Distribution, sources and human risk of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a receiving riverine environment of the Nanjing urban area, East China
Abstract
In recent years, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have become ubiquitously distributed in water environments, especially in riverine waters receiving effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban areas. With rapid economic development, China has become the main market of manufacturing and consuming fluorinated products. While studies concerning PFAAs on dimension of urban water system are scarce. To elucidate the distribution patterns of PFAAs using multi-matrices, the effects of spatial-temporal factors on the partition behaviors of PFAAs were investigated in different riverine environments in the downtown area of Nanjing, East China. Predominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), sum PFAAs (∑PFAAs) in the water phase were with concentrations of 0.8˜274.6 ng/L, characteristically higher in the dry season and lower in the wet season. The composition profiles in sediments (∑PFAAs 0.8˜11.4 ng/g dry weight) differed from that in water, being with a larger proportion of longer-chain PFAAs. The main sources of PFAAs in water were identified as industrial discharge, uncontrolled sewage discharge or WWTP effluents, surface runoff and nonpoint sources. The discharge fluxes of ∑PFAAs from Nanjing City can reach at 916.5 g/d for the Qinhuai River and 134.1 g/d for WWTPs along the Yangtze River. Fish have been shown to accumulate PFAAs in various tissues, with bioaccumulation positively correlated with perfluoroalkyl chain length. The hazard indexes associated with consumption of river fish were estimated low for Nanjing local population.
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Transportation corridors are a major non-point source of PFAS, particularly for short-chain species.
“The strong association between traffic intensity and PFAS loading [52] suggests that transportation corridors are a major non-point source of PFAS, particularly for short-chain species.”
From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Urban Stormwater Runoff: Insights from a Roadside Rain Garden (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Dong, H., Lu, G., Yan, Z., Liu, J., Yang, H., Zhang, P., Jiang, R., Bao, X., & Nkoom, M.
- Affiliations
- Hohai University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Guanghua
- Venue
- Journal of Hazardous Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 381
- Pages
- 120911
- ISSN
- 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2964054575
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 3.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hazardous Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Funds for Creative Research Groups of China (51421006)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51879228)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2018B43614)
- Programme for Scientific Research Innovation Team in Colleges and Universities of Tibet Autonomous Region
- Priority Academic Programme Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluorooctanoic acid, wastewater treatment plant effluent, sediment contamination, seasonal variation, source apportionment, industrial discharge, surface runoff, non-point source pollution, fish bioaccumulation, human health risk, hazard index, Qinhuai River, Yangtze River, Nanjing
- MeSH terms
- Dietary Exposure, Adult, Animals, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Fatty Acids, Fishes, Fluorocarbons, Food Contamination, Humans, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Risk Assessment, Geologic Sediments, Rivers
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