Recent advances in cortisol sensing technologies for point-of-care application
Abstract
Everyday lifestyle related issues are the main cause of psychological stress, which contributes to health disparities experienced by individuals. Prolonged exposure to stress leads to the activation of signaling pathways from the brain that leads to release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Various biomarkers have been affected by psychological stress, but cortisol "a steroid hormone" is known as a potential biomarker for its estimation. Cortisol can also be used as a target analyte marker to determine the effect of exposure such as organophosphates on central nervous system, which alters the endocrine system, leading to imbalance in cortisol secretion. Cortisol secretion of individuals depends on day-night cycle and field environment hence its detection at point-of-care (POC) is deemed essential to provide personalized healthcare. Chromatographic techniques have been traditionally used to detect cortisol. The issues relating to assay formation, system complexity, and multistep extraction/purification limits its application in the field. In order to overcome these issues and to make portable and effective miniaturized platform, various immunoassays sensing strategies are being explored. However, electrochemical immunosensing of cortisol is considered as a recent advancement towards POC application. Highly sensitive, label-free and selective cortisol immunosensor based on microelectrodes are being integrated with the microfluidic system for automated diurnal cortisol monitoring useful for personalized healthcare. Although the reported sensing devices for cortisol detection may have a great scope to improve portability, electronic designing, performance of the integrated sensor, data safety and lifetime for point-of-care applications, This review is an attempt to describe the various cortisol sensing platforms and their potential to be integrated into a wearable system for online and continuous monitoring of cortisol rhythm at POC as a function of one's environment.
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Skin topography, skin temperature, and pH may interfere considerably with measurement results when sweat is sensed directly on the skin.
“In addition, since sweat is not sampled but sensed directly on the skin, the skin topography, skin temperature[ 10 ] and pH[ 11 ] may interfere considerably with the measurement results.”
From MicroSweat: A wearable microfluidic patch for noninvasive and reliable sweat collection enables human stress monitoring (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Vents located on top of the storage chambers that are <300 μm in diameter prevent sweat evaporation and help preserve the molecular contents of the sweat in the stored fibers.
“The vents located on top of the storage chambers are <300 µm in diameter to prevent sweat evaporation (based on the Langmuir's free evaporation equation in vacuum[ 11 , 18 ] (see Section S4, Supporting Information) and help preserve the molecular contents of the sweat in the stored fibers.”
From MicroSweat: A wearable microfluidic patch for noninvasive and reliable sweat collection enables human stress monitoring (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Kaushik, A., Vasudev, A., Arya, S. K., Pasha, S. K., & Bhansali, S.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Kaushik, Ajeet
- Bhansali, Shekhar
- Venue
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 53
- Pages
- 499-512
- ISSN
- 0956-5663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2013008702
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Forensic Sciences Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (R44MH085474)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Electrochemistry › Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
- Keywords
- cortisol detection, point-of-care testing, electrochemical immunosensor, microelectrodes, microfluidics, wearable sensors, diurnal cortisol rhythm, organophosphate exposure, personalized healthcare, label-free detection
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Hydrocortisone, Immunoassay, Biosensing Techniques, Point-of-Care Systems, Microfluidics, Precision Medicine
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