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Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression
Open accessAbstract
Targeted gene regulation on a genome-wide scale is a powerful strategy for interrogating, perturbing, and engineering cellular systems. Here, we develop a method for controlling gene expression based on Cas9, an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease from a type II CRISPR system. We show that a catalytically dead Cas9 lacking endonuclease activity, when coexpressed with a guide RNA, generates a DNA recognition complex that can specifically interfere with transcriptional elongation, RNA polymerase binding, or transcription factor binding. This system, which we call CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), can efficiently repress expression of targeted genes in Escherichia coli, with no detectable off-target effects. CRISPRi can be used to repress multiple target genes simultaneously, and its effects are reversible. We also show evidence that the system can be adapted for gene repression in mammalian cells. This RNA-guided DNA recognition platform provides a simple approach for selectively perturbing gene expression on a genome-wide scale.
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“CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) employ catalytically deactivated forms of Cas9 (dCas9) that are fused to transcriptional repressors or activators 29,101 .”
From The promise and challenge of therapeutic genome editing (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The use of CRISPR/Cas9 system enables regulation of gene expression and make epigenetic alterations without introducing DNA double-strand breaks.428”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [428]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, CRISPRi (interference)23–25 and CRISPRa (activation)26–30 technologies utilize catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused to either a transcriptional repressor (e.g., KRAB, Krüppel associated box) or a transcriptional activator (e.g., VPR, VP64-p65-Rta).”
From Large-scale CRISPR screening in primary human 3D gastric organoids enables comprehensive dissection of gene-drug interactions (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Alternatives to DNA cleavage-induced editing include using CRISPR-Cas9 for direct chemical sequence alteration (base editing) 25,26 , providing RNA templates for gene alteration (prime editing) 27,28 , and for transcriptional control (CRISPR interference, CRISPRi; CRISPR activation, CRISPRa) 29,30 (Fig. 3).”
From The promise and challenge of therapeutic genome editing (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Due to its catalytically inactive nature, modifications of gene expression caused by dCas9 are transient, since the genomic DNA is not altered [61,77].”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [77]
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In the citing paper
“When both RuvC and HNH catalytic domains of Cas9 are modified through two silencing mutations, the system loses its DNA cleaving capabilities but retains the ability to bind to targeted sequences [61,77].”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“dCas9 can be repurposed as a site-specific DNA-binding domain transporting various functional domains to the target locus”
From CRISPR-Cas9: a new and promising player in gene therapy (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the mutant virus that is formed in P1 cannot be passed to the P2 virus in equal proportions, which illustrates the steric hindrance caused by the association of the Cas9 protein with specific DNA sequences [34], and the time that elapses during cleavage and repair may affect viral genome packaging.”
From High-efficiency targeted editing of large viral genomes by RNA-guided nucleases (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a naturally occurring bacterial immune system that uses a novel nuclease system to protect bacteria from phage infection (6-9), and it has recently been harnessed for a variety of genome-engineering applications (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17).”
From RNA-guided endonuclease provides a therapeutic strategy to cure latent herpesviridae infection (2014) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, a Cas9 mutant totally defective in endonuclease activity together with a guide RNA can specifically interfere with gene transcription without inducing any gene mutation in a process called CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) [89].”
From Newer Gene Editing Technologies toward HIV Gene Therapy (2013) · cites this paper as [89]
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Citations
Cites
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BackgroundCRISPR Provides Acquired Resistance Against Viruses in Prokaryotes
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Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system
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CRISPR RNA Maturation by Trans-Encoded Small RNA and Host Factor RNase III
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MethodInfluential
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“The third Cas9 variant is the so-called “dead” Cas9 or nuclease-deficient Cas9 (dCas9) (93), in which certain mutations were introduced to inactivate the cleavage activity but retain the DNA-binding activity.”
BackgroundCRISPR-Mediated Programmable 3D Genome Positioning and Nuclear Organization
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Self-citationCRISPR-based genome editing through the lens of DNA repair
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“CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) technology (23, 24) was used to direct a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) to the ARE1 of BACE1 promoter with guide RNA (gRNA) to interfere with NRF2 binding to the site (Fig.”
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“expression through steric hindrance (Gilbert et al. 2013; Qi et al. 2013), dCas9-mediated recruitment of transcriptional repressors is more potent (Gilbert et al.”
BackgroundCartilage repair by mesenchymal stem cells: Clinical trial update and perspectives
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“To avoid permanent genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9 could be activated in a reversible manner [115] and block the gene expression in other cell types but not MSCs [116].”
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BackgroundInfluentialAdaptor protein complexes and intracellular transport
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“The no-guide control 13, 30, 33 was chosen over a random genomic site to improve chances of finding “housekeeping” chromatin proteins that may reside in many places in the genome.”
Challenges of CRISPR/Cas9 applications for long non-coding RNA genes
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“The Cas9 coding sequence in the lentiCas9-Blast plasmid (Addgene Plasmid 52962) was mutated using the QuikChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Agilent Technologies) to generate the nucleasedeficient dCas9 (D10A and H841A) (35).”
BackgroundMethodType IV CRISPR–Cas systems are highly diverse and involved in competition between plasmids
Pinilla‐Redondo, R., Mayo-Muñoz, D., Russel, J., Garrett, R. A., Randau, L., Sørensen, S. J., & Shah, S. A. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz1197 · Cited by 202
“These socalled CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) systems, silence the expression of targeted genes by blocking transcription factor binding or RNA polymerase elongation (82).”
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“He introduced an H840A mutation in the HNH domain and a D10A mutation in the RuvC domain to generate a nuclease-deficient dCas9 (Qi et al., 2013), also referred to as a dCas9 null mutant.”
BackgroundProfiling of engineering hotspots identifies an allosteric CRISPR-Cas9 switch
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“9) 18 .”
Self-citationDevelopment of a CRISPR-Cas9 Tool Kit for Comprehensive Engineering of Bacillus subtilis
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“coli in which dCas9 and a lacZ-targeting gRNA were maintained in plasmids (29).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNext-Generation Breeding Strategies for Climate-Ready Crops
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“The gene silencing mediated by dCas9, known as CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) [75, 95], is effectively achieved when the dCas9 is directly guided to a ribosome-binding site or a promoter of the target genes [95].”
BackgroundMapping the genetic landscape of DNA double-strand break repair
Hussmann, J. A., Jia, L., Ravisankar, P., Yan, J., Cirincione, A., Xu, A., Simpson, D., Yang, D., Bothmer, A., Cotta‐Ramusino, C., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.002 · Cited by 188
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“One such tool, termed CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), takes advantage of the adaptive RNA-based defense system that in many bacteria targets and cleaves foreign nucleic acids such as viruses and plasmids (Qi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGene editing and CRISPR in the clinic: current and future perspectives
Hirakawa, M. P., Krishnakumar, R., Timlin, J. A., Carney, J. P., & Butler, K. S. (2020) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20200127 · Cited by 207
“transcription elongation when RNA polymerase collides with the dCas9-sgRNA complex (241).”
BackgroundCRISPR-Cas Tools and Their Application in Genetic Engineering of Human Stem Cells and Organoids
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Development of Light‐Activated CRISPR Using Guide RNAs with Photocleavable Protectors
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“By taking advantage of this endogenous repair mechanism, plant biologists can generatemodifications at targeted loci ranging in size from a single to several hundreds of base pairs in length, and in some cases much larger megabase pair deletions (Cermak et al., 2017; Qi et al., 2013; Voytas, 2013).”
BackgroundHigh-Level dCas9 Expression Induces Abnormal Cell Morphology in Escherichia coli
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Platforms for Investigating LncRNA Functions
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“CRISPRi comprises a catalytically dead Cas9 protein (dCas9) and a guide RNA (gRNA) targeting the target gene to be knocked down.(40) It is important to note here that gRNAs targeting the nontemplated DNA strand in the promoter or –35 regions exhibited greater downregulation than guides targeting 100 bp upstream of the…”
BackgroundEngineered biosynthesis of natural products in heterologous hosts
Luo, Y., Li, B., Liu, D., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Jia, B., Zeng, B., Zhao, H., & Yuan, Y. (2015) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c5cs00025d · Cited by 193
Implementation of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in fission yeast
Jacobs, J. Z., Ciccaglione, K. M., Tournier, V., & Zaratiegui, M. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6344 · Cited by 185
A review of emerging physical transfection methods for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing
Fajrial, A. K., He, Q. Q., Wirusanti, N. I., Slansky, J. E., & Ding, X. (2020) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.43465 · Cited by 185
Cyanogate: a modular cloning suite for engineering cyanobacteria based on the plant moclo syntax
Vasudevan, R., Gale, G. A. R., Schiavon, A. A., Puzorjov, A., Malin, J., Gillespie, M. D., Vavitsas, K., Zulkower, V., Wang, B., Howe, C. J., et al. (2019) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.18.01401 · Cited by 189
“CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) is a relatively new but well characterized tool for modulating gene expression at the transcription stage in a sequence-specific manner (Qi et al., 2013; Behler et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEfficient programmable gene silencing by Cascade
Rath, D., Amlinger, L., Hoekzema, M., Devulapally, P. R., & Lundgren, M. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku1257 · Cited by 190
Controlling CRISPR-Cas9 with ligand-activated and ligand-deactivated sgRNAs
Kundert, K., Lucas, J. E., Watters, K. E., Fellmann, C., Ng, A. H., Heineike, B. M., Fitzsimmons, C. M., Oakes, B. L., Qu, J., Prasad, N. K., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09985-2 · Cited by 189
“This strain was originally described in ref.[2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGene therapy for ALS: A review
Amado, D. A., & Davidson, B. L. (2021) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.008 · Cited by 203
Spatiotemporal control of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing
Zhuo, C., Zhang, J., Lee, J., Jiao, J., Cheng, D., Liu, L., Kim, H., Tao, Y., & Li, M. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00645-w · Cited by 196
Pflueger, C., Tan, D., Swain, T., Nguyen, T., Pflueger, J., Nefzger, C., Polo, J. M., Ford, E., & Lister, R. (2018) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.233049.117 · Cited by 188
“The direct fusion of dCas9 to the catalytic domain of DNMT3Awas previously reported and used to induce cytosine methylation at targeted loci (Qi et al. 2013; Amabile et al. 2016; Liu et al. 2016; Vojta et al. 2016; Stepper et al. 2017).”
BackgroundCRISPR transcriptional repression devices and layered circuits in mammalian cells
Kiani, S., Beal, J., Ebrahimkhani, M. R., Huh, J. H., Hall, R. N., Xie, Z., Li, Y., & Weiss, R. (2014) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2969 · Cited by 190
Fujita, T., & Fujii, H. (2013) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.013 · Cited by 188
Chen, B., Hu, J., Almeida, R., Liu, H., Balakrishnan, S., Covill‐Cooke, C., Lim, W. A., & Huang, B. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv1533 · Cited by 190
“Therefore, although Cas9 targeting characteristics has been extensively explored by genome editing studies, our results provide additional guidelines for chromatin imaging and other applications that rely on dCas9 binding, such as gene regulation by CRISPRi/a (23,61) and Cas9-based purification strategies.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRational designs of in vivo CRISPR-Cas delivery systems
Xu, C., Chen, G., Luo, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, G., Lu, Z.-D., Czarna, A., Gu, Z., & Wang, J. (2019) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.11.005 · Cited by 187
Modeling Human Disease with Pluripotent Stem Cells: from Genome Association to Function
Merkle, F. T., & Eggan, K. C. (2013) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.016 · Cited by 190
RNA-dependent RNA targeting by CRISPR-Cas9
Strutt, S. C., Torrez, R. M., Kaya, E., Negrete, O. A., & Doudna, J. A. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.32724 · Cited by 186
“When using sgRNAs designed to recognize a sequence in the GFP gene adjacent to the appropriate PAM for SauCas9 (NNGRRT) or SpyCas9 (NGG), GFP expression is significantly reduced (Figure 4A) consistent with CRISPR-interference (CRISPRi) (Qi et al., 2013; Gilbert et al., 2014).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationBiallelic genome modification in F 0 Xenopus tropicalis embryos using the CRISPR/Cas system
Blitz, I. L., Biesinger, J., Xie, X. S., & Cho, K. W. Y. (2013) · genesis · doi:10.1002/dvg.22719 · Cited by 185
Directing cellular information flow via CRISPR signal conductors
Liu, Y., Zhan, Y., Chen, Z., He, A., Li, J., Wu, H., Liu, L., Zhuang, C., Lin, J., Guo, X., et al. (2016) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3994 · Cited by 186
Highly efficient genome editing by CRISPR-Cpf1 using CRISPR RNA with a uridinylate-rich 3′-overhang
Moon, S. B., Lee, J. M., Kang, J. G., Lee, N.-E., Ha, D.-I., Kim, D. Y., Kim, S. H., Yoo, K., Kim, J., Kim, J., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06129-w · Cited by 187
Application of CRISPR/Cas9-Based Gene Editing in HIV-1/AIDS Therapy
Xiao, Q., Guo, D., & Chen, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00069 · Cited by 193
“Mutation of Cas9 in two nuclease domains induces inactive Cas9 (dCas9), which is used as locus-specific DNA-binding protein (Figure 3B) (Gilbert et al., 2013; Qi et al., 2013).”
Development of CRISPR-Cas systems for genome editing and beyond
Zhang, F. (2019) · Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics · doi:10.1017/s0033583519000052 · Cited by 188
Insert, remove or replace: A highly advanced genome editing system using CRISPR/Cas9
Ceasar, S. A., Rajan, V., Prykhozhij, S. V., Berman, J. N., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.06.009 · Cited by 151
In vivo genome editing improves motor function and extends survival in a mouse model of ALS
Gaj, T., Ojala, D. S., Ekman, F. K., Byrne, L. C., Limsirichai, P., & Schaffer, D. V. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar3952 · Cited by 185
“In our case, this difference could potentially be explained by CRISPR interference (76), which may function alongside SaCas9-mediated genome editing to reduce mutant SOD1protein.”
BackgroundCRISPR/Cas9 Immune System as a Tool for Genome Engineering
Hryhorowicz, M., Lipiński, D., Zeyland, J., & Słomski, R. (2016) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-016-0427-5 · Cited by 206
“The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome modification but can also be used to regulate the expression of endogenous genes (Qi et al. 2013).”
BackgroundZsögön, A., Čermák, T., Voytas, D. F., & Peres, L. E. P. (2016) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.12.012 · Cited by 182
CRISPR–Cas: a tool for cancer research and therapeutics
Yin, H., Xue, W., & Anderson, D. G. (2019) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-019-0166-8 · Cited by 185
Li, C., Brant, E. J., Budak, H., & Zhang, B. (2021) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b2100009 · Cited by 191
“An early study showed that cata‐ lytically dCas9 alone could strongly bind to target DNA and interfere with the binding activity of other proteins, such as RNA polymerase and transcription factors, blocking transcription initiation and elongation in E. coli and mammalian cells (Qi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBalboa, D., Weltner, J., Eurola, S., Trokovic, R., Wartiovaara, K., & Otonkoski, T. (2015) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.001 · Cited by 178
“…(dead Cas9, dCas9) can be used to control gene expression, either by physically interfering with the transcription process (Gilbert et al., 2013; Qi et al., 2013) or as fusion proteins with factors that mediate transcriptional repression or activation (Bikard et al., 2013; Cheng et al., 2013;…”
BackgroundInhibition Mechanism of an Anti-CRISPR Suppressor AcrIIA4 Targeting SpyCas9
Yang, H., & Patel, D. J. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.024 · Cited by 177
“Besides, a catalytically dead mutant, SpyCas9 (dSpyCas9, D10A/H840A) hasservedasaneffective andspecificRNA-guided genome-binding platform (Dominguez et al., 2016; Qi et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2016a).”
RNA-guided transcriptional silencing in vivo with S. aureus CRISPR-Cas9 repressors
Thakore, P. I., Kwon, J. B., Nelson, C. E., Rouse, D. C., Gemberling, M. P., Oliver, M. L., & Gersbach, C. A. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04048-4 · Cited by 181
Creating reference gene annotation for the mouse C57BL6/J genome assembly
Mudge, J. M., & Harrow, J. (2015) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-015-9583-x · Cited by 173
“For example, the development of the CRISPR/Cas system for genome engineering is completely changing the landscape of mouse genomics, offering a simple method by which mouse genes can be disrupted or switched on and off (Jinek et al. 2012; Mali et al. 2013; Qi et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013).”
MethodCRISPR/Cas system for yeast genome engineering: advances and applications
Šťovíček, V., Holkenbrink, C., & Borodina, I. (2017) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1093/femsyr/fox030 · Cited by 186
“Qi et al. (2013) generated an enzymatically inactive variant of Cas9 by mutation of both nuclease sites (D10A and H840A) and showed that this null-nuclease dCas9 when targeted to a coding region of a gene, caused transcriptional repression in E. coli .”
BackgroundAdvances in CRISPR therapeutics
Chavez, M., Chen, X., Finn, P. B., & Qi, L. S. (2022) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-022-00636-2 · Cited by 184
Self-citationLRP8-Reelin-regulated neuronal enhancer signature underlying learning and memory formation
Telese, F., Ma, Q., Perez, P. M., Notani, D., Oh, S., Li, W., Comoletti, D., Ohgi, K. A., Taylor, H., & Rosenfeld, M. G. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.033 · Cited by 166
Targeted degradation of transcription factors by TRAFTACs: TRAnscription Factor TArgeting Chimeras
Samarasinghe, K. T. G., Jaime-Figueroa, S., Burgess, M., Nalawansha, D. A., Dai, K., Hu, Z., Bebenek, A., Holley, S. A., & Crews, C. M. (2021) · Cell Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.03.011 · Cited by 182
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: disease mechanism and therapeutic strategies
Angulski, A. B. B., Hosny, N., Cohen, H., Martin, A. A., Hahn, D., Bauer, J., & Metzger, J. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1183101 · Cited by 205
“, 2013) and deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) (Qi et al., 2013) that have been engineered to retain their programmable DNA-binding ability while decreasing or abolishing the Cas9 endonuclease activity, respectively.”
BackgroundDrug delivery systems for CRISPR-based genome editors
Madigan, V. J., Zhang, F., & Dahlman, J. E. (2023) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-023-00762-x · Cited by 193
Linking RNA biology to lncRNAsPreprint
Goff, L. A., & Rinn, J. L. (2015) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.191122.115 · Cited by 173
“CRISPRa, respectively) are two examples of Cas9-mediated activities to directly modulate gene transcription levels (Gilbert et al. 2013, 2014; Qi et al. 2013; Zalatan et al. 2015).”
BackgroundFackler, N., Heijstra, B. D., Rasor, B. J., Brown, H., Martin, J. P., Ni, Z., Shebek, K. M., Rosin, R. R., Simpson, S. D., Tyo, K. E. J., et al. (2021) · Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-120120-021122 · Cited by 176
Targeted DNA degradation using a CRISPR device stably carried in the host genome
Caliando, B. J., & Voigt, C. A. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7989 · Cited by 172
DNA interference and beyond: structure and functions of prokaryotic Argonaute proteins
Lisitskaya, L., Aravin, A. A., & Kulbachinskiy, A. V. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07449-7 · Cited by 173
CRISPR/Cas9: A powerful tool for crop genome editing
Song, G., Jia, M., Chen, K., Kong, X., Khattak, B., Xie, C., Li, A., & Mao, L. (2016) · The Crop Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cj.2015.12.002 · Cited by 180
Wang, Y., Zhang, Z.-T., Seo, S.-O., Patrick, L., Lu, T., Jin, Y., & Blaschek, H. P. (2016) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.6b00060 · Cited by 179
Metadata
- Authors
- Qi, L. S., Larson, M. H., Gilbert, L. A., Doudna, J. A., Weissman, J. S., Arkin, A. P., & Lim, W. A.
- Affiliations
- QB3 (US)
- Corresponding author
- Qi, Lei S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1173-1183
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3664290
- OpenAlex
- W2160051211
- Cited by
- 5,016
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 291 · 2025: 375 · 2024: 418 · 2023: 403 · 2022: 497 · 2021: 465 · 2020: 499 · 2019: 444 · 2018: 417 · 2017: 382 · 2016: 315 · 2015: 229 · 2014: 189 · 2013: 87
- FWCI
- 121.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2021-02-04)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Cancer Institute (U01CA168370)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM081879, F32GM100611)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- CRISPR interference, Cas9, transcriptional repression, dCas9, guide RNA, RNA polymerase binding, transcription factor binding, Escherichia coli, mammalian cells, off-target effects
- MeSH terms
- Endodeoxyribonucleases, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Gene Expression, RNA Interference, Gene Knockdown Techniques, RNA, Small Untranslated, Transcription Initiation, Genetic, Transcription Elongation, Genetic
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