The Mediating and Buffering Effect of Academic Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Academic Procrastination

Li, Ling; Gao, Haiyin; Xu, Yanhua

doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104001

Cited by 189Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesImpact of Technology on AdolescentsStudent Stress and Coping

The Mediating and Buffering Effect of Academic Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Academic Procrastination

Li, Ling, Gao, Haiyin, Xu, Yanhua·2020·Computers & Education

DOI 10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104001

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Strong associations exist between social media addiction and academic procrastination among university students.
“Recent studies by Suárez-Perdomo et al. [11] and Li et al. [12] have confirmed strong associations between social media addiction and academic procrastination among university students”
From Social Media Addiction and Procrastination in Peruvian University Students: Exploring the Role of Emotional Regulation and Age Moderation (2025) · cites this paper as Li et al. [12]

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“This study focuses on personal factors in the I-PACE model, investigating individual attributes, such as academic self-efficacy and academic stress, which have proven to be strong indicators of problematic behaviors among college students (Li et al., 2020; Mun, 2023; Parmaksız, 2022).”
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“” Of course, this is not in con ﬂ ict with the fact that lack of PA is a potential threat factor for burnout ( Cheung & Li, 2019 ; Naczenski et al., 2017 ).”
Background
Academic Procrastination and Negative Emotions Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating and Buffering Effects of Online-Shopping Addiction
Wang, Q., Kou, Z., Du, Y., Wang, K., & Xu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789505 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of phubbing, a behavioral problem, on academic procrastination: The mediating and moderating role of academic self‐efficacy
Parmaksız, İ. (2022) · Psychology in the schools (Print) · doi:10.1002/pits.22765 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Investigation on the Reciprocal Relationship of Problematic Smartphone Use with Bedtime Procrastination, Sleep Quality, and Mental Health Among University Students
Cemei, L., Sriram, S., Holý, O., & Rehman, S. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s472299 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“32,33 The personality trait theory posits enduring characteristics or traits that can predict an individual’s behavior.”
Background
Association Between Anxiety Symptoms and Problematic Smartphone Use Among Chinese University Students: The Mediating/Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy
Li, Y., Li, G.-X., Yu, M., Liu, C., Qu, Y., & Wu, H. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.581367 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Similarly, a low level of selfefficacy was associated with a higher level of PSU severity (24, 25).”
BackgroundInfluential
Short Video Addiction on the Interaction of Creative Self-Efficacy and Career Interest to Innovative Design Profession Students
Lin, I.-T., Shen, Y.-M. P., Shih, M.-J., & Ho, C. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11040579 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Bidirectional relations between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination among Chinese university students: Self-control as a mediator
Chen, S., Liao, J., Wang, X., Wei, M., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.09.033 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
ROLE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT TOWARD STUDENT ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY IN ONLINE LEARNING DURING PANDEMIC
Saefudin, W., Sriwiyanti, S., & Yusoff, S. H. M. (2021) · JURNAL TATSQIF · doi:10.20414/jtq.v19i2.4221 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The mediating role of personality traits on the relationship between academic self-efficacy and digital addiction
Parmaksız, İ. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-10996-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Academic self-efficacy has significant negative relationships with behaviors that trigger digital addiction such as problematic internet use (Odacı, 2011) and smart-phone addiction (Li et al., 2020) and problematic online game use (Kim & Kim, 2010).”
BackgroundResult
The role of smartphones in college students’ mind-wandering during learning
Şumuer, E., & Kasikci, D. N. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104616 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Academic procrastination using social media: A cross‐sectional study with middle school students on the buffering and moderator roles of self‐control and gender
Üztemur, S., & Dinç, E. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22818 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Impact of smartphones on students: How age at first use and duration of usage affect learning and academic progress
Han, S. (2022) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stimulating creativity in the classroom: examining the impact of sense of place on students’ creativity and the mediating effect of classmate relationships
Zhang, J., Yang, Y.-K., Ge, J., Liang, X., & An, Z. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01479-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Thus, the issue of common method bias in this study was relatively small [109].”
Method
A one-year longitudinal study on the mediating role of problematic TikTok use and gender differences in the association between academic stress and academic procrastination
Liu, Q., & Li, J. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03654-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Recent research has demonstrated a link between problematic smartphone use and academic procrastination (e.g., Kaya, 2024; Li et al., 2020), as smartphones have emerged as the primary means of accessing the Internet.”
Effects of short video addiction on college students' physical activity: the chain mediating role of self-efficacy and procrastination
Zhao, Z., & Kou, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1429963 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Influencia del autoconcepto y autoeficacia académica sobre la procrastinación académica en universitarios peruanos
Fernández, J. P., & Chaparro, J. E. T. (2022) · Propósitos y Representaciones · doi:10.20511/pyr2022.v10n1.1361 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The impact of exercise self-efficacy on college students’ emotion management ability: an analysis of the mediating effects based on exercise behavior and screen media use
Zhu, W., Li, B., Lou, H., Mu, F.-Z., & Liu, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1456753 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“My other hand”: The central role of smartphones and SNSs in Korean students’ lives and studies
Webster, T. E., & Paquette, J. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107447 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Smartphone addiction and psychological wellbeing among adolescents: the multiple mediating roles of academic procrastination and school burnout
Kaya, B. (2024) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2024.2304208 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In addition to academic procrastination, this addiction has been reported to be negatively related to adolescent academic achievement (Seo et al., 2016), academic self-e ﬃ cacy (Li et al., 2020), academic resilience, and academic self-regulation (Teymorzadeh et al., 2022).”
Influential
Academic procrastination of nursing students in higher vocational college: Application of latent profile analysis and network analysis
Zhou, Y. T., Cao, C., Liu, L., Liu, Z., & Liu, J. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104296 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Youths’ Habitual Use of Smartphones Alters Sleep Quality and Memory: Insights from a National Sample of Chinese Students
Li, X., Fu, S., Fu, Q., & Zhong, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052254 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Despite many studies focusing on smartphone use of young students within global contexts and developed countries, less is known about the youths’ conditions in developing countries, like China.”
BackgroundInfluential
Examining the Relationships between Helicopter Parenting, Self-Control, Self-Efficacy, and Multi-Screen Addiction among Turkish Emerging Adults
Gökalp, Z. Ş. (2022) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2022.2151336 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Existing studies in the literature highlighted that a low level of self-efficacy was associated with maladaptive behavior such as academic procrastination (Li et al., 2020), delinquency, alcohol use, risky sex (Ludwig & Pittman, 1999), and technological addictions (Berte et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Factors influencing internet addiction among university students: The mediating roles of self-control and anxiety
Chen, M., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104535 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Mediation Effect of Academic Self-Efficacy on Academic Procrastination, Performance, and Satisfaction of Chinese Local Technology University Undergraduates
Tian, Q., Mustapha, S. M., & Min, J. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s479189 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“64,65 Following a thorough analysis of existing literature, it is evident that only a limited number of studies have directly investigated this particular mediational pathway.”
Background
Relationship between academic procrastination and internet addiction in Peruvian university students: the mediating role of academic self-efficacy
Chavez-Yacolca, D. R., Castro-Champión, R. B., Cisneros-Gonzales, N. M., Cunza-Aranzábal, D. F., Morales-García, M., & Abanto-Ramírez, C. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1454234 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Influence of Smartphone Addiction, Personality Traits, Achievement Motivation on Problem-solving Ability of University Students
Ran, Y. (2022) · Journal of Psychology and Behavior Studies · doi:10.32996/jpbs.2022.2.1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Research on the relationship between social support and academic self-efficacy among college students: a multivariate empirical analysis
Chen, C., Zhu, Y., & Xiao, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1507075 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Smartphone addiction and academic procrastination among college students: a serial mediation model of self-control and academic self-efficacy
Zhao, X., Wang, H., Ma, Z.-M., Zhang, L., & Chang, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1572963 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Other studies also found that individuals with high AS-E often exhibit a stronger belief in their capacity to manage academic tasks effectively, making them more inclined to take the initiative and complete them on time, thereby reducing their propensity for procrastination (36).”
Influential
Fear of Missing Out and Irrational Procrastination in the Mobile Social Media Environment: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Li, X., & Ye, Y. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0052 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“42,43 Mediating effect of cognitive failure It was found that cognitive failure completely mediated the relationship between FoMO and irrational procrastination in mobile social media environments.”
Gender difference in the relationship between academic self‐efficacy, personal growth initiative, and engagement among Turkish undergraduates: A multigroup modeling
Gülşen, F. U., & Şahin, E. E. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22952 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Parental emotional neglect and academic procrastination: the mediating role of future self-continuity and ego depletion
Ma, C., & Song, J. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16274 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Individual variables such as self-regulation, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and fear of failure all influence academic procrastination ( Li, Gao & Xu, 2020 ; Ma et al., 2022 ; Wang et al., 2021 ; Zarrin, Gracia & Paixão, 2020 ) Meanwhile, negative emotional states, such as anxiety, depression, and…”
Background
Perceived Social Mobility and Smartphone Dependence in University Students: The Roles of Hope and Family Socioeconomic Status
Xiao, L., Yao, M., & Liu, H. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s455939 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“7 Therefore, it is of great practical significance to explore the protective factors and potential formation mechanisms of smartphone dependence among university students.”
Relationship of smartphone dependence with personal states and properties
Шейнов, В. П. (2020) · Journal of the Belarusian State University Sociology · doi:10.33581/2521-6821-2020-4-120-127 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Loneliness, academic self-efficacy, and student engagement in the online learning environment: the role of humor in learning
Ramli, M., Cahyadi, A., Mizani, H., Hendryadi, H., & Mais, R. G. (2023) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.58459/rptel.2024.19002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
How to Procrastinate Productively With ADHD: A Study of Smartphone Use, Depression, and Other Academic Variables Among University Students With ADHD Symptoms
Müller, V., Mellor, D. J., & Piko, B. F. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231171724 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“, 2018), a lack of academic self-efficacy (Li et al., 2020), or avoidance during cognitively stressful work (Davis et al.”
Background
The relationship between mobile phone dependence and academic burnout in Chinese college students: a moderated mediator model
Li, N., Fu, L., Yang, H., Zhao, W., Wang, X., Yan, Y., & Fu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1382264 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Does TikTok addiction exist? A qualitative study
Caponnetto, P., Lanzafame, I., Chiara Prezzavento, G., Fakhrou, A., Lenzo, V., Sardella, A., Ali Moussa, M., & C. Quattropani, M. (2025) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.52965/001c.127796 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Academic self-efficacy and career decision-making self-efficacy: effects on academic major satisfaction via career optimism
Gerçek, M., & Atay, S. E. (2022) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-022-09568-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In this sense, investigations including objective variables such as GPA may be included in future research in order to examine the effects of academic self-efficacy and career decision-making self-efficacy on objec-tive outcomes.”
Influential
A motivational approach to understanding problematic smartphone use and negative outcomes in university students
Tamayo, J. P. M., Rocchi, M., St-Denis, B., Bonneville, L., & Beaudry, S. G. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107842 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The impact of internet use on adolescents’ health: empirical evidence from China
Du, N., Liu, L., Zhang, L., & Yin, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1404574 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“However, inappropriate Internet use may damage academic self-ef ﬁ cacy, thereby hindering physical and mental health (42, 43).”
Background
Exploring the influence of core self-evaluation on students’ academic self-efficacy: a qualitative study considering anxiety and interpersonal responses
Zeb, I., Khan, A., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-07-2024-0343 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mediating Effect of Digital Addiction on The Relationship Between Academic Motivation and Life Satisfaction in University Students
Atasever, A. N., Çelik, L., & Eroğlu, Y. (2022) · Participatory Educational Research · doi:10.17275/per.23.2.10.1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Academic procrastination, incentivized and self-selected spaced practice, and quiz performance in an online programming problem system: An intensive longitudinal investigation
Zhang, Y., Paquette, L., & Hu, X. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105029 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Path analysis reveals cross-country differences between Czech and Chinese university students in effect of internet and smartphone addiction, mental health, and personality traits on academic achievement in the post-pandemic era
Kvintová, J., Novotný, J., Liu, H., Vachova, L., & Kantor, J. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02069-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Academic Encouragement and Academic Wellbeing: Mediating Roles of Grit and Hope
Okur, S., Eksı, H., Demırcı, İ., & Ekşi, F. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231181302 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“However, receiving encouragement can enable individuals to have hope in their lives and feel academically competent (Li et al., 2020), which, in turn, positively affects their wellbeing (Demirci, 2020).”
Exploring research trends of procrastination: a bibliometric analysis during 2010 to 2020
Sharma, G., & Kulshreshtha, K. (2023) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-10-2021-0578 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Uso problemático del smartphone y procrastinación en el ámbito académico: un meta-análisis
Hidalgo-Fuentes, S. (2022) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v20i57.5629 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Social Media Addiction and Procrastination in Peruvian University Students: Exploring the Role of Emotional Regulation and Age Moderation
Fuentes Chavez, S. E., Vera-Calmet, V. G., Aguilar-Armas, H. M., Yglesias Alva, L. A., Arbulú Ballesteros, M. A., & Alegria Silva, C. E. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13091072 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mapping gender networks of smartphone addiction and academic procrastination: a network analysis study
Song, L., Liu, Z., Yang, Y., & Yuan, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1557684 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Understanding and Reacting to the Digital Distraction Phenomenon in College Classrooms
Flanigan, A. E., Babchuk, W. A., & Kim, J. H. (2022) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9243-4.ch001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Social media use and academic outcomes: the mediating role of grit
Kim, E., Gentile, D. A., & Linder, J. R. (2024) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-09973-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Finally, problematic smartphone use and problematic internet use were both associated with low academic self-efficacy (Li et al., 2020; Odaci, 2011).”
How Perceived Positive Parenting Style Protects Against Academic Procrastination in Children: The Mediating Roles of Emotional Resilience and School Emotional Engagement
Wei, J., Gu, W., Xiao, H., & Nie, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070890 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“These attributes enhance a child’s confidence, motivation, organization, and persistence, all of which help lessen procrastination (Batool, 2020; Katz et al., 2014; L. Li et al., 2020; Sparfeldt & Schwabe, 2024; Zhao et al., 2022).”
A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Understanding Procrastination: Does Inaccurate Value Approximation Cause Irrational Postponing of a Task?
Feng, Z., Nagase, A. M., & Morita, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.660595 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The mediating effect of geospatial thinking on the relationship between family capital and academic achievement in geography
Zhang, J., Su, T., Liang, X., Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Yu, Y., & Ge, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1067198 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“217%, much less than the 40% threshold, so the common method bias problem in this study was small(Li et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Learners’ web navigation behaviour beyond learning management systems: A way into addressing procrastination in online learning?
Pogorskiy, E., & Beckmann, J. F. (2022) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100094 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
PROKRASTINASI AKADEMIK DAN MANAJEMEN WAKTU TERHADAP STRES AKADEMIK PADA MAHASISWA DI MASA PANDEMI: REVIEW LITERATUR
Bela, A., Thohiroh, S., Efendi, Y. R., & Rahman, S. (2023) · Jurnal Psikologi Wijaya Putra (Psikowipa) · doi:10.38156/psikowipa.v4i1.59 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The relationship between smartphone addiction, academic procrastination, and anxiety: evidence from a diary-based approach
Su, M., Zhang, J., Xu, Y., & Hu, J. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105517 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Peer effects on rural children’s depression: do online games matter?
Huang, L. S., Cao, Y., Liu, Y., Zhu, W., & Zhou, M. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02271-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In accordance with existing research, the study controlled for gender, age, parental supervision, preferred online game type, perception of self-worth, self-efficacy, and play frequency [13, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25–27 , 45 ].”
Academic procrastination as a mediator between learning environment and academic performance
Sun, T., Huynh, R., & Kim, J.-E. (2023) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/21695067231192638 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Role of Procrastination as a Mediator of Self-Efficacy and Emotional State in Academic Situations
Morin-Huapaya, J. C., Yupanqui-Lorenzo, D. E., Tamayo, M. J. C., Acosta-Porzoliz, R. P. E., & Quispilaya-Capcha, K. L. (2023) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-4327e3340 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Examination of non-cognitive variables affecting academic achievement: a conceptual model proposal
Durak, H. Y., Simsir-Gokalp, Z., Seki, T., Sarıtepeci, M., & Dilmac, B. (2022) · Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology · doi:10.1007/s11135-022-01580-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In the literature, many studies are examining the correlation between AP and screen events such as using social media disorder (Al Shaibani 2020), Internet (Hayat et al. 2020), and smartphone addiction (Li et al. 2020).”
Background
Internet Addiction among College Students from 20 Countries: Scoping Review of Risk Factors and Impact on Academic Procrastination and Sleep Quality
Sarfo, J. O., Amoadu, M., & Ansah, E. W. (2023) · International Journal of Media and Information Literacy · doi:10.13187/ijmil.2023.2.382 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Impact of Executive Dysfunction on Anxiety in Hearing-Impaired College Students: Smartphone Addiction as a Mediator and Academic Procrastination as a Moderator
Xiong, Z., Li, G., Chen, J., & Li, P. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s470293 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fenomena Prokrastinasi Akademik Pada Mahasiswa: Bagaimana Kaitannya Dengan Kecanduan Smartphone Saat Pandemi COVID-19 Berlangsung?
Novalyne, P. O., & Soetjiningsih, C. H. (2022) · Psikoborneo Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.30872/psikoborneo.v10i3.8636 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
ProTaskinator: A Persuasive Mobile Application for Reducing Procrastination in University Students
Jha, S., Pho, N. S. H., & Orji, R. (2023) · SeGAH ... IEEE ... International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health/IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health · doi:10.1109/segah57547.2023.10253783 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sosyal Medya Tükenmişlik Ölçeği: Öğretmen Adayları Özelinde Türk Kültürüne Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik ÇalışmasıI
Üztemur, S. (2022) · Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.38151/akef.2022.15 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Comparing The Effect of Virtual and Face-to-Face Education on Learning Motivation and Procrastination in Elementary School Students During the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)
Afrashteh, M. Y., & Seighalani, M. K. (2021) · Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal · doi:10.52547/ieepj.3.3.225 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How academic stress leads to artificial intelligence-generated design dependency: the roles of academic procrastination and help-seeking behavior
Wang, D., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1794730 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“As procrastination accumulates over time, students experience growing pressure to find quick solutions (Li et al., 2020; Xie J. et al., 2023; Yang and Chen, 2025).”
Predicting Academic Performance from Future-Oriented Daily Time Management Behavior: A LASSO-Based Study of First-Year College Students
Zuo, M., Wang, K., Tang, P., Xiao, M., Zhou, X., & Luo, H. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091242 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“However, most research focuses on a single category of time management behaviors (Li et al., 2020), neglecting the interaction between multiple behaviors.”
Procrastinación académica: un estudio descriptivo con estudiantes de secundaria
Chura‐Quispe, G., Carazas, S. M. C., Marrón, M. S. C., & Quintanilla, A. V. (2021) · Apuntes Universitarios · doi:10.17162/au.v11i4.759 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smartphone Addiction, Religiosity, and Academic Procrastination among College Students: the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and Self-Regulated Learning
Sujadi, E., & Sulistiyo, U. (2025) · Psychological Science and Education · doi:10.17759/pse.2025300105 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Relationship between Geographical Self-Efficacy and Academic Achievements in Geography: A Moderated Mediating Model
Wang, L., Li, L., Meng, X., Gao, Q., & Fan, M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16072682 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Efecto de la autoeficacia y eutrés en la procrastinación: un análisis multigrupo.
Yupanqui-Lorenzo, D. E., Carhuaz, E. S. O., Capurro, V. M. P., & Alponte, A. A. R. (2023) · Revista Fuentes · doi:10.12795/revistafuentes.2023.21318 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Analysis of Academic Self-Efficacy, University Graduation Expectations and Academic Procrastination Behaviors
Çayir, E., & Kahveci, H. (2025) · Osmangazi Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.59409/ojer.1620174 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Over-gaming burns me out: The indirect role of academic procrastination between digital game addiction severity and school burnout among adolescents
Kaya, B., & Sarpkaya, A. (2025) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/01430343251376767 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…preliminary studies have shown a positive association between other types of addition and academic procrastin-ation, including smartphone addiction (Li et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022), social media addiction (Kurker & Surucu, 2024; Suárez-Perdomo et al., 2022), and internet addiction (Aznar-Díaz…”
Structural Modeling of Turkish Sports Science Students’ Addiction on Social Media and Academic Procrastination: The Mediating Role of Academic Self-Efficacy
Işıkgöz, M. E., Sezan, T., Yüksel, A., & Öztunç, M. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251376854 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This is in line with previous research (Hou et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020; Mou et al., 2024) and supports the notion that self-efficacy in academic contexts serves as a protective factor by enhancing students’ ability to self-regulate and stay focused despite digital distractions.”

Smartphone addiction and academic procrastination among college students: a serial mediation model of self-control and academic self-efficacy
Zhao, X., Wang, H., Ma, Z.-M., Zhang, L., & Chang, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1572963 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Effect of Social Support and Self-Efficacy on Academic Procrastination with Smartphone Addiction as an Intervening Variable in Completing Final Students' Assignments
Mufliha, D. I., Erlangga, E., & Sugiarti, R. (2025) · Ranah Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development · doi:10.38035/rrj.v7i5.1630
Smartphone addiction, academic procrastination, and academic achievement: The mediating role of self-efficacy among automotive engineering students in Kenya
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Authors: Li, L., Gao, H., & Xu, Y.
Affiliations: Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
Fu Jen Catholic University (TW)
Capital Normal University (CN)
Corresponding author: Li, Ling
Xu, Yanhua
ORCID: Li, Ling
Xu, Yanhua
Venue: Computers & Education
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-12
Volume: 159
Pages: 104001
ISSN: 0360-1315 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104001
OpenAlex: W3082176005
Cited by: 189
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 2
FWCI: 9.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Computers & Education (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
Keywords: smartphone addiction, academic procrastination, academic self-efficacy, mediating effect, buffering effect, university students

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The Mediating and Buffering Effect of Academic Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Academic Procrastination

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