Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment approach

Kashdan, Todd B.; Collins, R. Lorraine

doi:10.1080/10615800802641950

Cited by 131Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research TopicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment approach

Kashdan, Todd B., Collins, R. Lorraine·2010·Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

DOI 10.1080/10615800802641950

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Abstract

A few recent studies have found evidence showing that social anxiety is associated with diminished positive affect and elevated anger. However, prior work has relied on trait self-report measures of global positive mood or anger. In this preliminary study, we examined how trait social anxiety relates to moment-to-moment positive and angry emotional states as people navigate through their natural environment in a given day. Of additional interest was whether any associations were limited to social situations or were evident more broadly in non-social situations as well. For 14 days, 38 non-clinical community adults carried electronic diaries to assess their experience of positive emotions, anger, and their current social context and activity. Participants were randomly prompted up to four times per day, leading to 1702 observations. Results showed that social anxiety was associated with less time spent feeling happy and relaxed and more time spent feeling angry throughout the day. In general, people felt happier when they were with other people compared to being alone. Interestingly, people with relatively higher levels of social anxiety reported fewer and less intense positive emotions and greater anger episodes across social and non-social situations.

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The lack of significance for positive affect contradicted many other ambulatory assessment studies that yielded significant between-person associations between lower levels of positive affect and higher levels of negative affect with social anxiety.
“This lack of significance contradicted many other AA studies that yielded significant between-person associations between lower levels of PA and higher levels of NA with SA [16,20,30,54,57,58,61,69,70].”
From Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [70]
Kashdan and Collins found that social anxiety was related to less time spent feeling happy and relaxed and more time spent feeling angry.
“Kashdan and Collins [70] revealed that SA was related to less time spent feeling happy and relaxed and more time spent feeling angry.”
From Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [70]

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Richey, J. A., Brewer, J. A., Sullivan-Toole, H., Strege, M. V., Kim-Spoon, J., White, S. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101756 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Social context and the real-world consequences of social anxiety
Hur, J., DeYoung, K. A., Islam, S., Anderson, A. S., Barstead, M. G., & Shackman, A. J. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002022 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“In addition to heightened negative affect (NA), socially anxious individuals tend to report lower levels of positive affect (PA) (Anderson and Hope, 2008; Kashdan and Collins, 2010; Kashdan et al., 2011; Geyer et al., 2018).”
Background
An Integrated Individual Environmental Exposure Assessment System for Real-Time Mobile Sensing in Environmental Health Studies
Wang, J., Kou, L., Kwan, M., Shakespeare, R. M., Lee, K., & Park, Y. M. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21124039 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Previous studies have utilized EMA methods to examine issues such as people’s physical activities, their situated physical and social contexts [48,49], emotional experiences such as moods, stress, and anxiety [50], environmental stressors [51], and health-related behaviors and symptoms as they occur in real-time [52,5…”
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between expressive suppression and positive affect
Fernandes, M. A., & Tone, E. B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102068 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Emotions in social anxiety disorder: A review
Rozen, N., & Aderka, I. M. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102696 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Uncovering the Dynamics of Emotion Regulation and Dysfunction in Daily Life with Ecological Momentary Assessment
Bylsma, L. M., & Rottenberg, J. (2011) · Emotion Regulation and Well-Being · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_14 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“For example, researchers have found that social anxiety symptoms and engaging in emotion suppression were associated with the experience of fewer positive events and less positive affect over the course of a day (Kashdan & Steger, 2006; Kashdan & Collins, 2010 ) as well as higher ratings of negative affect and selfcon…”
Background
Biopsychosocial model social anxiety and substance use revised
Buckner, J. D., Morris, P. E., Abarno, C. N., Glover, N. I., & Lewis, E. M. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01249-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Perception of other people’s mental states affects humor in social anxiety
Samson, A. C., Lackner, H. K., Weiss, E. M., & Papousek, I. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.08.007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Anger suppression after imagined rejection among individuals with social anxiety
Breen, W. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.04.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“In another study, experience sampling techniques were used to collect data on social anxiety and anger episodes from college students across 14 days (Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Self-citation
Experimental trial demonstrates effects of animal-assisted stress prevention program on college students’ positive and negative emotion
Pendry, P., Carr, A. M., Roeter, S. M., & Vandagriff, J. L. (2018) · Human-animal interaction bulletin · doi:10.1079/hai.2018.0004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
ANXIOUS AND AGGRESSIVE: THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF IED WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS
Keyes, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Vo, T., Galbraith, T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22428 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Positive Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: A Transdiagnostic Cultural Neuroscience Approach
Hechtman, L. A., Raila, H., Chiao, J. Y., & Gruber, J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.030412 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging data further suggests that those with AUDs exhibit decreased ventral striatum activity, which is commonly associated with PE, to non-alcohol cues such as monetary rewards (Beck et al., 2009; Wrase et al., 2007), and that addicts exhibit reduced sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors to…”
Influential
Behavioral and Neural Dissociation of Social Anxiety and Loneliness
Lieberz, J., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., Saporta, N., Kanterman, A., Gorni, J., Eßer, T., Kuskova, E., Schultz, J., Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2029-21.2022 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Play and playfulness in psychiatry: a selective review
Berger, P., Bitsch, F., Bröhl, H., & Falkenberg, I. (2017) · International Journal of Play · doi:10.1080/21594937.2017.1383341 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Like depression, anxiety may be related to a negatively biased processing of positive information and affect (Kashdan & Collins, 2010; Watson & Naragon-Gainey, 2010).”
Background
Emotional reactivity to daily events in youth with anxiety disorders
Herres, J., Caporino, N., Cummings, C. M., & Kendall, P. (2018) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1472492 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In EMA studies with nonclinical adult samples, greater anxiety severity has been associated with decreased PA reactivity (Carl, Fairholme, Gallagher, Thompson-Hollands, & Barlow, 2014; Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Background
I Did OK, but Did I Like It? Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Examine Perceptions of Social Interactions Associated With Severity of Social Anxiety and Depression.
Geyer, E. C., Fua, K. C., Daniel, K. E., Chow, P. I., Bonelli, W., Huang, Y., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. (2018) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.07.009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of Social Anxiety on Emotional Mimicry and Contagion: Feeling Negative, but Smiling Politely
Dijk, C., Fischer, A., Morina, N., van Eeuwijk, C., & van Kleef, G. V. (2017) · Journal of nonverbal behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-017-0266-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“anxious individuals are inclined to react with anger in daily life (Erwin et al. 2003; Kashdan and Collins 2010; Moscovitch et al. 2008).”
Background
Are people with social anxiety disorder happier alone?
Goodman, F. R., Rum, R., Silva, G., & Kashdan, T. B. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102474 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social anxiety is associated with impaired memory for imagined social events with positive outcomes
Romano, M., Tran, E., & Moscovitch, D. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1675596 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…even in positive interactions (Kashdan, Morina, & Priebe, 2009), report fewer and less intense positive emotions in response to social experiences (Kashdan & Collins, 2010), endorse fewer everyday positive experiences relative to controls (Kashdan & Steger, 2006), and demonstrate reduced capacity…”
Background
Anger profiles in social anxiety disorder
Versella, M. V., Piccirillo, M. L., Potter, C. M., Olino, T. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.10.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Out of the frying pan, into the fire: Mixed affective reactions to social proximity in borderline and avoidant personality disorders in daily life.
Polack, R. G., Snir, A., Berenson, K. R., Downey, G., & Rafaeli, E. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036929 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Understanding and taking stock of positive emotion disturbance
Gruber, J., Villanueva, C. M., Burr, E. K., Purcell, J. R., & Karoly, H. C. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12515 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Putting the Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Alcohol Use Into Context: A Daily Diary Investigation of Drinking in Response to Embarrassing Events
O'Grady, M. A., Cullum, J., Armeli, S., & Tennen, H. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.6.599 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“In a daily study of social anxiety and everyday mood, Kashdan and Collins (2009) demonstrated that dispositional social anxiety was associated with less time spent experiencing positive mood, and more time spent feeling angry throughout the day.”
BackgroundMethod
Social interaction anxiety, social phobia, and cognitive control: controlled reactions to facial affect during an emotional face flanker task
du Rocher, A. R., & Pickering, A. D. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04624-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Attitude Toward Euthanasia Scale
Aghababaei, N., & Wasserman, J. A. (2013) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909112472721 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Since subjective affective states and experiences influence thoughts about the self, others, the world, current behavior, and future choices, one would expect affective states to influence the end-of-life preferences.(10) To our knowledge, there is no study directly exploring attitude toward ELDs and life satisfaction…”
Personal Strivings to Understand Anxiety Disorders: Social Anxiety as an Exemplar
Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Stiksma, M. C., & Blalock, D. V. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618804778 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Within‐person effects of inclusion and exclusion on well‐being in daily life
Bernstein, M. J., Neubauer, A., Benfield, J. A., Potter, L. N., & Smyth, J. M. (2021) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12399 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self‐Report Assessment: The Status of the Field and Room for Improvement
Fernandez, K. C., Piccirillo, M. L., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118653920.ch14 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Network Analysis of Ecological Momentary Assessment Data for Monitoring and Understanding Eating Behavior
Spanakis, G., Weiß, G., Boh, B., & Roefs, A. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29175-8_5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effects of positive interpretation bias on cognitive reappraisal and social performance: Implications for social anxiety disorder.
Romano, M., Moscovitch, D., Saini, P., & Huppert, J. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103651 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Drinking Problems and Social Anxiety among Young Adults: The Roles of Drinking to Manage Negative and Positive Affect in Social Situations
Buckner, J. D., Lewis, E. M., & Walukevich‐Dienst, K. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1637892 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This is because social anxiety is somewhat unique among the anxiety conditions in that it is characterized by both high NA and low PA (Brown, Chorpita, & Barlow, 1998; Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Background
Attention and interpretation processes and trait anger experience, expression, and control
Maoz, K. B., Adler, A. B., Bliese, P. D., Sipos, M. L., Quartana, P. J., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1231663 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Some findings support associations between anxiety and anger (e.g. Kashdan & Collins, 2010) and it could be the case that similar cognitive biases in threat monitoring are related to both traits, reflecting two distinct emotional reactions to threat (anger-fight, fear-flight).”
Background
Cannabis-Related Impairment and Social Anxiety: The Role of Use to Manage Negative and Positive Affect in Social Situations
Walukevich‐Dienst, K., Lewis, E. M., & Buckner, J. D. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1664590 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“To illustrate, in a non-clinical convenience sample, those with elevated trait social anxiety experienced fewer and less intense positive emotions both when alone and in social situations (Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Background
Updating the emotional content of working memory in social anxiety
Segal, A., Kessler, Y., & Anholt, G. E. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.02.012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Moreover, Kashdan et al. (Kashdan, 2007; Kashdan & Collins, 2010; Kashdan, Weeks, & Savostyanova, 2011) have claimed that individuals with SA are characterized by a flat positive affect and the absence of a normative bias toward positive information in social situations, findings that cannot be…”
Background
The momentary benefits of positive events for individuals with elevated social anxiety.
Doorley, J. D., Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., Weinstein, J. S., & Shackman, A. J. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000725 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Hypothesis 2: Consistent with prior work by our group and others (e.g., T. A. Brown et al., 1998; Geyer et al., 2018; Kashdan & Collins, 2010; Kashdan & Steger, 2006; Kashdan et al., 2011), we anticipated that elevated social anxiety will be associated with lower average levels of happiness, social…”
ResultSelf-citation
Physiological and emotional responses to subjective social evaluative threat in daily life
Lehman, B. J., Cane, A. C., Tallon, S. J., & Smith, S. F. (2014) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.968563 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Such concerns can perpetually affect cardiovascular responses (Shimizu, Seery, Weisbuch, & Lupien, 2011), emotions (Kashdan & Collins, 2010), and life success (Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Background
When does heat promote hostility? Person by situation interactions shape the psychological effects of haptic sensations
Fay, A. J., & Maner, J. K. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Upon preparing for such an interaction, people high in FNE sometimes experience some level of anger, reflecting their initial preparedness for dealing with social threat (Hawkins & Cougle, 2011; Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Background
Social Context of Anger in Borderline Personality Disorder and Depressive Disorders: Findings From a Naturalistic Observation Study
Tomko, R. L., Brown, W. C., Tragesser, S. L., Wood, P. K., Mehl, M. R., & Trull, T. J. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_064 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The moderating effects of anger suppression and anger expression on cognitive behavioral group therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction among individuals with social anxiety disorder
Kuo, J. R., Zeifman, R. J., Morrison, A. S., Heimberg, R. G., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Impact of Negative Emotions on Drinking Among Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder in Daily Life: The Moderating Effect of Maladaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies
Kim, S., & Kwon, J.-H. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10045-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Improving social functioning in people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders via mobile experimental interventions: Results from the CLIMB pilot trial.
Dabit, S., Quraishi, S. H., Jordan, J. T., & Biagianti, B. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2021.100211 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…have, in fact, the opportunity to tailor the content of psychological therapies, thereby promoting the generalization of trained skills in real-world settings, which could, in turn, augment the efficacy of such treatments (Kashdan and Collins, 2010; Stone et al., 2019; Forbes et al., 2012).”
Please Don’t Compliment Me! Fear of Positive Evaluation and Emotion Regulation—Implications for Adolescents’ Social Anxiety
Tsarpalis-Fragkoulidis, A., van Eickels, R. L., & Zemp, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11205979 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation and CBT
Papa, A., Boland, M., & Sewell, M. T. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118470886.ch11 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Social anxiety disorder is a risk factor for alcohol use problems in the National Comorbidity Surveys
Rosenström, T. H., & Torvik, F. A. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109945 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Examining social reinforcement learning in social anxiety
Beltzer, M., Daniel, K. E., Daros, A. R., & Teachman, B. A. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101810 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of Cognitive Restructuring and Defusion for Coping with Difficult Thoughts in a Predominantly White Female College Student Sample
Krafft, J., Klimczak, K. S., & Levin, M. E. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10242-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
QUALITY OF CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION REGARDING SOCIAL ANXIETY
Juretić, J. (2018) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2018.441 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Recent research shows that a deficit in the expression of positive emotions is associated with social anxiety (Hughes et al. 2006, Kashdan 2002, 2004, 2007, Kashdan & Steger 2006, Kashdan & Breen 2008, Kashdan & Collins 2010, Weeks et al. 2010).”
Background
Predictors of suicidal ideation in social anxiety disorder – evidence for the validity of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Chung, M., Forstner, A. J., Mücke, M., Geiser, F., Schumacher, J., & Conrad, R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Comparison of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Measures: Unique Associations With Social Interaction Anxiety and Social Observation Anxiety
Kramer, S. L., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116654003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…sensitivity or bias to social threat (Hofmann, 2007) and perceive social interactions as less rewarding than individuals with lower anxiety levels (Kashdan & Collins, 2010); thus, a useful method for better understanding social anxiety is to explore individual differences in personality variables…”
Method
The Efficacy of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Rahmani, F., Abbass, A. A., Hemmati, A., Mirghaed, S. R., & Ghaffari, N. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001097 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The presence and role of anger in SAD patients' lives were shown in several studies (Erwin et al., 2003; Gilbert and Miles, 2000; Kashdan and Collins, 2010), and Gilbert and Miles (2000) stressed these patients' hostile expectations.”
Background
Building an emotion regulation recommender algorithm for socially anxious individuals using contextual bandits
Beltzer, M. L., Ameko, M. K., Daniel, K. E., Daros, A. R., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12282 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
TelEMA: a low-cost and user-friendly telephone assessment platform
Fernandez, K. C., Johnson, M. R., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0287-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…2010; Smyth & Stone, 2003), behaviors such as alcohol consumption (Collins et al., 1998; Hufford, Shields, Shiffman, Paty, & Balabanis, 2002; Kashdan & Collins, 2010; Kashdan, Ferssizidis, Collins, & Muraven, 2010; Simons, Dvorak, Batien, & Wray, 2010; Swendsen et al., 2000), drug use…”
Background
Furcht vor positiver sozialer Bewertung: Übersetzung und Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Version der FPES
Schwarz, M., Reichenberger, J., Schwitalla, M., König, D., Wilhelm, F. H., Voderholzer, U., Hillert, A., & Jens Blechert, A. (2015) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000147 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder: Interpersonal predictors of outcome and the mediating role of the working alliance
Cohen, J. N., Drabick, D. A. G., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., Liebowitz, M. R., & Heimberg, R. G. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.10.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Social Motivation Differentiates Social Anxiety and Depression: A Daily Diary Study
Rum, R., Birg, J. A., Silva, G., Rottenberg, J. A., Clayson, P. E., & Goodman, F. R. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2023.11.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
High risk, high reward: Daily perceptions of social challenge and performance in social anxiety disorder
Blalock, D. V., Kashdan, T. B., & McKnight, P. E. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
From childhood maltreatment to adult inflammation: Evidence for the mediational status of social anxiety and low positive affect
Carlton, C. N., Garcia, K. M., Sullivan‐Toole, H., Stanton, K. J., McDonnell, C. G., & Richey, J. A. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100366 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“For example, on a daily basis, individuals with symptoms of social anxiety report fewer positive emotions and positive events, report less time feeling happy and relaxed, and report less intense positive emotional experiences (Kashdan and Collins, 2010; Kashdan and Steger, 2006).”
Background
The Relationship between Anger and Heterosexual Behavior. An Investigation in a Nonclinical Sample of Urban Italian Undergraduates
Muscatello, M. R. A., Bruno, A., Scimeca, G., Pandolfo, G., Paduano, R., Micò, U., Bellinghieri, P. M., Nardo, F. D., Iannuzzo, G., Cofini, V., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01640.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Social Anxiety, Positive Experiences, and Positive Events
Kashdan, T., & Weeks, J. W. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375096-9.00017-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Relationship Between Hostile Interpretation Bias and Symptoms of Depression and Social Anxiety: a Replication Across Two Samples
Marks, C. P. K., Kraft, J. D., Grant, D. M., & Wells, T. T. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09839-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Perceptions towards an interaction partner predict social anxiety: an ecological momentary assessment study
Lee, J. H. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1969339 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stand by Me: Social Ties and Health in Real Time
Goldman, A. W., & Cornwell, E. Y. (2023) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231231171112 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…et al. 2021) or perceptions of being socially isolated, which may contribute to distress and depression (Hawkley and Cacioppo 2010; Holt-Lunstad 2018), while interacting with others is associated with higher reports of momentary happiness (Bernstein et al. 2018; Kashdan and Collins 2010).”
Background
The Social Suspiciousness Scale: Development, Validation, and Implications for Understanding Social Anxiety Disorder
Linett, A., Monforton, J., MacKenzie, M. B., McCabe, R. E., Rowa, K., & Antony, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09724-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Social Anxiety and the Generation of Positivity During Dyadic Interaction: Curiosity and Authenticity Are the Keys to Success
Barber, K. C., Michaelis, M. A. M., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.03.011 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Positivity Deficits in Social Anxiety: Emotions, Events, and Cognitions
Farmer, A. S., Kashdan, T., & Weeks, J. W. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00019-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effect of Mind-Body Exercise on Sustainable Psychological Wellbeing Focusing on Pilates
Kim, S.-K., Shim, J. L., & Han, G.-S. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11071977 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Having versus not having social interactions in patients diagnosed with depression or social phobia and controls
Villanueva, J., Meyer, A. H., Mikoteit, T., Hoyer, J., Imboden, C., Bader, K., Hatzinger, M., Lieb, R., & Gloster, A. T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249765 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review
Fernández-Álvarez, J., Colombo, D., Gómez Penedo, J. M., Pierantonelli, M., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/46593 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“First, Kashdan and Collins [70] revealed that SA was related to less time spent feeling happy and relaxed and more time spent feeling angry.”
BackgroundResult
The experience of stuttering in everyday life among adults who stutter: The impact of trait social anxiety and the social situations
Lei, X., Sasisekaran, J., & Nguyen‐Feng, V. N. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106061 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and theory of mind decoding ability
Lord, K. A., Suvak, M. K., & Liverant, G. I. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23242 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Social Anxiety, Beliefs About Expressing Emotions and Experiencing Positive Emotions
Juretić, J., & Živčić–Bećirević, I. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/55110 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Longitudinal associations of daily affective dynamics with depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety symptoms
Lakhtakia, T., Smith, S. R., Mohr, D. C., & Stamatis, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.250 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Anger in social anxiety disorder
Oren‐Yagoda, R., Werber, G., & Aderka, I. M. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2403149 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Thus, no previous studies have examined anger in the daily life interactions of individuals with SAD (Kashdan & Collins, 2010 examined a community sample).”
Influential
From struggle to strength: the therapeutic potential of gratitude journaling for student mental health
Kaur, S., Sharma, M., & Singh, B. (2025) · Journal of Poetry Therapy · doi:10.1080/08893675.2025.2457621 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Interpersonal Rejection Anxiety Questionnaire (IRAQ): Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version
Kyriazos, T. A., & Giotsa, A. Z. (2019) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2019.1011101 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…2007; Naragon-Gainey, Watson, Gamez, & Simms, 2005; Watson, 2016; Watson, & Markon, 2009) and with high Negative Affect levels and while it has a moderately negative relation with curiosity and exploration (Ferssizidis et al., 2013; Kashdan & Collins, 2010; Kashdan, Weeks, & Savostyanova, 2011).”
Background
Affective dynamics and emotional reactivity in social anxiety disorder
Foote, B., Lamers, F., Xiao, Y., Cui, L., Zipunnikov, V., Husky, M. M., & Merikangas, K. R. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000121 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…& Toni, 2009; Yoon & Joormann, 2012) as well as to social stressors, neutral events (Bowen, Baetz, Hawkes, & Bowen, 2006; Farmer & Kashdan, 2015; Kashdan & Collins, 2010) and even positive events such as praise (Clark & Wells, 1995; Doorley et al., 2021; Hur, Tillman, Fox, & Shackman, 2019;…”
Dimensionality, Reliability, Invariance, and Validity of the Multidimensional Social Anxiety Response Inventory–21 (MSARI–21)
Deller, J., Perrotte, J. K., Wainwright, K., Brunsman, J., & Osman, A. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1569529 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Regarding social anxiety specifically, individuals with social anxiety have been found to spend greater portions of their day feeling angry compared to those without social anxiety (Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Background
Network analysis of the relationship between self-injury addiction, attachment, and anxiety in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury
Zhao, L., Wang, S., Li, J., Kong, L., Zheng, D., & Yang, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07129-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Furthermore, social anxiety not only depletes an individual’s positive psychological resources but may also undermine their social support system [35, 36].”
Development and validation of two shortened anxiety sensitive index-3 scales based on item response theory
Luo, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, J., & Zhan, P.-D. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03615-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In this study, two instruments were employed to validate the robustness of relationships between anxiety sensitivity and negative emotions (Kashdan 2007; Kashdan and Collins 2010), as well as between anxiety sensitivity and depressive traits (Naragon-Gainey 2010).”
Influence of circadian rhythms on television viewers’ behaviour: is there a need for new programming?
Müller, H., Moeller, S., Ott, B., Maihöfner, C., & Sperling, W. (2015) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2015.1055294 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…to be in a positive mood, to produce positive feelings and to avoid discomfort (Hofmann, Richey, Kashdan, & McKnight, 2009; Kashdan & Breen, 2008; Kashdan & Collins, 2010; Kashdan, Ferssizidis, Collins, & Muraven, 2010; Kashdan, Zvolensky, & McLeish, 2008; Pond et al., 2012; Steger & Kashdan,…”
Alteración emocional en atención primaria y urgencias pediátricas. ¿Se enfadan los padres durante la atención pediátrica?
Fernández‐Castillo, A., & Vílchez‐Lara, M. J. (2015) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.1016/j.rlp.2015.06.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…de ansiedad social presentan más emociones negativas y mayores niveles de ira tanto en situaciones de interacción social como en las de no interacción social (Kashdan & Collins, 2010), así como que la ansiedad podría moderar los efectos de la expresión de ira y enfado (Bocharov & Knyazev, 2011).”
Background
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGER AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: A REVIEW OF THEORIES AND RESEARCH.
Iannuzzo, G., Pandolfo, G., Bonadonna, A., Lorusso, S., Crucitti, M., Lanza, G., Cicciarelli, C., & Bruno, A. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/2014.2.977 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…to different kinds of relational problems such as aggressive behavior (Norlander and Eckhardt, 2005; Brondolo et al, 1998), reduced social support, occupational stress and burnout (Deffenbacher, 1993; Iescer et al. 1999; Muscatello et al., 2006), and social anxiety (Kashdan and Collins, 2009).”
Background
Does evaluating oneself cause evaluations of others while observing a social interaction? An experimental investigation of the cognitive and emotional consequences following a false-feedback task
Ferguson, R. J., & Ouimet, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087231169897 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Relatedly, there is increasing evidence that people with social anxiety may demonstrate critical or angry responses when faced with rejection or negative evaluation (e.g. Alden& Taylor, 2004; Erwin et al., 2003; Weerdmeester & Lange, 2019) and in their everyday life (Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Background

Anger in social anxiety disorder
Oren‐Yagoda, R., Werber, G., & Aderka, I. M. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2403149 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Expanding the Topography of Social Anxiety: An Experience-Sampling Assessment of Positive Emotions, Positive Events, and Emotion Suppression
Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01674.x · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Self-citation
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article Expanding the Topography of Social Anxiety An Experience-Sampling Assessment of Positive Emotions, Positive Events, and Emotion Suppression
Kashdan, T. B., Steger, M. F., Todd, A., Kashdan, B., & Department Of Psychology (2013)
Self-citation
The momentary benefits of positive events for individuals with elevated social anxiety.
Doorley, J. D., Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., Weinstein, J. S., & Shackman, A. J. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000725 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Affective dynamics and emotional reactivity in social anxiety disorder
Foote, B., Lamers, F., Xiao, Y., Cui, L., Zipunnikov, V., Husky, M. M., & Merikangas, K. R. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000121 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Authors: Kashdan, T. B., & Collins, R. L.
Affiliations: George Mason University (US)
State University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Kashdan, Todd B.
ORCID: Kashdan, Todd B.
Collins, R. Lorraine
Venue: Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2009-03-26
Volume: 23
Issue: 3
Pages: 259-272
ISSN: 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
1477-2205
DOI: 10.1080/10615800802641950
OpenAlex: W2106870094
Cited by: 131
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 7.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA07595, R01AA007595)
National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937, MH-73937)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: social anxiety, positive emotions, anger, ecological momentary assessment, everyday life, social environment, happiness, trait anxiety, electronic diary
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Affect, Anger, Anxiety, Depression, Emotions, Humans, Personality, Punishment, Self-Assessment, Social Behavior, Socialization

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Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment approach

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