The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity
Open accessAbstract
Limited knowledge is available on the relationship between antigen-specific immune responses and COVID-19 disease severity. We completed a combined examination of all three branches of adaptive immunity at the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cell and neutralizing antibody responses in acute and convalescent subjects. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were each associated with milder disease. Coordinated SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immune responses were associated with milder disease, suggesting roles for both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in protective immunity in COVID-19. Notably, coordination of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific responses was disrupted in individuals ≥ 65 years old. Scarcity of naive T cells was also associated with aging and poor disease outcomes. A parsimonious explanation is that coordinated CD4 + T cell, CD8 + T cell, and antibody responses are protective, but uncoordinated responses frequently fail to control disease, with a connection between aging and impaired adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“suggesting a link between individual patient predisposition with respect to age and comorbidity [127, 128].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [128]
In the citing paper
“there is some evidence linking robust T cell responses to mild disease outcome31.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Several lines of evidence suggest that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses play important roles in the resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19,33 including modulating disease severity in humans34,35 and reducing viral loads in non-human primates.36”
From Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Studies of acute and convalescent COVID-19 patients have observed that SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are significantly associated with milder disease (Liao et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020b), suggesting that T cell responses may be important for control and resolution of a primary SARS-CoV-2 infection.”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the strikingly extended absence of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells was associated with severe or fatal COVID-19 (>day 22 PSO in some cases) (Braun et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2020a).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Notably, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells had the strongest association with lessened COVID-19 disease severity, compared with antibodies and CD8+ T cells (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“In contrast, IL-22, which can also be made by mucosal CD4+ T cells, appears to be robustly expressed by SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells (Grifoni et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Weiskopf et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“T cell responses are detected after almost all SARS-CoV-2 infections (Grifoni et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Peng et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“CD4+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are more prominent than CD8+ T cell responses (Grifoni et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020) and have been associated with control of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Overall, circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells are less consistently observed than CD4+ T cells (Grifoni et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Although neutralizing antibody titers have not correlated with reduced COVID-19 severity (Dan et al., 2021; Piccoli et al., 2020; Robbiani et al., 2020), SARS-CoV-2 cTfh cell frequencies have been associated with reduced disease severity (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“In SARS-CoV-2 infections, the presence of virus-specific CD8+ T cells has been associated with better COVID-19 outcomes (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Peng et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The dominant cytokine produced by SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells from COVID-19 patients is IFNγ (Braun et al., 2020; Grifoni et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Weiskopf et al., 2020), with a clear IFNγ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-2 protein signature of canonical Th1 cells (Braun et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Peng et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells can be detected as early as days 2–4 post-symptom onset (PSO) (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2020a; Weiskopf et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals seroconvert within 5–15 days PSO, with ∼90% seroconversion by day 10 PSO (Long et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Premkumar et al., 2020; Ripperger et al., 2020; Suthar et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Last, there were initially great concerns about potential immune deviation to Th2 and immunopathogenesis (Peeples, 2020), but SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells from patients consistently do not have Th2 characteristics (Grifoni et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Separately, there are multiple reports of healthy individuals successfully controlling a SARS-CoV-2 infection with little to no neutralizing (or RBD IgG) antibodies detectable post-infection, while having significant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Nelde et al., 2021; Schulien et al., 2020; Sekine et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“There is an ∼1,000-fold range in the magnitude of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, as well as heterogeneity in the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell responses (Grifoni et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“data indicate that T cell responses are important for prevention of severe COVID-19 (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020)”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Older individuals are less likely to make a coordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“COVID-19 disease severity was inversely correlated with the frequency of naive T cells (Mathew et al., 2020; Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“it appears that one component of the risk is poor T cell responses due in part to a more limited naive T cell repertoire”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“the findings that Spike is a good target for CD4+ T cell responses, Tfh cell responses, and CD8+ T cell responses in SARS-CoV-2-infected people”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Current evidence suggests an early, robust, and diverse T cell response directed against SARS-CoV-2 correlates with milder COVID-19 outcomes126,131,132”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“Adaptive responses to SARS-CoV-2 begin around one week after symptoms (Figure 2), with SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells being observed as early as four days post-symptom onset126.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a Th1 CD4+ T cell response, with IFNγ and IL-2 being the primary cytokines produced by these cells and some TNFα production as well112,126-129.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“Low frequencies of naive T cells have also been correlated with severe COVID-19 outcomes126.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“For CD8+ T cells, there are reports of diminished CD8+ cytotoxicity and cytokine production in severe cases126,132, while others report the opposite141, and still others find no differences142.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, one study identified the presence of IFNγ producing CD8+ T cells during the acute stages of disease as the strongest predictor of mild COVID-19 outcomes126.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“Many studies have reported a correlation between higher IgG antibody titers and severe disease, but others have seen either the opposite or no correlation between antibody production and disease severity126.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“This response occurs concurrently with the detection of circulating SARS-CoV-2 specific T Follicular Helper cells, suggesting a role for T-dependent antibody production126.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“Many studies have reported a correlation between higher IgG antibody titers and severe disease, but others have seen either the opposite or no correlation between antibody production and disease severity126.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“In COVID-19 patients, a coordinated adaptive immunity of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and antibody responses was correlated to milder disease, whereas an uncoordinated response frequently failed to control disease [68]”
From The dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3 · Cited by 27,263
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585 · Cited by 20,148 · cited 2×
“…titers were associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primate infection and rechallenge studies (Chandra-shekar et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020), as well as in three candidate COVID-19 vaccine studies in non-human primates (Gao et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020c; Yu et al., 2020).”
La certeza de lo impredecible: Cultura Educación y Sociedad en tiempos de COVID19
Martínez González, M. (2020) · DSPACE System - Metalibrary (University of the Coast) · Cited by 18,463
Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., and the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775 · Cited by 9,254 · cited 2×
“…increased rates of severe and fatal disease among older individuals (> 65 years old) (Docherty et al., 2020; Grasselli et al., 2020) and those with pre-existing medical conditions like cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Docherty et al., 2020; Richardson et al., 2020).”
Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report
Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., Hohmann, E., Chu, H. Y., Luetkemeyer, A., Kline, S., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2007764 · Cited by 7,267
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661
Grasselli, G., Zangrillo, A., Zanella, A., Antonelli, M., Cabrini, L., Castelli, A., Cereda, D., Coluccello, A., Foti, G., Fumagalli, R., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5394 · Cited by 5,469 · cited 3×
“…and many fatalities occur, with increased rates of severe and fatal disease among older individuals (> 65 years old) (Docherty et al., 2020; Grasselli et al., 2020) and those with pre-existing medical conditions like cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Docherty…”
Meijer, L., Nelson, D. J., Riazanski, V., Gabdoulkhakova, A. G., Héry-Arnaud, G., Berre, R. L., Loaëc, N., Oumata, N., Galons, H., Nowak, E., et al. (2016) · Journal of Innate Immunity · doi:10.1159/000444256 · Cited by 5,008
Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019
Chen, G., Wu, D., Guo, W., Cao, Y., Huang, D., Wang, H., Wang, T., Zhang, X., Chen, H., Yu, H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci137244 · Cited by 4,750 · cited 1×
“001; Figures S5A–S5C) and correlated with disease severity (Figure 5A), consistent with large cohort studies of plasma cytokines (Chen et al., 2020; Laing et al., 2020; Mathew et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020).”
Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19
Blanco-Melo, D., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Liu, W.-C., Uhl, S., Hoagland, D., Møller, R., Jordan, T. X., Oishi, K., Panis, M., Sachs, D., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026 · Cited by 4,222 · cited 2×
“Elevated innate immune cytokines detected in peripheral blood including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, or C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10) have been associated with severe or fatal COVID-19 (Blanco-Melo et al., 2020; Laing et al., 2020; Lucas et al., 2020; Vabret et al., 2020; Del Valle et al., 2020).”
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Khoury, D. S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 · Cited by 3,742
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656
“Neutralizing antibodies have generally not correlated with lessenedCOVID-19disease severity (5, 19,20), which was also observed for Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), causedbyMERSCoV (21).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAdaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860
“Notably, frequencies of RBD (and Spike) memory B cells increased over time, with more RBDmemory B cells at 6 months PSO than at 1 month PSO (Dan et al., 2021; Gaebler et al., 2020), consistent with observations at 3 months PSO (Rodda et al., 2021).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2
Moss, P. A. H. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-01122-w · Cited by 1,243
Tarke, A., Coelho, C. H., Zhang, Z., Dan, J. M., Yu, E. D., Methot, N., Bloom, N. I., Goodwin, B., Phillips, E., Mallal, S., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.015 · Cited by 858
“SARS-CoV-2 serology and PSV neutralization assay SARS-CoV-2 serology was performed for all plasma samples collected as previously described(Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020).”
Self-citationSingle-cell multi-omics analysis of the immune response in COVID-19
Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease-National Institute of Health Research (CITIID-NIHR) COVID-19 BioResource Collaboration, Stephenson, E., Reynolds, G., Botting, R. A., Calero-Nieto, F. J., Morgan, M. D., Tuong, Z. K., Bach, K., Sungnak, W., Worlock, K. B., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01329-2 · Cited by 742
Tan, A. T., Linster, M., Tan, C. W., Le Bert, N., Chia, W. N., Kunasegaran, K., Zhuang, Y., Tham, C. Y. L., Chia, A., Smith, G. J. D., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108728 · Cited by 740
The immunology and immunopathology of COVID-19
Mérad, M., Blish, C. A., Sallusto, F., & Iwasaki, A. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm8108 · Cited by 780
Tarke, A., Sidney, J., Methot, N., Yu, E. D., Zhang, Y., Dan, J. M., Goodwin, B., Rubiro, P., Sutherland, A., Wang, E., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100355 · Cited by 706
“CD4 and CD8 T cell reactivity against ancestral S We previously described the use of activation-induced marker (AIM) assays to measure CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to pools of overlapping peptides spanning SARS-CoV-2 antigens.(34,39,47,48) Here, we used the same AIM techniques using OX40CD137 and CD69CD137 markers for…”
Self-citationHansen, C. H., Michlmayr, D., Gubbels, S. M., Mølbak, K., & Ethelberg, S. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00575-4 · Cited by 586
Homologous and Heterologous Covid-19 Booster Vaccinations
Atmar, R. L., Lyke, K. E., Deming, M. E., Jackson, L. A., Branche, A. R., Sahly, H. M. E., Rostad, C. A., Martin, J. M., Johnston, C., Rupp, R. E., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2116414 · Cited by 646
T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike cross-recognize Omicron
Keeton, R., Tincho, M. B., Ngomti, A., Baguma, R., Benede, N., Suzuki, A., Khan, K., Cele, S., Bernstein, M. P., Karim, F., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04460-3 · Cited by 617
Self-citationHumoral and cellular immune memory to four COVID-19 vaccines
Zhang, Z., Mateus, J., Coelho, C. H., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Gálvez, R. I., Côrtes, F. H., Grifoni, A., Tarke, A., Chang, J., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.022 · Cited by 576
Self-citationTarke, A., Sidney, J., Kidd, C. K., Dan, J. M., Ramirez, S. I., Yu, E. D., Mateus, J., da Silva Antunes, R., Moore, E., Rubiro, P., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100204 · Cited by 540
“A growing body of evidence points to a key role for SARS-CoV2-specific T cell responses in COVID-19 disease resolution and modulation of disease severity.(2,6,9) Milder cases of acute COVID-19 were associated with coordinated antibody, CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, whereas severe cases correlated with a lack of coordi…”
InfluentialSelf-citationSARS-CoV-2 immunity: review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates
Poland, G. A., Ovsyannikova, I. G., & Kennedy, R. B. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32137-1 · Cited by 572
Weisberg, S. P., Connors, T. J., Zhu, Y., Baldwin, M. R., Lin, W.-H. W., Wontakal, S. N., Szabo, P. A., Wells, S. B., Dogra, P., Gray, J. I., et al. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-00826-9 · Cited by 550
Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Abrignani, S., Addo, R., Akdis, M., Andrä, I., Andreata, F., Annunziato, F., Arranz, E., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202170126 · Cited by 531
CD8+ T cells contribute to survival in patients with COVID-19 and hematologic cancer
Bange, E. M., Han, N. A., Wileyto, P., Kim, J. Y., Gouma, S., Robinson, J., Greenplate, A. R., Hwee, M. A., Porterfield, F., Owoyemi, O., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01386-7 · Cited by 519
Apostolidis, S. A., Kakara, M., Painter, M. M., Goel, R. R., Mathew, D., Lenzi, K., Rezk, A., Patterson, K. R., Espinoza, D. A., Kadri, J. C., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01507-2 · Cited by 506
Self-citationThe dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case
Verbeke, R., Lentacker, I., De Smedt, S. C., & Dewitte, H. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.043 · Cited by 504
Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury
Legrand, M. M., Bell, S., Forni, L. G., Joannidis, M., Koyner, J. L., Liu, K. D., & Cantaluppi, V. (2021) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00452-0 · Cited by 527
COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases
Liu, Y., Sawalha, A. H., & Lu, Q. (2020) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000000776 · Cited by 476
“Antigen-specific CD4þ and CD8þ T cells and neutralizing antibody responses play protective roles against SARS-CoV-2, while impaired adaptive immune responses such as scarcity of naive T cells may lead to poor disease outcomes [17].”
BackgroundShrestha, L. B., Foster, C. S. P., Rawlinson, W. D., Tedla, N. T., & Bull, R. A. (2022) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2381 · Cited by 483
Immunology of aging: the birth of inflammaging
Fulop, T., Larbi, A., Pawelec, G., Khalil, A., Cohen, A. A., Hirokawa, K., Witkowski, J. M., & Franceschi, C. (2021) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-021-08899-6 · Cited by 464
Covid-19 Vaccines — Immunity, Variants, Boosters
Barouch, D. H. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2206573 · Cited by 451
Severe covid-19 pneumonia: pathogenesis and clinical management
Attaway, A. H., Scheraga, R. G., Bhimraj, A., Biehl, M., & Hatipoglu, U. S. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n436 · Cited by 452
Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection
Zuo, J., Dowell, A. C., Pearce, H., Verma, K., Long, H. M., Begum, J., Aiano, F., Amin-Chowdhury, Z., Hoschler, K., Brooks, T., et al. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-00902-8 · Cited by 392
“IFN-g responses are broadly equivalent to IL2 at early time points after infection (24) but the profile at 6 months suggests that the relative proportion of Th1 effector cells decreases over time or they revert to central memory state (25).”
Ancestral SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells cross-recognize the Omicron variant
Gao, Y., Cai, C., Grifoni, A., Müller, T. R., Niessl, J., Olofsson, A., Humbert, M., Hansson, L., Österborg, A., Bergman, P., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01700-x · Cited by 409
Self-citationPre-existing polymerase-specific T cells expand in abortive seronegative SARS-CoV-2
Swadling, L., Diniz, M. O., Schmidt, N. M., Amin, O. E., Chandran, A., Shaw, E., Pade, C., Gibbons, J. M., Bert, N. L., Tan, A. T., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04186-8 · Cited by 398
Yin, K., Peluso, M. J., Luo, X., Thomas, R., Shin, M., Neidleman, J. A., Andrew, A. K., Young, K. C., Ma, T., Hoh, R., et al. (2024) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01724-6 · Cited by 410
Szabo, P. A., Dogra, P., Gray, J. I., Wells, S. B., Connors, T. J., Weisberg, S. P., Krupska, I., Matsumoto, R., Poon, M. M. L., Idzikowski, E., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.005 · Cited by 378
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system
Bartleson, J. M., Radenkovic, D., Covarrubias, A. J., Furman, D., Winer, D. A., & Verdin, E. (2021) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-021-00114-7 · Cited by 359
COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease
Chung, M. K., Zidar, D. A., Bristow, M. R., Cameron, S. J., Chan, T. A.-T., Harding, C. V., Kwon, D. H., Singh, T. K., Tilton, J. C., Tsai, E. J., et al. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.121.317997 · Cited by 377
Chia, W. N., Zhu, F., Ong, S. W. X., Young, B. E., Fong, S., Bert, N. L., Tan, C. W., Tiu, C. K., Zhang, J., Tan, S. Y., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00025-2 · Cited by 351
A Comprehensive Review of the Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development
Li, Y., Tenchov, R., Smoot, J., Liu, C., Watkins, S., & Zhou, Q. A. (2021) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120 · Cited by 349
Bacher, P., Rosati, E., Esser, D., Martini, G. R., Saggau, C., Schiminsky, E., Dargvainiene, J., Schröder, I., Wieters, I., Khodamoradi, Y., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.016 · Cited by 314
Low-dose mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine generates durable memory enhanced by cross-reactive T cells
(2021) · doi:10.1126/science.abj9853 · Cited by 327
Self-citationT cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review
Shrotri, M., van Schalkwyk, M. C., Post, N., Eddy, D., Huntley, C., Leeman, D., Rigby, S., Williams, S. V., Bermingham, W. H., Kellam, P., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245532 · Cited by 352
“At the time of searching, few studies had explored the relationship between T cells, age and clinical severity, with appropriate statistical adjustment, however, a recent study examining all three branches of the adaptive immune response (CD8 + T cells, CD4+ T cells, and neutralising antibodies), found that older age…”
BackgroundHighly functional virus-specific cellular immune response in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
Le Bert, N., Clapham, H. E., Tan, A. T., Chia, W. N., Tham, C. Y. L., Lim, J. M., Kunasegaran, K., Tan, L. W. L., Dutertre, C.-A., Shankar, N., et al. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20202617 · Cited by 330
Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic
To, K. K., Sridhar, S., Chiu, K. H., Hung, D. L. L., Li, X., Hung, I. F., Tam, A. R., Chung, T. W., Chan, J. F., Zhang, J., et al. (2021) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291 · Cited by 359
Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/mRNA vaccination
Schmidt, T., Klemis, V., Schub, D., Mihm, J., Hielscher, F., Marx, S., Abu‐Omar, A., Ziegler, L., Guckelmus, C., Urschel, R., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01464-w · Cited by 340
Tuberculosis and COVID-19 interaction: A review of biological, clinical and public health effects
Visca, D., Ong, C. W. M., Tiberi, S., Centis, R., D’Ambrosio, L., Chen, B., Mueller, J., Mueller, P., Duarte, R., Dalcolmo, M., et al. (2021) · Pulmonology · doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.12.012 · Cited by 328
Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine
Payne, R. P., Longet, S., Austin, J. A., Skelly, D. T., Dejnirattisai, W., Adele, S., Meardon, N., Faustini, S., Al-Taei, S., Moore, S. C., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.011 · Cited by 322
“Because T cells are of increasing interest for providing protection (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2021), human data to support such a role for cellular immunity are very valuable.”
Filbin, M. R., Mehta, A., Schneider, A. M., Kays, K. R., Guess, J. R., Gentili, M., Fenyves, B. G., Charland, N. C., Gonye, A. L. K., Gushterova, I., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100287 · Cited by 313
“SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization activity and age Virus neutralization activity was detected in plasma from nearly all COVID-19 patients (Figure 3A; Table S5), consistent with previous reports.(27,28) Consistent with the observed lack of correlation with Acuitymax (Figure 2A), neutralization activity increased ov…”
Barrett, J. R., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Dold, C., Ewer, K. J., Folegatti, P. M., Gilbride, C., Halkerston, R., Hill, J., Jenkin, D., Stockdale, L., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01179-4 · Cited by 315
Bates, T. A., McBride, S. K., Leier, H. C., Guzman, G., Lyski, Z. L., Schoen, D., Winders, B., Lee, J., Lee, D. X., Messer, W. B., et al. (2022) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abn8014 · Cited by 293
Correlates of protection against SARS ‐ CoV ‐2 infection and COVID‐19 disease
Goldblatt, D., Alter, G., Crotty, S., & Plotkin, S. A. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13091 · Cited by 301
Self-citationTrougakos, I. P., Stamatelopoulos, K. S., Terpos, E., Tsitsilonis, O., Aivalioti, E., Paraskevis, D. N., Kastritis, E., Pavlakis, G. N., & Dimopoulos, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-020-00703-5 · Cited by 305
Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection and COVID ‐19 vaccines
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13089 · Cited by 270
Self-citationRichmond, P., Hatchuel, L., Dong, M., Ma, B., Hu, B. T., Smolenov, I. V., Li, P., Liang, P., Han, H. H., Liang, J. G., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00241-5 · Cited by 265
Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection
Cromer, D., Juno, J. A., Khoury, D., Reynaldi, A., Wheatley, A. K., Kent, S. J., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00550-x · Cited by 265
Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Lipsitch, M., Grad, Y. H., Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00460-4 · Cited by 260
Self-citationThe germinal centre B cell response to SARS-CoV-2
Laidlaw, B. J., & Ellebedy, A. H. (2022) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00657-1 · Cited by 268
Peluso, M. J., Deitchman, A. N., Torres, L., Iyer, N. S., Munter, S. E., Nixon, C. C., Donatelli, J. L., Thanh, C., Takahashi, S., Hakim, J. M. C., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109518 · Cited by 251
Gallo, O., Locatello, L. G., Mazzoni, A., Novelli, L., & Annunziato, F. (2020) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-020-00359-2 · Cited by 253
T cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is preserved in most but not all individuals
Naranbhai, V., Nathan, A., Kaseke, C., Berrios, C., Khatri, A., Choi, S., Getz, M. A., Tano-Menka, R., Ofoman, O., Gayton, A. C., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.029 · Cited by 231
Strzelec, M., Detka, J., Mieszczak, P., Sobocińska, M. K., & Majka, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127704 · Cited by 266
“This immune response fights intracellular infections, including viruses (38), some bacteria, fungi (39), and protozoans (40).”
BackgroundBNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype
Guerrera, G., Picozza, M., D’Orso, S., Placido, R., Pirronello, M., Verdiani, A., Termine, A., Fabrizio, C., Giannessi, F., Sambucci, M., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abl5344 · Cited by 230
Kusnadi, A., Ramírez-Suástegui, C., Fajardo, V., Chee, S., Meckiff, B. J., Simon, H. A., Pelosi, E., Seumois, G., Ay, F., Vijayanand, P., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe4782 · Cited by 237
Immune responses to two and three doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in adults with solid tumors
Shroff, R. T., Chalasani, P., Wei, R., Pennington, D., Quirk, G., Schoenle, M. V., Peyton, K. L., Uhrlaub, J. L., Ripperger, T. J., Jergović, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01542-z · Cited by 237
Jung, J. H., Rha, M., Sa, M., Choi, H. K., Jeon, J. H., Seok, H., Park, D. W., Park, S., Jeong, H. W., Choi, W. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24377-1 · Cited by 233
Effect of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in MS patients treated with disease modifying therapies
Sormani, M. P., Inglese, M., Schiavetti, I., Carmisciano, L., Laroni, A., Lapucci, C., Rin, G. D., Serrati, C., Gandoglia, I., Tassinari, T., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103581 · Cited by 228
Complement activation induces excessive T cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19
Georg, P., Astaburuaga-García, R., Bonaguro, L., Brumhard, S., Michalick, L., Lippert, L. J., Kostevc, T., Gäbel, C., Schneider, M., Streitz, M., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.040 · Cited by 218
RIG-I triggers a signaling-abortive anti-SARS-CoV-2 defense in human lung cells
Yamada, T., Sato, S., Sotoyama, Y., Orba, Y., Sawa, H., Yamauchi, H., Sasaki, M., & Takaoka, A. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-00942-0 · Cited by 230
Targeting immune dysfunction in aging
Borgoni, S., Kudryashova, K. S., Burka, K., & de Magalhães, J. P. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101410 · Cited by 232
Vella, L. A., Giles, J. R., Baxter, A. E., Oldridge, D. A., Diorio, C. J., Kuri-Cervantes, L., Alanio, C., Pampena, M. B., Wu, J. E., Chen, Z., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf7570 · Cited by 225
SARS-CoV-2 infection generates tissue-localized immunological memory in humans
Poon, M. M. L., Rybkina, K., Kato, Y., Kubota, M., Matsumoto, R., Bloom, N. I., Zhang, Z., Hastie, K. M., Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9105 · Cited by 220
Self-citationWilk, A. J., Lee, M. J., Wei, B., Parks, B. E., Pi, R., Martínez-Colón, G. J., Ranganath, T., Zhao, N. Q., Taylor, S., Becker, W. R., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20210582 · Cited by 214
Time-resolved systems immunology reveals a late juncture linked to fatal COVID-19
Liu, C., Martins, A. J., Lau, W. W., Rachmaninoff, N., Chen, J., Imberti, L., Mostaghimi, D., Fink, D. L., Burbelo, P. D., Dobbs, K., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.018 · Cited by 214
SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure history shapes phenotypes and specificity of memory CD8+ T cells
Minervina, A. A., Pogorelyy, M. V., Kirk, A. M., Crawford, J. C., Allen, E. K., Chou, C., Mettelman, R. C., Allison, K., Lin, C.-Y., Brice, D. C., et al. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01184-4 · Cited by 221
Cohen, M. S., Nirula, A., Mulligan, M. J., Novak, R. M., Marovich, M., Yen, C., Stemer, A., Mayer, S. M., Wohl, D., Brengle, B., et al. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.8828 · Cited by 193
Overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults living with HIV
Ambrosioni, J., Blanco, J. L., Reyes‐Urueña, J., Davies, M., Sued, O. G., Marcos, M. Á., Martínez, E., Bertagnolio, S., Alcamí, J., Miró, J. M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(21)00070-9 · Cited by 211
Adjuvants for Coronavirus Vaccines
Liang, Z., Zhu, H., Wang, X., Jing, B., Li, Z., Xia, X., Sun, H., Yang, Y., Zhang, W., Shi, L., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.589833 · Cited by 202
“While mechanistic studies are still being conducted, emerging evidence has suggested that SRAS-CoV-2-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in coordination with neutralizing antibodies are required for generating protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 (33).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLeukocyte trafficking to the lungs and beyond: lessons from influenza for COVID-19
Alon, R., Sportiello, M., Kozlovski, S., Kumar, A., Reilly, E. C., Zarbock, A., Garbi, N., & Topham, D. J. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00470-2 · Cited by 197
Activation or exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in patients with COVID-19
Rha, M., & Shin, E. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00750-4 · Cited by 201
“SARSCoV-2-specific CD8 T-cell responses correlate with low disease severity during the acute phase [104].”
BackgroundAge-associated remodeling of T cell immunity and metabolism
Han, S., Georgiev, P., Ringel, A. E., Sharpe, A. H., & Haigis, M. C. (2022) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.005 · Cited by 200
The Impact of Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Mutations and Variants on COVID-19 Vaccines
McLean, G. R., Kamil, J. P., Lee, B., Moore, P. L., Schulz, T. F., Muik, A., Şahin, U., Türeci, Ö., & Pather, S. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02979-21 · Cited by 195
Wong, L.-Y. R., & Perlman, S. M. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00656-2 · Cited by 202
Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2
Israelow, B., Mao, T., Klein, J., Song, E., Menasche, B., Omer, S. B., & Iwasaki, A. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abl4509 · Cited by 189
Immune Evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Variants: What Have We Learnt So Far?
Lazarević, I., Pravica, V., Miljanovic, D., & Cupic, M. D. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13071192 · Cited by 193
Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2
Israelow, B., Mao, T., Klein, J., Song, E., Menasche, B., Omer, S. B., & Iwasaki, A. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444825 · Cited by 189
T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2
Sette, A., Sidney, J., & Crotty, S. (2023) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-101721-061120 · Cited by 191
Self-citationRiou, C., Bruyn, E. D., Stek, C. J., Daroowala, R., Goliath, R. T., Abrahams, F., Said-Hartley, Q., Allwood, B., Hsiao, M., Wilkinson, K. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci149125 · Cited by 207
“61; Supplemental Figure 2A), as previously reported (8, 15, 42, 43).”
Self-citationTriggle, C. R., Bansal, D., Ding, H., Islam, M. M., Farag, E., Hadi, H. A., & Sultan, A. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.631139 · Cited by 187
Kinetics and correlates of the neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans
Vanshylla, K., Di Cristanziano, V., Kleipass, F., Dewald, F., Schommers, P., Gieselmann, L., Gruell, H., Schlotz, M., Ercanoglu, M. S., Stumpf, R., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.015 · Cited by 153
T cell apoptosis characterizes severe Covid-19 disease
André, S., Picard, M., Cezar, R., Roux‐Dalvai, F., Alleaume‐Butaux, A., Soundaramourty, C., Cruz, A. S., Mendes‐Frias, A., Gotti, C., Leclercq, M., et al. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-00936-x · Cited by 185
Anand, S. P., Prévost, J., Nayrac, M., Beaudoin-Bussières, G., Benlarbi, M., Gasser, R., Brassard, N., Laumaea, A., Gong, S. Y., Bourassa, C., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100290 · Cited by 174
Immunogenicity of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in patients with inborn errors of immunity
Hagin, D., Freund, T., Navon, M., Halperin, T., Adir, D., Marom, R., Levi, I., Benor, S., Alcalay, Y., & Freund, N. T. (2021) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.029 · Cited by 174
Notarbartolo, S., Ranzani, V., Bandera, A., Gruarin, P., Bevilacqua, V., Putignano, A. R., Gobbini, A., Galeota, E., Manara, C., Bombaci, M., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abg5021 · Cited by 173
Immune signatures underlying post-acute COVID-19 lung sequelae
Cheon, I. S., Li, C., Son, Y. M., Goplen, N., Wu, Y., Cassmann, T. J., Wang, Z., Wei, X., Tang, J., Li, Y., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abk1741 · Cited by 169
Self-citationHyperinflammatory Immune Response and COVID-19: A Double Edged Sword
Tan, L. Y., Komarasamy, T. V., & Balasubramaniam, V. R. M. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.742941 · Cited by 184
“Detected as early as 2 to 4 days after onset of COVID-19 symptoms (33), CD4+ T cells play an important role in assisting the development of CD8+ cells and B cells.”
BackgroundSukocheva, O. A., Maksoud, R., Beeraka, N. M., Madhunapantula, S. V., Sinelnikov, M. Y., Nikolenko, V. N., Неганова, М. Е., Klochkov, S. G., Kamal, M. A., Staines, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.013 · Cited by 182
“A lower level of memory CD4 T-cells contributed to poorer T cell responses in SARS patients [105].”
COVID-19 vaccination for people with severe mental illness: why, what, and how?
Mazereel, V., Assche, K. V., Detraux, J., & Binder, M. D. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30564-2 · Cited by 181
The impact of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity on SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses
Murray, S. M., Ansari, M. A., Frater, J., Klenerman, P., Dunachie, S. J., Barnes, E. J., & Ogbe, A. (2022) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00809-x · Cited by 173
Tauzin, A., Nayrac, M., Benlarbi, M., Gong, S. Y., Gasser, R., Beaudoin-Bussières, G., Brassard, N., Laumaea, A., Vézina, D., Prévost, J., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.001 · Cited by 193
The known unknowns of T cell immunity to COVID-19
Karlsson, A. C., Humbert, M., & Buggert, M. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe8063 · Cited by 165
Comparison of the immunogenicity of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac COVID ‐19 vaccines in Hong Kong
Mok, C. K. P., Cohen, C. A., Cheng, S. M. S., Chen, C., Kwok, K., Yiu, K., Chan, T., Bull, M., Ling, K. C., Dai, Z., et al. (2022) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.14191 · Cited by 162
Peripheral and lung resident memory T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2
Grau-Expósito, J., Sánchez-Gaona, N., Massana, N., Suppi, M., Astorga-Gamaza, A., Perea, D., Rosado, J., Falcó-Roget, A., Kirkegaard-Biosca, C., Torrella, A., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23333-3 · Cited by 169
Alterations in T and B cell function persist in convalescent COVID-19 patients
Shuwa, H. A., Shaw, T. N., Knight, S., Wemyss, K., McClure, F. A., Pearmain, L., Prise, I. E., Jagger, C. P., Morgan, D. J., Khan, S., et al. (2020) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2021.03.013 · Cited by 174
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in infection and vaccination
Bertoletti, A., Le Bert, N., Qui, M., & Tan, A. T. (2021) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00743-3 · Cited by 159
“Differences in both humoral and cellular responses in females versus males or in subjects of different ages or with concomitant pathologies are present and have been attentively studied [3, 80].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rydyznski Moderbacher, C., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Grifoni, A., Hastie, K. M., Weiskopf, D., Belanger, S., Abbott, R. K., Kim, C., Choi, J., Kato, Y., Crotty, E. G., Kim, C., Rawlings, S. A., Mateus, J., Tse, L. P. V., Frazier, A., Baric, R., Peters, B., Greenbaum, J., Saphire, E. O., Smith, D. M., Sette, A., & Crotty, S.
- Affiliations
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sette, Alessandro
- Crotty, Shane
- ORCID
- Ramirez, Sydney I.
- Dan, Jennifer M.
- Grifoni, Alba
- Hastie, Kathryn M.
- Weiskopf, Daniela
- Abbott, Robert K.
- Kim, Christina
- Choi, Jinyong
- Kato, Yu
- Kim, Cheryl
- Rawlings, Stephen A.
- Mateus, Jose
- Tse, Long Ping Victor
- Frazier, April
- Baric, Ralph
- Peters, Bjoern
- Greenbaum, Jason
- Saphire, Erica Ollmann
- Smith, Davey M.
- Sette, Alessandro
- Crotty, Shane
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 183
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 996-1012.e19
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7494270
- OpenAlex
- W3084879098
- Cited by
- 1,790
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 180 · 2023: 288 · 2022: 543 · 2021: 517 · 2020: 62
- FWCI
- 46.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-006133)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19 AI118626, AI100625, 75N9301900065, AI142742, AI145762, AI135078)
- National Institutes of Health
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
- University of California, San Diego
- Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- Wellcome
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutralizing antibodies, disease severity, age, naive T cells, immunosenescence
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Acute Disease, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antibodies, Viral, Antigens, Viral, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Severity of Illness Index, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Young Adult, Adaptive Immunity, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
