products: ICH harmonised tripartite guideline.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [123] Philips, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Alterations that may occur when a herbal formulation is subjected to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light during transit and storage are revealed by stability studies.

    “Alterations that may occur when the herbal formulation is subjected to various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light during transit and storage are revealed by stability studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] (1993) Stability testing of new drug substances and products: ICH harmonised tripartite guideline.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Herbal medicines differ from conventional medicines because they are usually made up of numerous constituents.

    “Herbal medicines differ from conventional medicines because they are usually made up of numerous constituents [114]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [114] Ayati, 2020, Saffron for mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials, BMC Compl. Med. Ther.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Stability tests are performed at the initial stage of drug development to determine possible degradation, degradation products, and degradation mechanisms.

    “Stability tests are also performed at the initial stage of drug development to determine the possible degradation that may occur in addition to uncovering the possible degradation products and degradation mechanisms [123]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] Philips, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Accelerated stability tests are usually done at the pre-formulation stage for determination of shelf-life.

    “Accelerated stability tests are usually done at the pre-formulation stage for the determination of shelf-life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] Philips, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    The entire world has been classified into four climatic zones (I-IV) based on the most likely environmental conditions pharmaceutical products encounter during storage.

    “In order to efficiently carry out stability testing, the entire world has been classified into four climatic zones (I -IV).The categorization is based on the most likely environmental conditions the pharmaceutical products encounter during storage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, NMR, and other modern analytical techniques are used to assay constituent markers and generate reproducible stability data of herbal products, and subsequently forecast their shelf-life.

    “Spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, NMR, and other modern analytical techniques are used to assay these constituent markers and to generate reproducible stability data of herbal products, and subsequently forecast their shelf-life [130]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [130] Mishra, 2012, Formulation and evaluation of herbal tablet containing methanolic extract of Calophyllum inophyllum, Int. J. Pharm.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    These products if combined tend to increase drug effectiveness and improve patient compliance to therapy.

    “These products if combined tend to increase drug effectiveness and improve patient compliance to therapy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A total of 10% deterioration is usually allowable providing the decomposition product is not toxic.

    “A total of 10% deterioration is usually allowable providing the decomposition product is not toxic [123]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] Philips, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Stability studies provide information on changes that may occur in herbal products with time.

    “Studies carried out to ascertain the stability of herbal formulations provides information on the changes that may occur in these products with time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] (1993) Stability testing of new drug substances and products: ICH harmonised tripartite guideline.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alterations in the stability of herbal medicines are signified by loss of pharmacological activity, variation in concentration of active principle(s), changes in bioavailability, lack of uniformity of constituents, loss of esthetic appeal, formation of toxic degradation products, and loss of packaging integrity.

    “Alterations in the stability of herbal medicines are signified by the loss of pharmacological activity; variation in the concentration of active principle(s); changes in bioavailability of product; lack of uniformity of constituents; loss of esthetic appeal; formation of toxic degradation products and loss of packaging integrity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [115] Ogbodo, 2021, Alzheimer’s Disease: pathogenesis and Therapeutic interventions, Curr. Aging Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [123] Philips, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Chemical markers are utilized for product quality and stability evaluation and determination of shelf-life.

    “Chemical markers are utilized for product quality and stability evaluation and determination of shelf-life [128]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [128] 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Stability studies can be carried out using accelerated stability testing and long-term stability testing as stipulated by ICH guidelines.

    “Stability studies can be carried out using two methods; accelerated stability testing (stress testing) and long-term (real-time) stability testing [123] as stipulated by the ICH guidelines [119 , 120 , 123]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [119] Bajaj, 2012, Stability testing of pharmaceutical products, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [120] (2003) Q1E Step4. Eval. Stab. data Q1E Int. Conf. Harmon. Tech. Requir. Regist. Pharm. Hum. use.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [123] Philips, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The amount of constituent markers can be used to determine the quality of a pharmaceutical herbal product.

    “The amount of these constituent markers can be used to determine the quality of a pharmaceutical herbal product [126 , 127 , 129]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [126] Gautam, 2010, Identification, evaluation and standardization of herbal drugs: a review, Pharm. Lett.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [127] 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [129] Bodhisattwa, 2011, Recent trends in herbal drugs: a review, Int. J. Drug Res. Tech.

      Not checked in the free run.

76 of 76

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Hormone replacement therapy predisposes one to cancer.

    “Moreover, it was also noted that HRT treatment predisposed one to cancer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from animal and in vitro studies of herbal medicines are predictive of clinical effects in Alzheimer's disease patients.

    “Although numerous herbal medicines have been effective experimentally, only a few have been clinically tested [41] .”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Herbal remedies interact clinically with many prescribed drugs.

    “recent studies in animals and humans have shown that herbal remedies interact clinically with many prescribed drugs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Estrogenic activity in a plant extract indicates usefulness in Alzheimer's disease.

    “This property is an indication of its usefulness in AD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Results from animal models of cognitive impairment predict efficacy in Alzheimer's disease patients.

    “which suggests that it might similarly be of use in AD.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Pratensein is said to both reduce and increase cholinesterase activity

    Minor

    The same account says pratensein reduced the activity of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, then concludes that it increased cholinesterase action. These are opposite directions for the reported effect.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

8 of the 129 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Sastre, 2010, NSAIDs: how they work and their prospects as therapeutics in Alzheimer's disease [Internet], Front. Aging Neurosci., 20
  2. Soeda, 2020, New insights into drug discovery targeting tau protein [Internet], Front. Mol. Neurosci., 231
  3. Prince, 2013, The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis Alzheimer’s dement, J. Alzheimer’s Assoc., 9, 63
  4. Agarwal, 2013, Herbal remedies for Neurodegenerative disorder (Alzheimer’s disease): a review, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 4, 3328
  5. Chen, 2019, Gingko biloba extract (EGb) inhibits oxidative stress in neuro 2A cells overexpressing APPsw, Biomed. Res. Int., 56
  6. Pasi, 2013, Herb-drug interaction: an overview, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 4, 3770
  7. Nikhat, 2021, (Majeedia Unani Hospital, J.H.. and Fazil, Mohd.(Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, G. of I. (2013) Determination of the shelf life and expiry date of herbal compound drugs: a review, Int. J. Sci. Res. Manag., 1, 415
  8. (2003) Q1E Step4. Eval. Stab. data Q1E Int. Conf. Harmon. Tech. Requir. Regist. Pharm. Hum. use.
  9. Barnes, 2007, Product stability and stability testing, The Design and Manufacture of Medicines, 3rd ed., 650
  10. Bodhisattwa, 2011, Recent trends in herbal drugs: a review, Int. J. Drug Res. Tech., 1, 17

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
John, O. O., Amarachi, I. S., Chinazom, A. P., Adaeze, E., Kale, M. B., Umare, M. D., & Upaganlawar, A. B.
Affiliations
University of Nigeria (NG)
Corresponding author
Upaganlawar, Aman B.
ORCID
Venue
Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-03
Volume
2
Pages
100030
ISSN
2667-1425 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.prmcm.2021.100030
OpenAlex
W4200563951
Semantic Scholar
756b585f9a0569f9ef481333a925f0e9fbc20a76
Cited by
69
References
129
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11
FWCI
12.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, herbal medicine, medicinal plants, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, herb-drug interactions, dementia treatment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review