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Cited by 3,201Cancer Genomics and DiagnosticsChromatin Remodeling and CancerCancer-related Molecular Pathways

Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in The Cancer Genome Atlas

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Sanchez-Vega, Francisco, Mina, Marco, Armenia, Joshua, Chatila, Walid K., Luna, Augustin, La, Konnor C., Dimitriadoy, Sofia, Liu, David L. +771 more·2018·Cell
DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.035PMC PMC6070353
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Abstract

Genetic alterations in signaling pathways that control cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and cell growth are common hallmarks of cancer, but the extent, mechanisms, and co-occurrence of alterations in these pathways differ between individual tumors and tumor types. Using mutations, copy-number changes, mRNA expression, gene fusions and DNA methylation in 9,125 tumors profiled by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we analyzed the mechanisms and patterns of somatic alterations in ten canonical pathways: cell cycle, Hippo, Myc, Notch, Nrf2, PI-3-Kinase/Akt, RTK-RAS, TGFβ signaling, p53 and β-catenin/Wnt. We charted the detailed landscape of pathway alterations in 33 cancer types, stratified into 64 subtypes, and identified patterns of co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity. Eighty-nine percent of tumors had at least one driver alteration in these pathways, and 57% percent of tumors had at least one alteration potentially targetable by currently available drugs. Thirty percent of tumors had multiple targetable alterations, indicating opportunities for combination therapy.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.035

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  • KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in various human cancers such as pancreatic, lung, and colorectal cancer, with G12, G13, and Q61 being the most prevalent mutant codons.

    “Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is the most frequently mutated oncogene in various types of human cancers such as pancreatic, lung, and colorectal cancer, with G12, G13, and Q61 being the most prevalent mutant codons observed (1, 2).”

    From YAP/TAZ mediates resistance to KRAS inhibitors through inhibiting proapoptosis and activating the SLC7A5/mTOR axis (2024) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Results section (“Pathway alteration frequencies per tumor-type”; page unavailable) reports that KRAS was the most frequently altered gene in the RTK-RAS pathway and that its alterations were most common in pancreatic carcinoma, genomically stable colorectal cancer, and lung adenocarcinoma. That is narrower than saying it is the most frequently mutated oncogene across human cancers. The paper passages found do not identify G12, G13, and Q61 as its most prevalent mutant codons. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • KRAS mutations lead to accumulation of active GTP-bound KRAS, which regulates multiple oncogenic cellular processes through MAPK and PI3K pathways.

    “KRAS mutations lead to the accumulation of active GTP-bound KRAS, which in turn regulates multiple oncogenic cellular processes through its downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways (1, 2).”

    From YAP/TAZ mediates resistance to KRAS inhibitors through inhibiting proapoptosis and activating the SLC7A5/mTOR axis (2024) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Introduction identifies RTK/RAS/MAP-kinase and PI3K/Akt as cancer-associated pathways, and the Results describe oncogenic KRAS mutations as RAS-pathway drivers (page numbers unavailable). Our copy does not state that KRAS mutations cause active GTP-bound KRAS to accumulate or that mutant KRAS regulates cellular processes through both MAPK and PI3K. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • MFS, UPS, and DDLS share genomic alterations that result in PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathway activation.

    “Despite their genetic complexity, these sarcomas share genomic alterations causing PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathway activation”

    From Targeting eIF4A-dependent translation in genetically complex sarcoma (2026) · cites this paper as [7]

    The Results section on mutual exclusivity and co-occurrence reports alterations that promote PI3K or RAS signaling across tumor types. The Therapeutic actionability section reports CDK4/MDM2 co-amplification in dedifferentiated liposarcoma, but the passages do not establish that MFS, UPS, and DDLS share alterations activating both PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in cancer, yet efforts to directly target KRAS have been mostly unsuccessful because initial analyses of KRAS proteins indicated that they lack a clear pocket to which small molecules can bind with high affinity.

    “KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in cancer, yet efforts to directly target KRAS have been mostly unsuccessful because initial analyses of KRAS proteins indicated that they lack a clear pocket to which small molecules can bind with high affinity [1, 2].”

    From Anti-tumor efficacy of a potent and selective non-covalent KRASG12D inhibitor (2022) · cites this paper as [1]

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The Hippo pathway gene set was separated into oncogenes or tumor suppressors as previously categorized.

    “The Hippo pathway gene set was separated into oncogenes or tumor suppressors as previously categorized (7).”

    From Targeting eIF4A-dependent translation in genetically complex sarcoma (2026) · cites this paper as [7]

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Chang MT Asthana S Gao SP Lee BH Chapman JS Kandoth C Gao J Socci ND Solit DB Olshen AB 2016b Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity Nat Biotechnol 34 155 163 26619011 PMC4744099
  2. Network, C.G.A.R 2010 Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers Nature 489 519 525 PMC3466113 22960745
  3. Wang C Xiao Y 2017 Genomic and Molecular Landscape of DNA Damage Repair Deficiency Across The Cancer Genome Atlas Cancer Cell PMC5961503 29617664

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Sanchez-Vega, F., Mina, M., Armenia, J., Chatila, W. K., Luna, A., La, K. C., Dimitriadoy, S., Liu, D. L., Kantheti, H. S., Saghafinia, S., Chakravarty, D., Daian, F., Gao, Q., Bailey, M. H., Liang, W.-W., Foltz, S. M., Shmulevich, I., Ding, L., Heins, Z., Ochoa, A., Gross, B., Gao, J., Zhang, H., Kundra, R., Kandoth, C., Bahceci, I., Dervishi, L., Dogrusoz, U., Zhou, W., Shen, H., Laird, P. W., Way, G. P., Greene, C. S., Liang, H., Xiao, Y., Wang, C., Iavarone, A., Berger, A. H., Bivona, T. G., Lazar, A. J., Hammer, G. D., Giordano, T., Kwong, L. N., McArthur, G., Huang, C., Tward, A. D., Frederick, M. J., McCormick, F., Meyerson, M., Caesar-Johnson, S. J., Demchok, J. A., Felau, I., Kasapi, M., Ferguson, M. L., Hutter, C. M., Sofia, H. J., Tarnuzzer, R., Wang, Z., Yang, L., Zenklusen, J. C., Zhang, J. (., Chudamani, S., Liu, J., Lolla, L., Naresh, R., Pihl, T., Sun, Q., Wan, Y., Wu, Y., Cho, J., DeFreitas, T., Frazer, S., Gehlenborg, N., Getz, G., Heiman, D. I., Kim, J., Lawrence, M. S., Lin, P., Meier, S., Noble, M. S., Saksena, G., Voet, D., Zhang, H., Bernard, B., Chambwe, N., Dhankani, V., Knijnenburg, T., Kramer, R., Leinonen, K., Liu, Y., Miller, M., Reynolds, S., Shmulevich, I., Thorsson, V., Zhang, W., Akbani, R., Broom, B. M., Hegde, A. M., Ju, Z., Kanchi, R. S., Korkut, A., Li, J., Liang, H., Ling, S., Liu, W., Lu, Y., Mills, G. B., Ng, K.-S., Rao, A., Ryan, M., Wang, J., Weinstein, J. N., Zhang, J., Abeshouse, A., Armenia, J., Chakravarty, D., Chatila, W. K., de Bruijn, I., Gao, J., Gross, B. E., Heins, Z. J., Kundra, R., La, K., Ladanyi, M., Luna, A., Nissan, M. G., Ochoa, A., Phillips, S. M., Reznik, E., Sanchez-Vega, F., Sander, C., Schultz, N., Sheridan, R., Sumer, S. O., Sun, Y., Taylor, B. S., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Anur, P., Peto, M., Spellman, P., Benz, C., Stuart, J. M., Wong, C. K., Yau, C., Hayes, D. N., Parker, J. S., Wilkerson, M. D., Ally, A., Balasundaram, M., Bowlby, R., Brooks, D., Carlsen, R., Chuah, E., Dhalla, N., Holt, R., Jones, S. J. M., Kasaian, K., Lee, D., Ma, Y., Marra, M. A., Mayo, M., Moore, R. A., Mungall, A. J., Mungall, K., Robertson, A. G., Sadeghi, S., Schein, J. E., Sipahimalani, P., Tam, A., Thiessen, N., Tse, K., Wong, T., Berger, A. C., Beroukhim, R., Cherniack, A. D., Cibulskis, C., Gabriel, S. B., Gao, G. F., Ha, G., Meyerson, M., Schumacher, S. E., Shih, J., Kucherlapati, M. H., Kucherlapati, R. S., Baylin, S., Cope, L., Danilova, L., Bootwalla, M. S., Lai, P. H., Maglinte, D. T., Van Den Berg, D. J., Weisenberger, D. J., Auman, J. T., Balu, S., Bodenheimer, T., Fan, C., Hoadley, K. A., Hoyle, A. P., Jefferys, S. R., Jones, C. D., Meng, S., Mieczkowski, P. A., Mose, L. E., Perou, A. H., Perou, C. M., Roach, J., Shi, Y., Simons, J. V., Skelly, T., Soloway, M. G., Tan, D., Veluvolu, U., Fan, H., Hinoue, T., Laird, P. 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G., Kalkanis, S., Mikkelsen, T., Noushmehr, H., Scarpace, L., Girard, N., Aymerich, M., Campo, E., Giné, E., Guillermo, A. L., Van Bang, N., Hanh, P. T., Phu, B. D., Tang, Y., Colman, H., Evason, K., Dottino, P. R., Martignetti, J. A., Gabra, H., Juhl, H., Akeredolu, T., Stepa, S., Hoon, D., Ahn, K., Kang, K. J., Beuschlein, F., Breggia, A., Birrer, M., Bell, D., Borad, M., Bryce, A. H., Castle, E., Chandan, V., Cheville, J., Copland, J. A., Farnell, M., Flotte, T., Giama, N., Ho, T., Kendrick, M., Kocher, J.-P., Kopp, K., Moser, C., Nagorney, D., O’Brien, D., O’Neill, B. P., Patel, T., Petersen, G., Que, F., Rivera, M., Roberts, L., Smallridge, R., Smyrk, T., Stanton, M., Thompson, R. H., Torbenson, M., Yang, J. D., Zhang, L., Brimo, F., Ajani, J. A., Gonzalez, A. M. A., Behrens, C., Bondaruk, J., Broaddus, R., Czerniak, B., Esmaeli, B., Fujimoto, J., Gershenwald, J., Guo, C., Lazar, A. 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D., Wentzensen, N., Worrell, R., Yang, H., Moncrieff, M., Goparaju, C., Melamed, J., Pass, H., Botnariuc, N., Caraman, I., Cernat, M., Chemencedji, I., Clipca, A., Doruc, S., Gorincioi, G., Mura, S., Pirtac, M., Stancul, I., Tcaciuc, D., Albert, M., Alexopoulou, I., Arnaout, A., Bartlett, J., Engel, J., Gilbert, S., Parfitt, J., Sekhon, H., Thomas, G., Rassl, D. M., Rintoul, R. C., Bifulco, C., Tamakawa, R., Urba, W., Hayward, N., Timmers, H., Antenucci, A., Facciolo, F., Grazi, G., Marino, M., Merola, R., de Krijger, R., Gimenez-Roqueplo, A.-P., Piché, A., Chevalier, S., McKercher, G., Birsoy, K., Barnett, G., Brewer, C., Farver, C., Naska, T., Pennell, N. A., Raymond, D., Schilero, C., Smolenski, K., Williams, F., Morrison, C., Borgia, J. A., Liptay, M. J., Pool, M., Seder, C. W., Junker, K., Omberg, L., Dinkin, M., Manikhas, G., Alvaro, D., Bragazzi, M. C., Cardinale, V., Carpino, G., Gaudio, E., Chesla, D., Cottingham, S., Dubina, M., Moiseenko, F., Dhanasekaran, R., Becker, K.-F., Janssen, K.-P., Slotta-Huspenina, J., Abdel-Rahman, M. H., Aziz, D., Bell, S., Cebulla, C. M., Davis, A., Duell, R., Elder, J. B., Hilty, J., Kumar, B., Lang, J., Lehman, N. L., Mandt, R., Nguyen, P., Pilarski, R., Rai, K., Schoenfield, L., Senecal, K., Wakely, P., Hansen, P., Lechan, R., Powers, J., Tischler, A., Grizzle, W. E., Sexton, K. C., Kastl, A., Henderson, J., Porten, S., Waldmann, J., Fassnacht, M., Asa, S. L., Schadendorf, D., Couce, M., Graefen, M., Huland, H., Sauter, G., Schlomm, T., Simon, R., Tennstedt, P., Olabode, O., Nelson, M., Bathe, O., Carroll, P. R., Chan, J. M., Disaia, P., Glenn, P., Kelley, R. K., Landen, C. N., Phillips, J., Prados, M., Simko, J., Smith-McCune, K., VandenBerg, S., Roggin, K., Fehrenbach, A., Kendler, A., Sifri, S., Steele, R., Jimeno, A., Carey, F., Forgie, I., Mannelli, M., Carney, M., Hernandez, B., Campos, B., Herold-Mende, C., Jungk, C., Unterberg, A., von Deimling, A., Bossler, A., Galbraith, J., Jacobus, L., Knudson, M., Knutson, T., Ma, D., Milhem, M., Sigmund, R., Godwin, A. K., Madan, R., Rosenthal, H. G., Adebamowo, C., Adebamowo, S. N., Boussioutas, A., Beer, D., Giordano, T., Mes-Masson, A.-M., Saad, F., Bocklage, T., Landrum, L., Mannel, R., Moore, K., Moxley, K., Postier, R., Walker, J., Zuna, R., Feldman, M., Valdivieso, F., Dhir, R., Luketich, J., Pinero, E. M. M., Quintero-Aguilo, M., Carlotti, C. G., Dos Santos, J. S., Kemp, R., Sankarankuty, A., Tirapelli, D., Catto, J., Agnew, K., Swisher, E., Creaney, J., Robinson, B., Shelley, C. S., Godwin, E. M., Kendall, S., Shipman, C., Bradford, C., Carey, T., Haddad, A., Moyer, J., Peterson, L., Prince, M., Rozek, L., Wolf, G., Bowman, R., Fong, K. M., Yang, I., Korst, R., Rathmell, W. K., Fantacone-Campbell, J. L., Hooke, J. A., Kovatich, A. J., Shriver, C. D., DiPersio, J., Drake, B., Govindan, R., Heath, S., Ley, T., Van Tine, B., Westervelt, P., Rubin, M. A., Lee, J. I., Aredes, N. D., Mariamidze, A., Van Allen, E. M., Cherniack, A. D., Ciriello, G., Sander, C., & Schultz, N.
Affiliations
  • SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
  • Princeton University (US)
  • Broad Institute (US)
  • The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • Bilkent University (TR)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • Tesaro (United States) (US)
  • Mayo Clinic (US)
  • Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
  • Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Ciriello, Giovanni
ORCID
Venue
Cell
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-04
Volume
173
Issue
2
Pages
321-337.e10
ISSN
0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.035
PMC
PMC6070353
OpenAlex
W2796153225
Cited by
3,201
References
82
Citations by year
2026: 249 · 2025: 387 · 2024: 414 · 2023: 521 · 2022: 472 · 2021: 502 · 2020: 353 · 2019: 229 · 2018: 68 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
89.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University) (submittedVersion)
  • Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
Funders
NIH (U54 HG003273, U54 HG003067, U54 HG003079, U24 CA143799, U24 CA143835, U24 CA143840, U24 CA143843, U24 CA143845, U24 CA143848, U24 CA143858, U24 CA143866, U24 CA143867, U24 CA143882, U24 CA143883, U24 CA144025, P30 CA016672)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
Keywords
oncogenic signaling, somatic alterations, driver mutations, copy number alterations, gene fusion, DNA methylation, cell cycle, Hippo signaling pathway, c-Myc, Notch signaling, Nrf2, PI3K/Akt signaling, TGF-beta signaling, p53, tumor subtypes, combination therapy, TCGA
MeSH terms
Humans, Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Databases, Genetic, Wnt Proteins, Genes, Neoplasm

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