CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool
Open accessAbstract
Bacteriophages are pervasive viruses that infect bacteria, relying on their genetic machinery to replicate. In order to protect themselves from this kind of invader, bacteria developed an ingenious adaptive defence system, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Researchers soon realised that a specific type of CRISPR system, CRISPR-Cas9, could be modified into a simple and efficient genetic engineering technology, with several improvements over currently used systems. This discovery set in motion a revolution in genetics, with new and improved CRISPR systems being used in plenty of in vitro and in vivo experiments in recent years. This review illustrates the mechanisms behind CRISPR-Cas systems as a means of bacterial immunity against phage invasion and how these systems were engineered to originate new genetic manipulation tools. Newfound CRISPR-Cas technologies and the up-and-coming applications of these systems on healthcare and other fields of science are also discussed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: 10.1038/nature16142
InfoThe cited work was retracted on 2025-01-27 (notice 10.1038/s41586-025-08644-5), not before this paper was published (2019-02-28).
Cited work 10.1038/nature16142 · retracted 2025-01-27 · notice 10.1038/s41586-025-08644-5 · this paper published 2019-02-28
“Orthwein, 2015, A mechanism for the suppression of homologous recombination in G1 cells, Nature, 528, 422, 10.1038/nature16142”
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: A mechanism for the suppression of homologous recombination in G1 cells
Orthwein, A., Noordermeer, S. M., Wilson, M. D., Landry, S., Enchev, R. I., Sherker, A., Munro, M., Pinder, J., Salsman, J., Dellaire, G., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16142 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
RetractedA Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity
Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225829 · Cited by 17,116 · see citing works
Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems
Cong, L., Ran, F. A., Cox, D., Lin, S., Barretto, R., Habib, N., Hsu, P. D., Wu, X., Jiang, W., Marraffini, L. A., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1231143 · Cited by 15,339 · see citing works
Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells
Elbashir, S. M., Harborth, J., Lendeckel, W., Yalcin, A., Weber, K., & Tuschl, T. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35078107 · Cited by 9,456 · see citing works
CRISPR Provides Acquired Resistance Against Viruses in Prokaryotes
Barrangou, R., Fremaux, C., Deveau, H., Richards, M., Boyaval, P., Moineau, S., Romero, D. A., & Horvath, P. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1138140 · Cited by 6,304 · see citing works
Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage
Komor, A. C., Kim, Y. B., Packer, M. S., Zuris, J. A., & Liu, D. R. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17946 · Cited by 5,437 · see citing works
Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells
Shalem, O., Sanjana, N. E., Hartenian, E., Shi, X., Scott, D. A., Mikkelsen, T. S., Heckl, D., Ebert, B. L., Root, D. E., Doench, J. G., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1247005 · Cited by 5,234 · see citing works
Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression
Qi, L. S., Larson, M. H., Gilbert, L. A., Doudna, J. A., Weissman, J. S., Arkin, A. P., & Lim, W. A. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.022 · Cited by 5,016 · cited 2× · see citing works
“When both RuvC and HNH catalytic domains of Cas9 are modified through two silencing mutations, the system loses its DNA cleaving capabilities but retains the ability to bind to targeted sequences [61,77].”
BackgroundCpf1 Is a Single RNA-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System
Zetsche, B., Gootenberg, J. S., Abudayyeh, O. O., Slaymaker, I. M., Makarova, K. S., Essletzbichler, P., Volz, S. E., Joung, J., John van der, O. O. S. T., Regev, A., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.038 · Cited by 4,750 · see citing works
DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases
Hsu, P. D., Scott, D. A., Weinstein, J. A., Ran, F. A., Konermann, S., Agarwala, V., Li, Y., Fine, E. J., Wu, X., Shalem, O., et al. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2647 · Cited by 4,741 · see citing works
Webb, A. K. (2006) · Cited by 4,369 · see citing works
Identification of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene: Genetic Analysis
Kerem, B.-S., Rommens, J. M., Buchanan, J. A., Markiewicz, D., Cox, T. K., Chakravarti, A., Buchwald, M., & Tsui, L.-C. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2570460 · Cited by 4,142 · see citing works
CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
Gilbert, L. A., Larson, M. H., Morsut, L., Liu, Z., Brar, G. A., Torres, S. E., Stern-Ginossar, N., Brandman, O., Whitehead, E. H., Doudna, J. A., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.044 · Cited by 3,696 · see citing works
Update on Key Emerging Challenges in Cystic Fibrosis
Jennings, M. T., Riekert, K. A., & Boyle, M. (2014) · Medical Principles and Practice · doi:10.1159/000357646 · Cited by 3,667 · see citing works
Wang, H., Yang, H., Shivalila, C. S., Dawlaty, M. M., Cheng, A. W., Zhang, F., & Jaenisch, R. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.025 · Cited by 3,495 · see citing works
High-Frequency off-Target Mutagenesis Induced by CRISPR-Cas Nucleases in Human Cells
Fu, Y., Foden, J. A., Khayter, C., Maeder, M. L., Reyon, D., Joung, J. K., & Sander, J. D. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2623 · Cited by 3,292 · see citing works
Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex
Konermann, S., Brigham, M. D., Trevino, A. E., Joung, J., Abudayyeh, O. O., Barcena, C., Hsu, P. D., Habib, N., Gootenberg, J. S., Nishimasu, H., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14136 · Cited by 2,825 · see citing works
Gasiunas, G., Barrangou, R., Horvath, P., & Siksnys, V. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208507109 · Cited by 2,769 · see citing works
Breaking the Code of DNA Binding Specificity of TAL-Type III Effectors
Boch, J., Scholze, H., Schornack, S., Landgraf, A., Hahn, S., Kay, S., Lahaye, T., Nickstadt, A., & Bonas, U. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1178811 · Cited by 2,707 · see citing works
High-fidelity CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with no detectable genome-wide off-target effects
Kleinstiver, B. P., Pattanayak, V., Prew, M. S., Tsai, S. Q., Nguyen, N. T., Zheng, Z., & Joung, J. K. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16526 · Cited by 2,673 · see citing works
Small CRISPR RNAs Guide Antiviral Defense in Prokaryotes
Brouns, S. J. J., Jore, M. M., Lundgren, M., Westra, E. R., Slijkhuis, R. J. H., Snijders, A. P., Dickman, M. J., Makarova, K. S., Koonin, E. V., & John van der, O. O. S. T. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1159689 · Cited by 2,593 · see citing works
CRISPR RNA Maturation by Trans-Encoded Small RNA and Host Factor RNase III
Deltcheva, E., Chylinski, K., Sharma, C. M., Gonzales, K., Chao, Y., Pirzada, Z. A., Eckert, M. R., Vogel, J., & Charpentier, E. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09886 · Cited by 2,563 · see citing works
Naehrlich, L., Mainz, J. G., Adams, C., Engel, C., Herrmann, G., Icheva, V., Lauer, J., Deppisch, C., Wirth, A., Unger, K., et al. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350071 · Cited by 2,535 · see citing works
An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems
Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I., Alkhnbashi, O. S., Costa, F., Shah, S. A., Saunders, S. J., Barrangou, R., Brouns, S. J. J., Charpentier, E., Haft, D. H., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro3569 · Cited by 2,504 · see citing works
The double-strand-break repair model for recombination
Szostak, J. W., Orr-Weaver, T. L., Rothstein, R. J., & Stahl, F. W. (1983) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90331-8 · Cited by 2,437 · see citing works
RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems
Jiang, W., Bikard, D., Cox, D., Zhang, F., & Marraffini, L. A. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2508 · Cited by 2,429 · see citing works
Ishino, Y., Shinagawa, H., Makino, K., Amemura, M., & Nakata, A. (1987) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.169.12.5429-5433.1987 · Cited by 2,421 · see citing works
Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity
Slaymaker, I. M., Gao, L., Zetsche, B., Scott, D. A., Yan, W. X., & Zhang, F. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad5227 · Cited by 2,414 · see citing works
Expression profiling reveals off-target gene regulation by RNAi
Jackson, A. L., Bartz, S. R., Schelter, J., Kobayashi, S. V., Burchard, J., Mao, M., Li, B., Cavet, G., & Linsley, P. S. (2003) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt831 · Cited by 2,370 · see citing works
C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector
Abudayyeh, O. O., Gootenberg, J. S., Konermann, S., Joung, J., Slaymaker, I. M., Cox, D. B. T., Shmakov, S., Makarova, K. S., Semenova, E., Станиславович, М. Л., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf5573 · Cited by 2,328 · see citing works
Crystal structure of Cas9 in complex with guide RNA and target DNA
Nishimasu, H., Ran, F. A., Hsu, P. D., Konermann, S., Shehata, S. I., Dohmae, N., Ishitani, R., Zhang, F., & Nureki, O. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.001 · Cited by 2,306 · see citing works
Hybrid restriction enzymes: zinc finger fusions to Fok I cleavage domain.
Kim, Y. G., Cha, J., & Chandrasegaran, S. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1156 · Cited by 2,099 · see citing works
A TALE nuclease architecture for efficient genome editing
Miller, J. C., Tan, S., Qiao, G., Barlow, K. A., Wang, J., Xia, D. F., Meng, X., Paschon, D. E., Leung, E., Hinkley, S. J., et al. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1755 · Cited by 2,098 · see citing works
RNA targeting with CRISPR–Cas13
Abudayyeh, O. O., Gootenberg, J. S., Essletzbichler, P., Han, S., Joung, J., Belanto, J. J., Verdine, V., Cox, D. B. T., Kellner, M. J., Regev, A., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24049 · Cited by 2,093 · see citing works
Targeting DNA Double-Strand Breaks with TAL Effector Nucleases
Christian, M. L., Čermák, T., Doyle, E., Schmidt, C. L., Zhang, F., Hummel, A. W., Bogdanove, A. J., & Voytas, D. F. (2010) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.110.120717 · Cited by 2,033 · see citing works
CRISPR-Cas9 Knockin Mice for Genome Editing and Cancer Modeling
Platt, R. J., Chen, S., Zhou, Y., Yim, M. J., Swiech, L., Kempton, H. R., Dahlman, J. E., Parnas, O., Eisenhaure, T. M., Jovanovic, M., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.014 · Cited by 2,001 · see citing works
Targeted genome modification of crop plants using a CRISPR-Cas system
Shan, Q., Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Liang, Z., Zhang, K., Liu, J., Xi, J., Qiu, J., et al. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2650 · Cited by 1,965 · see citing works
Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids In Vitro
Cohen, S. N., Chang, A. C. Y., Boyer, H. W., & Helling, R. B. (1973) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.70.11.3240 · Cited by 1,811 · see citing works
Cox, D. B. T., Gootenberg, J. S., Abudayyeh, O. O., Franklin, B., Kellner, M. J., Joung, J., & Zhang, F. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaq0180 · Cited by 1,806 · see citing works
Mali, P., Aach, J., Stranges, P. B., Esvelt, K. M., Moosburner, M., Kosuri, S., Yang, L., & Church, G. M. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2675 · Cited by 1,752 · see citing works
TALENs: A widely applicable technology for targeted genome editing
Joung, J. K., & Sander, J. D. (2013) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3486 · Cited by 1,650 · see citing works
Evolved Cas9 variants with broad PAM compatibility and high DNA specificity
Hu, J. H., Miller, S. M., Geurts, M. H., Tang, W., Chen, L., Sun, N., Zeina, C. M., Gao, X., Rees, H. A., Lin, Z., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature26155 · Cited by 1,552 · see citing works
Short motif sequences determine the targets of the prokaryotic CRISPR defence system
Mojica, F. J. M., Díez‐Villaseñor, C., García‐Martínez, J., & Almendros, C. (2009) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.023960-0 · Cited by 1,500 · see citing works
Analysis of AAV Serotypes 1–9 Mediated Gene Expression and Tropism in Mice After Systemic Injection
Zincarelli, C., Soltys, S., Rengo, G., & Rabinowitz, J. E. (2008) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.76 · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
Schwank, G., Koo, B.-K., Sasselli, V., Dekkers, J. F., Heo, I., Demircan, T., Sasaki, N., Boymans, S., Cuppen, E., van der Ent, C. K., et al. (2013) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.11.002 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
Analysis of off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas-derived RNA-guided endonucleases and nickases
Cho, S. W., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Kweon, J., Kim, H. S., Bae, S., & Kim, J.-S. (2014) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.162339.113 · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
Regulation of DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice
Shrivastav, M., De Haro, L. P., & Nickoloff, J. A. (2008) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2007.111 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
RNA-guided gene activation by CRISPR-Cas9-based transcription factors
Perez-Pinera, P., Kocak, D. D., Vockley, C. M., Adler, A. F., Kabadi, A. M., Polstein, L. R., Thakore, P. I., Glass, K. A., Ousterout, D. G., Leong, K. W., et al. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2600 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
Structural basis of PAM-dependent target DNA recognition by the Cas9 endonuclease
Anders, C., Niewoehner, O., Duerst, A., & Jínek, M. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13579 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Efficient multiplex biallelic zebrafish genome editing using a CRISPR nuclease system
Jao, L.-E., Wente, S. R., & Chen, W. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1308335110 · Cited by 1,261 · see citing works
Discovery and Functional Characterization of Diverse Class 2 CRISPR-Cas Systems
Shmakov, S., Abudayyeh, O. O., Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I., Gootenberg, J. S., Semenova, E., Станиславович, М. Л., Joung, J., Konermann, S., Severinov, K., et al. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.10.008 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
Makarova, K. S., Grishin, N. V., Shabalina, S. A., Wolf, Y. I., & Koonin, E. V. (2006) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-7 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
Enhanced homology-directed human genome engineering by controlled timing of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery
Lin, S., Staahl, B. T., Alla, R. K., & Doudna, J. A. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.04766 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Two distinct RNase activities of CRISPR-C2c2 enable guide-RNA processing and RNA detection
East-Seletsky, A., O’Connell, M. R., Knight, S. C., Burstein, D. E., Cate, J. H. D., Tjian, R., & Doudna, J. A. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19802 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Enhanced proofreading governs CRISPR-Cas9 targeting accuracy
Chen, J. S., Dagdas, Y. S., Kleinstiver, B. P., Welch, M. M., Sousa, A. A., Harrington, L. B., Sternberg, S. H., Joung, J. K., Yildiz, A., & Doudna, J. A. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24268 · Cited by 1,168 · see citing works
In vivo genome editing via CRISPR/Cas9 mediated homology-independent targeted integration
Suzuki, K., Tsunekawa, Y., Hernandez-Benitez, R., Wu, J., Zhu, J., Kim, E. J., Hatanaka, F., Yamamoto, M., Araoka, T., Li, Z., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature20565 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Maruyama, T., Dougan, S. K., Truttmann, M. C., Bilate, A. M., Ingram, J. R., & Ploegh, H. L. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3190 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Modeling colorectal cancer using CRISPR-Cas9–mediated engineering of human intestinal organoids
Matano, M., Date, S., Shimokawa, M., Takano, A., Fujii, M., Ohta, Y., Watanabe, T., Kanai, T., & Sato, T. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3802 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Scotti, M. M., & Swanson, M. S. (2015) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2015.3 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
Genetic engineering of human pluripotent cells using TALE nucleases
Hockemeyer, D. F., Wang, H., Kiani, S., Lai, C. S., Gao, Q., Cassady, J. P., Cost, G. J., Zhang, L., Santiago, Y., Miller, J. C., et al. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1927 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Bikard, D., Jiang, W., Samai, P., Hochschild, A., Zhang, F., & Marraffini, L. A. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt520 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
Regulation of Homologous Recombination in Eukaryotes
Heyer, W.-D., Ehmsen, K. T., & Liu, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-051710-150955 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Koike-Yusa, H., Li, Y., Tan, E.-P., Velasco-Herrera, M. D. C., & Yusa, K. (2014) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2800 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Diversity and evolution of class 2 CRISPR–Cas systems
Shmakov, S., Smargon, A. A., Scott, D. A., Cox, D. B. T., Pyzocha, N., Yan, W. X., Abudayyeh, O. O., Gootenberg, J. S., Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I., et al. (2017) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.184 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Niu, Y., Shen, B., Cui, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Wang, L., Kang, Y., Zhao, X., Si, W., Li, W., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.027 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Shi, J., Gao, H., Wang, H., Lafitte, H. R., Archibald, R. L., Yang, M., Hakimi, S. M., Mo, H., & Habben, J. E. (2017) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.12603 · Cited by 1,029 · see citing works
Effect of genome size on AAV vector packaging
Wu, Z., Yang, H., & Colosi, P. (2010) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2009.255 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
CRISPR interference: RNA-directed adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea
Marraffini, L. A., & Sontheimer, E. J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2749 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Grissa, I., Vergnaud, G., & Pourcel, C. (2007) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-172 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Biology and Applications of CRISPR Systems: Harnessing Nature’s Toolbox for Genome Engineering
Wright, A. V., Nuñez, J. K., & Doudna, J. A. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.035 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials
Bikard, D., Euler, C. W., Jiang, W., Nussenzweig, P. M., Goldberg, G. W., Duportet, X., Fischetti, V. A., & Marraffini, L. A. (2014) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3043 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
The CRISPR-associated DNA-cleaving enzyme Cpf1 also processes precursor CRISPR RNA
Fonfara, I., Richter, H., Bratovič, M., Rhun, A. L., & Charpentier, E. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17945 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Genome editing with Cas9 in adult mice corrects a disease mutation and phenotype
Yin, H., Xue, W., Chen, S., Bogorad, R. L., Benedetti, E., Grompe, M., Koteliansky, V., Sharp, P. A., Jacks, T., & Anderson, D. G. (2014) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2884 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Multiplex gene editing by CRISPR–Cpf1 using a single crRNA array
Zetsche, B., Heidenreich, M., Mohanraju, P., Fedorova, I., Kneppers, J., DeGennaro, E. M., Winblad, N., Choudhury, S. R., Abudayyeh, O. O., Gootenberg, J. S., et al. (2017) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3737 · Cited by 926 · see citing works
CRISPR-Cas Systems: Prokaryotes Upgrade to Adaptive Immunity
Barrangou, R., & Marraffini, L. A. (2014) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.011 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Ratjen, F. A., & Döring, G. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12567-6 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
Genome-wide CRISPR Screen in a Mouse Model of Tumor Growth and Metastasis
Chen, S., Sanjana, N. E., Zheng, K., Shalem, O., Lee, K., Shi, X., Scott, D. A., Song, J. W., Pan, J. Q., Weissleder, R., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.038 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Development of broad virus resistance in non‐transgenic cucumber using CRISPR/Cas9 technology
Chandrasekaran, J., Brumin, M., Wolf, D., Leibman, D., Klap, C., Pearlsman, M., Sherman, A., Arazi, T., & Gal‐On, A. (2016) · Molecular Plant Pathology · doi:10.1111/mpp.12375 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Finn, J. D., Smith, A. R., Patel, M. C., Shaw, L., Youniss, M. R., van Heteren, J., Dirstine, T., Ciullo, C., Lescarbeau, R., Seitzer, J., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.014 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Epigenetic modulators, modifiers and mediators in cancer aetiology and progression
Feinberg, A. P., Koldobskiy, M. A., & Göndör, A. (2016) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.13 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Targeted Chromosomal Cleavage and Mutagenesis in Drosophila Using Zinc-Finger Nucleases
Bibikova, M., Golic, M., Golic, K. G., & Carroll, D. (2002) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/161.3.1169 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Beyond editing: repurposing CRISPR-Cas9 for precision genome regulation and interrogation
Dominguez, A. A., Lim, W. A., & Qi, L. S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm.2015.2 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Efficient genome modification by CRISPR-Cas9 nickase with minimal off-target effects
Shen, B., Zhang, W., Zhang, J., Zhou, J., Wang, J.-Y., Chen, L., Wang, L., Hodgkins, A., Iyer, V., Huang, X., et al. (2014) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2857 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases
Citorik, R. J., Mimee, M., & Lu, T. K. (2014) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3011 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Genetic Engineering and Breeding of Drought-Resistant Crops
Hu, H., & Xiong, L. (2013) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040000 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
CRISPR-mediated direct mutation of cancer genes in the mouse liver
Xue, W., Chen, S., Yin, H., Tammela, T., Papagiannakopoulos, T., Joshi, N. S., Cai, W., Yang, G., Bronson, R., Crowley, D. G., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13589 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
In vivo interrogation of gene function in the mammalian brain using CRISPR-Cas9
Swiech, L., Heidenreich, M., Banerjee, A., Habib, N., Li, Y., Trombetta, J., Sur, M., & Zhang, F. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3055 · Cited by 772 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been used in a dual-cassette system as a way of delivering up to three plasmid-incorporated sgRNAs to the same cell to study gene function in vivo by multiplex gene editing [145] or to create disease models [146].”
MethodEfficient construction of sequence-specific TAL effectors for modulating mammalian transcription
Zhang, F., Cong, L., Lodato, S., Kosuri, S., Church, G. M., & Arlotta, P. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1775 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Komor, A. C., Zhao, K. T., Packer, M. S., Gaudelli, N. M., Waterbury, A. L., Koblan, L. W., Kim, Y. B., Badran, A. H., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao4774 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
Kim, Y. B., Komor, A. C., Levy, J. M., Packer, M. S., Zhao, K. T., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3803 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Lee, K., Conboy, M., Park, H. M., Jiang, F., Kim, H. J., Dewitt, M. A., Mackley, V. A., Chang, K., Rao, A., Skinner, C., et al. (2017) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-017-0137-2 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Genome-wide analysis reveals specificities of Cpf1 endonucleases in human cells
Kim, D., Kim, J., Hur, J. K., Been, K. W., Yoon, S.-H., & Kim, J.-S. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3609 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Moore, J. K., & Haber, J. E. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.16.5.2164 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Semenova, E., Jore, M. M., Datsenko, K. A., Semenova, A., Westra, E. R., Wanner, B. L., John van der, O. O. S. T., Brouns, S. J. J., & Severinov, K. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1104144108 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Gene therapy: trials and tribulations
Somia, N. V., & Verma, I. M. (2000) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/35038533 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
CRISPR for Crop Improvement: An Update Review
Jaganathan, D., Ramasamy, K., Sellamuthu, G., Shilpha, J., & Venkataraman, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00985 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Proteins and DNA elements essential for the CRISPR adaptation process in Escherichia coli
Yosef, I., Goren, M. G., & Qimron, U. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks216 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Genome-wide specificities of CRISPR-Cas Cpf1 nucleases in human cells
Kleinstiver, B. P., Tsai, S. Q., Prew, M. S., Nguyen, N. T., Welch, M. M., Lopez, J. M., McCaw, Z. R., Aryee, M. J., & Joung, J. K. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3620 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Gene disruption by cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of Cas9 protein and guide RNA
Ramakrishna, S., Kwaku Dad, A.-B., Beloor, J., Gopalappa, R., Lee, S.-K., & Kim, H. (2014) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.171264.113 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Correction of a genetic disease in mouse via use of CRISPR-Cas9
Wu, Y., Liang, D., Wang, Y., Bai, M., Tang, W., Bao, S., Yan, Z., Li, D., & Li, J. (2013) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.10.016 · Cited by 614 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Due to the low rate of HDR recombination [109], and because it is only readily available in dividing cells [110,111], this method needs to become more robust and flexible in order to see use in disease therapy.”
Direct cytosolic delivery of CRISPR/Cas9-ribonucleoprotein for efficient gene editing
Mout, R., Ray, M., Yesilbag Tonga, G., Lee, Y.-W., Tay, T., Sasaki, K., & Rotello, V. M. (2017) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b07600 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Molecular memory of prior infections activates the CRISPR/Cas adaptive bacterial immunity system
Datsenko, K. A., Pougach, K., Tikhonov, A., Wanner, B. L., Severinov, K., & Semenova, E. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1937 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Inheritable silencing of endogenous genes by hit-and-run targeted epigenetic editing
Amabile, A., Migliara, A., Capasso, P., Biffi, M., Cittaro, D., Naldini, L., & Lombardo, A. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.006 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
The Molecular Architecture for RNA-Guided RNA Cleavage by Cas13a
Liu, L., Li, X., Ma, J., Li, Z., You, L., Wang, J., Wang, M., Zhang, X., & Wang, Y. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.050 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Ding, Q., Regan, S. N., Xia, Y., Oostrom, L. A., Cowan, C. A., & Musunuru, K. (2013) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.03.006 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Classification and evolution of type II CRISPR-Cas systems
Chylinski, K., Makarova, K. S., Charpentier, E., & Koonin, E. V. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku241 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
A cyclic oligonucleotide signaling pathway in type III CRISPR-Cas systems
Kazlauskiene, M., Kostiuk, G., Venclovas, Č., Tamulaitis, G., & Šikšnys, V. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao0100 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Type III CRISPR–Cas systems produce cyclic oligoadenylate second messengers
Niewoehner, O., Garcia‐Doval, C., Rostøl, J. T., Berk, C., Schwede, F., Bigler, L., Hall, J., Marraffini, L. A., & Jínek, M. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23467 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Mortality Rates and Age at Death from Sickle Cell Disease: U.S., 1979–2005
Lanzkron, S., Carroll, C. P., & Haywood, C. (2013) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/003335491312800206 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Engineered Cpf1 variants with altered PAM specificities
Gao, L., Cox, D. B. T., Yan, W. X., Manteiga, J. C., Schneider, M. W., Yamano, T., Nishimasu, H., Nureki, O., Crosetto, N., & Zhang, F. (2017) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3900 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Cas1–Cas2 complex formation mediates spacer acquisition during CRISPR–Cas adaptive immunity
Nuñez, J. K., Kranzusch, P. J., Noeske, J., Wright, A. V., Davies, C., & Doudna, J. A. (2014) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.2820 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Rees, H. A., Komor, A. C., Yeh, W.-H., Caetano‐Lopes, J., Warman, M. L., Edge, A. S. B., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15790 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Segal, D. J., Dreier, B., Beerli, R. R., & Barbas, C. F. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2758 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
The crystal structure of Cpf1 in complex with CRISPR RNA
Dong, D., Ren, K., Qiu, X., Zheng, J., Guo, M., Guan, X., Liu, H., Li, N., Zhang, B., Yang, D.-J., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17944 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Co-transcriptional DNA and RNA Cleavage during Type III CRISPR-Cas Immunity
Samai, P., Pyenson, N. C., Jiang, W., Goldberg, G. W., Hatoum-Aslan, A., & Marraffini, L. A. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.027 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
The CRISPR/Cas9 system facilitates clearance of the intrahepatic HBV templates in vivo
Lin, S.-R., Yang, H.-C., Kuo, Y.-T., Liu, C.-J., Yang, T.-Y., Sung, K.-C., Lin, Y.-Y., Wang, H.-Y., Wang, C.-C., Shen, Y.-C., et al. (2014) · Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1038/mtna.2014.38 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Mammalian Base Excision Repair: the Forgotten Archangel
Dianov, G. L., & Hübscher, U. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt076 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
The tracrRNA and Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems
Chylinski, K., Rhun, A. L., & Charpentier, E. (2013) · RNA Biology · doi:10.4161/rna.24321 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Protospacer recognition motifs
Shah, S. A., Erdmann, S., Mojica, F. J. M., & Garrett, R. A. (2013) · RNA Biology · doi:10.4161/rna.23764 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Positive and negative regulation of endogenous genes by designed transcription factors
Beerli, R. R., Dreier, B., & Barbas, C. F. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.040552697 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
He, X., Tan, C., Wang, F., Wang, Y., Zhou, R., Cui, D., You, W., Zhao, H., Ren, J., & Feng, B. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw064 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Integrase-mediated spacer acquisition during CRISPR–Cas adaptive immunity
Nuñez, J. K., Lee, A. S. Y., Engelman, A., & Doudna, J. A. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14237 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Pennisi, E. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.341.6148.833 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Design of polydactyl zinc-finger proteins for unique addressing within complex genomes
Liu, Q., Segal, D. J., Ghiara, J. B., & Barbas, C. F. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5525 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Pardo, B., Gómez‐González, B., & Aguilera, A. (2009) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-009-8740-3 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Elimination of HIV-1 Genomes from Human T-lymphoid Cells by CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing
Kaminski, R., Chen, Y., Fischer, T., Tedaldi, E., Napoli, A., Zhang, Y., Karn, J., Hu, W., & Khalili, K. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep22555 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Genetic modifiers of sickle cell disease
Steinberg, M. H., & Sebastiani, P. (2012) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.23232 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Crispo, M., Mulet, A. P., Tesson, L., Barrera, N., Cuadro, F., dos Santos-Neto, P. C., Nguyen, T. H., Crénéguy, A., Brusselle, L., Anegón, I., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136690 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
RNA Targeting by Functionally Orthogonal Type VI-A CRISPR-Cas Enzymes
East-Seletsky, A., O’Connell, M. R., Burstein, D. E., Knott, G. J., & Doudna, J. A. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.008 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of E. coli CRISPR‐cas promoters and their silencing by H‐NS
Pul, Ü., Wurm, R., Arslan, Z., Geißen, R., Hofmann, N., & Wagner, R. (2010) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07073.x · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Rapid breeding of parthenocarpic tomato plants using CRISPR/Cas9
Ueta, R., Abe, C., Watanabe, T., Sugano, S. S., Ishihara, R., Ezura, H., Osakabe, Y., & Osakabe, K. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00501-4 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Zeisel, M. B., Lucifora, J., Mason, W. S., Sureau, C., Beck, J., Levrero, M., Kann, M., Knolle, P. A., Benkirane, M., Durantel, D., et al. (2015) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308943 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
A dual function of the CRISPR–Cas system in bacterial antivirus immunity and DNA repair
Babu, M., Beloglazova, N. G., Flick, R., Graham, C., Skarina, T., Nocek, B. P., Gagarinova, A. G., Pogoutse, O., Brown, G., Binkowski, A., et al. (2010) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07465.x · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Wiedenheft, B., Zhou, K., Jínek, M., Coyle, S. M., Ma, W., & Doudna, J. A. (2009) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2009.03.019 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Structural and Mechanistic Basis of PAM-Dependent Spacer Acquisition in CRISPR-Cas Systems
Wang, J., Li, J., Zhao, H., Sheng, G., Wang, M., Yin, M., & Wang, Y. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.008 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Kennedy, E. M., Bassit, L., Mueller, H., Kornepati, A. V. R., Bogerd, H. P., Nie, T., Chatterjee, P., Javanbakht, H., Schinazi, R. F., & Cullen, B. R. (2014) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.001 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Kazlauskiene, M., Tamulaitis, G., Kostiuk, G., Venclovas, Č., & Šikšnys, V. (2016) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.03.024 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
In vitro reconstitution of Cascade‐mediated CRISPR immunity in Streptococcus thermophilus
Šinkūnas, T., Gasiūnas, G., Waghmare, S. P., Dickman, M. J., Barrangou, R., Horvath, P., & Šikšnys, V. (2013) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.352 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Structure of the Cpf1 endonuclease R-loop complex after target DNA cleavage
Stella, S., Alcón, P., & Montoya, G. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22398 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Simple knockout by electroporation of engineered endonucleases into intact rat embryos
Kaneko, T., Sakuma, T., Yamamoto, T., & Mashimo, T. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep06382 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Advances in Gene Delivery Systems
Kamimura, K., Suda, T., Zhang, G., & Liu, D. (2011) · Pharmaceutical Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03256872 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Direct CRISPR spacer acquisition from RNA by a natural reverse transcriptase–Cas1 fusion protein
Silas, S., Mohr, G., Sidote, D. J., Markham, L. M., Sánchez-Amat, A., Bhaya, D., Lambowitz, A. M., & Fire, A. Z. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad4234 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Orlando, S. J., Santiago, Y., Dekelver, R., Freyvert, Y., Boydston, E. A., Moehle, E. A., Choi, V. M., Gopalan, S. M., Lou, J., Li, J., et al. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq512 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Chromosomal translocations induced at specified loci in human stem cells
Brunet, E., Simsek, D., Tomishima, M. J., DeKelver, R. C., Choi, V. M., Gregory, P. D., Urnov, F. D., Weinstock, D. M., & Jasin, M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0902076106 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Hatoum-Aslan, A., Maniv, I., & Marraffini, L. A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112832108 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Sequence features associated with the cleavage efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 system
Liu, X., Homma, A., Sayadi, J. J., Yang, S., Ohashi, J., & Takumi, T. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep19675 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Structure of the CRISPR Interference Complex CSM Reveals Key Similarities with Cascade
Rouillon, C., Zhou, M., Zhang, J., Politis, A., Beilsten-Edmands, V., Cannone, G., Graham, S., Robinson, C. V., Spagnolo, L., & White, M. F. (2013) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.08.020 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Xiao, Y., Luo, M., Hayes, R. P., Kim, J., Ng, S., Ding, F., Liao, M., & Ke, A. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.012 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Foreign DNA capture during CRISPR–Cas adaptive immunity
Nuñez, J. K., Harrington, L. B., Kranzusch, P. J., Engelman, A., & Doudna, J. A. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15760 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Horii, T., Arai, Y., Yamazaki, M., Morita, S., Kimura, M., Itoh, M., Abe, Y., & Hatada, I. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04513 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Surveillance and Processing of Foreign DNA by the Escherichia coli CRISPR-Cas System
Redding, S., Sternberg, S. H., Marshall, M., Gibb, B., Bhat, P., Guegler, C. K., Wiedenheft, B., Doudna, J. A., & Greene, E. C. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.003 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Thabit, A. K., Crandon, J. L., & Nicolau, D. P. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.993381 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Bothmer, A., Phadke, T., Barrera, L. A., Margulies, C. M., Lee, C. S., Buquicchio, F. A., Moss, S., Abdulkerim, H. S., Selleck, W., Jayaram, H., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13905 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Structural basis for promiscuous PAM recognition in type I–E Cascade from E. coli
Hayes, R. P., Xiao, Y., Ding, F., van Erp, P. B. G., Rajashankar, K. R., Bailey, S., Wiedenheft, B., & Ke, A. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16995 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
In vivo cleavage of transgene donors promotes nuclease‐mediated targeted integration
Cristea, S., Freyvert, Y., Santiago, Y., Holmes, M. C., Urnov, F. D., Gregory, P. D., & Cost, G. J. (2012) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.24733 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Simplified CRISPR-Cas genome editing for Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Generoso, W. C., Gottardi, M., Oreb, M., & Boles, E. (2016) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2016.06.020 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Mulepati, S., & Bailey, S. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.472233 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Recognition and maturation of effector RNAs in a CRISPR interference pathway
Gesner, E. M., Schellenberg, M. J., Garside, E. L., George, M. M., & MacMillan, A. M. (2011) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.2042 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Optimization of Genome Engineering Approaches with the CRISPR/Cas9 System
Li, K., Wang, G., Andersen, T., Zhou, P., & Pu, W. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105779 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Erdmann, S., & Garrett, R. A. (2012) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08171.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Single‐cell microinjection technology in cell biology
Zhang, Y., & Yu, L. (2008) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20759 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Adenoviral vector DNA for accurate genome editing with engineered nucleases
Holkers, M., Maggio, I., Henriques, S. F. D., Janssen, J. M., Cathomen, T., & Gonçalves, M. A. F. V. (2014) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3075 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
CRISPI: a CRISPR interactive database
Rousseau, C., Gonnet, M., Romancer, M. L., & Nicolas, J. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp586 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Crystal Structure of the CRISPR-Cas RNA Silencing Cmr Complex Bound to a Target Analog
Osawa, T., Inanaga, H., Sato, C., & Numata, T. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.018 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Retroviral Integrations in Gene Therapy Trials
Biasco, L., Baricordi, C., & Aiuti, A. (2012) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2011.289 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Harnessing CRISPR/Cas systems for programmable transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation
Mahas, A., Stewart, C. N., & Mahfouz, M. M. (2017) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.11.008 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kawamura, N., Nimura, K., Nagano, H., Yamaguchi, S., Nonomura, N., & Kaneda, Y. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4293 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
dCas9: A Versatile Tool for Epigenome Editing
Brocken, D. J. W., Tark‐Dame, M., & Dame, R. T. (2017) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.21775/cimb.026.015 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Comprehensive analysis of the specificity of transcription activator-like effector nucleases
Juillerat, A., Dubois, G., Valton, J., Thomas, S., Stella, S., Maréchal, A., Langevin, S., Benomari, N., Bertonati, C., Silva, G. H., et al. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku155 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Evolution of CRISPR RNA recognition and processing by Cas6 endonucleases
Niewoehner, O., Jínek, M., & Doudna, J. A. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt922 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Mediated Delivery of Cas9 Protein and Guide RNA for Genome Editing
Suresh, B., Ramakrishna, S., & Kim, S. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6518-2_7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Limiting the Persistence of a Chromosome Break Diminishes Its Mutagenic Potential
Bennardo, N., Gunn, A., Cheng, A., Hasty, P., & Stark, J. M. (2009) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000683 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
CRISPR mediated somatic cell genome engineering in the chicken
Véron, N., Qu, Z., Kipen, P. A. S., Hirst, C. E., & Marcelle, C. (2015) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.007 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Chervinskii, S., Drevinskas, R., Karpov, D. V., Beresna, M., Lipovskii, A. A., Svirko, Y. P., & Kazansky, P. G. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep18522 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The fidelity of the ligation step determines how ends are resolved during nonhomologous end joining
Waters, C. A., Strande, N. T., Pryor, J. M., Strom, C. N., Mieczkowski, P. A., Burkhalter, M. D., Oh, S., Qaqish, B. F., Moore, D. T., Hendrickson, E. A., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5286 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Engineering virus resistance via CRISPR–Cas systems
Mahas, A., & Mahfouz, M. M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2018.06.002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Genetic and epigenetic control of gene expression by CRISPR–Cas systems
Lo, A., & Qi, L. S. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.11113.1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Targeted Transcriptional Repression in Bacteria Using CRISPR Interference (CRISPRi)
Hawkins, J. S., Wong, S. S., Peters, J. M., Almeida, R., & Qi, L. S. (2015) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2687-9_23 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pervasive generation of oppositely oriented spacers during CRISPR adaptation
Shmakov, S., Savitskaya, E. E., Semenova, E., Logacheva, M. D., Datsenko, K. A., & Severinov, K. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku226 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Generation of targeted mouse mutants by embryo microinjection of TALEN mRNA
Wefers, B., Panda, S. K., Ortiz, O., Brandl, C., Hensler, S.-V., Hansen, J., Wurst, W., & Kühn, R. (2013) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.142 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Valsalakumari, J., Baby, J. N., Bijin, E. N., Constantine, I., Manjila, S. B., & Pramod, K. (2013) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation · doi:10.4103/2230-973x.108958 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Performance of the Cas9 Nickase System inDrosophila melanogaster
Ren, X., Yang, Z., Mao, D., Chang, Z., Qiao, H., Wang, X., Sun, J., Hu, Q., Cui, Y., Liu, L., et al. (2014) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.114.013821 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Li, C., Ding, L., Sun, C., Wu, L.-C., Zhou, D., Pawlik, K. M., Khodadadi‐Jamayran, A., Westin, E. R., Goldman, F. D., & Townes, T. M. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30422 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Elimination of HIV-1 genomes from human T-lymphoid cells by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing
Khalili, K., Kaminski, R., Chen, Y., et al. (2015) · Journal of Virus Eradication · doi:10.1016/s2055-6640(20)31337-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Development and potential applications of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology in sarcoma
Liu, T., Shen, J. K., Li, Z., Choy, E., Hornicek, F. J., & Duan, Z. (2016) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.030 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Yu, L., Su, W., Fey, P. D., Liu, F., & Du, L. (2017) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.7b00293 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kaminski, R., Chen, Y., Fischer, T., Tedaldi, E., Napoli, A., Zhang, Y., Karn, J., Hu, W., & Khalili, K. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep28213 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Adult Sickle Cell Disease: Problems and Solutions
Özdoğu, H., & Boğa, C. (2015) · Turkish Journal of Hematology · doi:10.4274/tjh.2014.0311 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lambda phagemids and their transducing properties
Melnikov, A. A., Tchernov, A. P., Fodor, I., et al. (1984) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(84)90084-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2015, Erişkin orak hücre hastalığında hematopoietik kök hücre nakli: Problemler ve çözüm önerileri, Turk. J. Hematol., 32, 195
Cited by
Still being checked.
- Authors
- Loureiro, A., & da Silva, G. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- ORCID
- Loureiro, Alexandre
- Venue
- Antibiotics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-02-28
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18
- ISSN
- 2079-6382 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6466564
- OpenAlex
- W2917439987
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 189
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 0.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Antibiotics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Estudo Geral (Universidade de Coimbra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- CRISPR-Cas, CRISPR/Cas9, CRISPR, bacterial adaptive immunity, genome editing, phage resistance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review