The DOI matches its Crossref record; 235 of the 240 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 150 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence
Open accessAbstract
In the past decade, the number of epidemiological publications addressing environmental chemical exposures and autism has grown tremendously. These studies are important because it is now understood that environmental factors play a larger role in causing autism than previously thought and because they address modifiable risk factors that may open up avenues for the primary prevention of the disability associated with autism. In this review, we covered studies of autism and estimates of exposure to tobacco, air pollutants, volatile organic compounds and solvents, metals (from air, occupation, diet, dental amalgams, and thimerosal-containing vaccines), pesticides, and organic endocrine-disrupting compounds such as flame retardants, non-stick chemicals, phthalates, and bisphenol A. We included studies that had individual-level data on autism, exposure measures pertaining to pregnancy or the 1st year of life, valid comparison groups, control for confounders, and adequate sample sizes. Despite the inherent error in the measurement of many of these environmental exposures, which is likely to attenuate observed associations, some environmental exposures showed associations with autism, especially traffic-related air pollutants, some metals, and several pesticides, with suggestive trends for some volatile organic compounds (e.g., methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, and styrene) and phthalates. Whether any of these play a causal role requires further study. Given the limited scope of these publications, other environmental chemicals cannot be ruled out, but have not yet been adequately studied. Future research that addresses these and additional environmental chemicals, including their most common routes of exposures, with accurate exposure measurement pertaining to several developmental windows, is essential to guide efforts for the prevention of the neurodevelopmental damage that manifests in autism symptoms.
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes epidemiological research on environmental chemical exposures and autism, focusing on exposures during conception, pregnancy, and the first postnatal year. It concludes that some traffic-related air pollutants, metals, and pesticides show associations with autism, with suggestive evidence for certain volatile organic compounds and phthalates, but causality remains unproven.
Key findings
- Among 32 included publications, associations were most consistent for traffic-related and criteria air pollutants (e.g., PM2.5, PM10, NO2), some metals, and several pesticides; associations were often stronger for late pregnancy and the first year of life.
- Direct maternal smoking during pregnancy showed no strong causal link with autism overall, though a possible signal for higher-functioning autism was complicated by sociodemographic confounding.
- Thimerosal-containing vaccines showed mostly null results, with most odds ratios between 0.9 and 1.2 and confidence intervals crossing the null; exceptions were imprecise or inconsistent with biologic plausibility.
- Some volatile organic compounds (methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, styrene) had consistently elevated associations, and phthalates were suggestive; evidence for PCBs, flame retardants, non-stick chemicals, and bisphenol A was inconclusive.
Methods
- The authors reviewed human population-based epidemiological studies published in English-language peer-reviewed journals before March 1, 2014, requiring individual-level autism data, exposure during conception/pregnancy/first postnatal year, valid comparison groups, confounder control, and adequate sample size or precision.
- Searches used PubMed, Google Scholar, personal libraries, and citation tracking; 58 publications met initial inclusion criteria, 26 were excluded for validity or precision concerns, leaving 32 included publications, some reporting multiple chemicals.
- Included designs were cohort, nested case–control, and case–control studies; autism measures included clinical diagnoses and continuous autism phenotype measures, while exposure measures included biomarkers, residential proximity, air pollution models, questionnaires, and registries.
Limitations
- The paper states that exposure measurement error is common and likely attenuates observed associations, and that many chemicals and common exposure routes remain inadequately studied.
- The paper notes that small samples, wide confidence intervals, residual confounding (e.g., socioeconomic status, season, traffic noise, co-pollutants, genetics), and etiologic heterogeneity may dilute or mask true effects, and that causal conclusions cannot yet be drawn.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review rather than a systematic meta-analysis, with subjective decisions about including one estimate per chemical–autism question and no formal assessment of publication bias.
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In the paper
“Associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and higher-functioning autism were elevated compared to associations with lower-functioning autism for two studies”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Lee, 2011, Brief report: maternal smoking during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Kalkbrenner, 2012, Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders, using data from the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, Environ Health Perspect source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The published literature on the role of tobacco is currently limited by the absence of any measures of secondhand smoke exposure to the mother during pregnancy.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
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In the paper
“The importance of social class confounding for studies of tobacco and autism was affirmed in the results: associations were altered after adjustment for factors such as maternal education or income.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies examining the continuous autism phenotype also suggested that tobacco may impact higher-functioning autism (Fig. 1).53,54”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Indredavik, 2007, Prenatal smoking exposure and psychiatric symptoms in adolescence, Acta Paediatr source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Ronald, 2010, Exploring the relation between prenatal and neonatal complications and later autistic-like features in a representative community sample of twins, Child Dev source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven publications of traffic-related and criteria air pollutants met our inclusion criteria for further consideration (Table 6).”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
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In the paper
“For almost every pollutant and every study, associations were stronger for exposures in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and the 1st year of life compared to in earlier pregnancy (Fig. 3).”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a few groups of VOCs (paints and chlorinated solvents) showed elevated associations compared to other groups”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results for VOC exposures and autism were scattered above and below the null, a pattern expected to result from sampling error when no causal relationship exists”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the published literature shows associations between traffic-related and criteria air pollutants and the development of autism”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most studies have not accounted for the correlations between multiple chemical pollutants or the differences in air pollutant mixtures between the West and East coasts of the U.S.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 89
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of these studies were scattered above and below the null, with most confidence intervals crossing the null, consistent with no association between direct maternal smoking in pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis, overall (Fig. 1).”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the U.S. and Canada, associations were higher after adjusting for sociodemographic variables,52,57 whereas in European countries (Sweden, Finland, and Norway), associations were attenuated after adjustment.51,53,58,59”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Kalkbrenner, 2012, Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders, using data from the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, Environ Health Perspect source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Burstyn, 2010, Autism spectrum disorders, maternal characteristics and obstetric complications among singletons born in Alberta, Canada, Chronic Dis Can source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Lee, 2011, Brief report: maternal smoking during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Indredavik, 2007, Prenatal smoking exposure and psychiatric symptoms in adolescence, Acta Paediatr source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Larsson, 2009, Associations between indoor environmental factors and parental-reported autistic spectrum disorders in children 6–8 years of age, Neurotoxicology source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Tran, 2013, Smoking during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder in a Finnish national birth cohort: smoking during pregnancy and risk of autism, Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although confounding by such family social characteristics was expected, the degree of this confounding was not strong and acted in opposite directions across studies, attenuating ORs in some studies71,72 and producing elevated ORs in other studies.73,74”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Volk, 2011, Residential proximity to freeways and autism in the CHARGE study, Environ Health Perspect source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Volk, 2013, Traffic-related air pollution, particulate matter, and autism, J Am Med Assoc Psychiatry
- Not checked yetcites [73] Becerra, 2012, Ambient air pollution and autism in Los Angeles County, California, Environ Health Perspect source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Kalkbrenner, 2013, Exposure to ambient coarse particulate matter by gestational period and autism spectrum disorders in North Carolina and California, Am J Epidemiol
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results for the included studies showed elevated associations between autism and measures of mixed air pollutant exposures and diesel particulate matter (Fig. 2) and for the individual air pollutants PM2.5, PM10, and NO2, with less consistently elevated associations for NO, ozone, and CO (Fig. 3).”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The size of the ORs was not consistent across studies, despite the standardized comparison of air pollutant concentrations that we calculated, for example, ORs were around 1.5 per 10 ppb increase in NO2 for the California CHARGE study (Fig. 3, red),72 but only 1.04 for the California Department of Developmental Services study (Fig. 3, green).73”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Volk, 2013, Traffic-related air pollution, particulate matter, and autism, J Am Med Assoc Psychiatry
- Not checked yetcites [73] Becerra, 2012, Ambient air pollution and autism in Los Angeles County, California, Environ Health Perspect source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all metals in these studies, results were predominantly above the null, a pattern consistent with either higher risk due to metal exposure or consistent residual confounding across designs, confounding not highly likely given that all of these studies adjusted for socioeconomic status and maternal age, but possible”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adjustment for socioeconomic status and maternal age is sufficient to make residual confounding an unlikely explanation for the metal-autism associations.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the metals chromium and nickel, the ORs were of consistent magnitude across studies, although the exposure concentration comparisons differed somewhat; if combined in a meta-analysis, the expectation would be that precision would improve, resolving elevated associations”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In one study, lead, and, to a lesser extent, manganese, appeared inversely related to autism risk, which could have been caused by a stronger association with the comparison group in this design: children with speech and language impairment”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Kalkbrenner, 2010, Perinatal exposure to hazardous air pollutants and autism spectrum disorders at age 8, Epidemiology source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The comparison group of children with speech and language impairment in one metal study may have a stronger association with lead or manganese, causing inverse findings.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no studies addressed the most common source of arsenic: drinking water, and no studies addressed lead exposure from ingestion of items contaminated with house dust and soil”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all but two of the associations between thimerosal and autism, results were most consistent with a pattern due to chance, demonstrated by ORs of small magnitude (most between 0.9 and 1.2), above and below the null, and with confidence intervals spanning the null, suggesting that thimerosal does not increase autism risk”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metal (Ethylmercury) From Vaccinations
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A pattern of small odds ratios around the null with confidence intervals spanning the null indicates no causal association for thimerosal.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies generally supported an association with elevated risk of autism with pesticide exposure, with most point estimates above the null, many with large enough impacts and statistical precision to rule out sampling error”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A period of susceptibility in early pregnancy was suggested by one study, but this trend did not hold in other studies and requires confirmation.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“many pesticides have not been studied in relation to autism, though most give rise to neurotoxicity”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143] Roberts, 2012, Pesticide exposure in children, Pediatrics source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elevated associations were not limited to one pesticide class, but were found for OC, OP, and other types of pesticides, and were not limited to one exposure route, but seen across studies addressing agricultural drift, use of flea/tick pet treatments, and dietary sources as reflected by biomarkers”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, defining a discrete disorder that reflects a common causal pathway remains elusive. The defining variables are not known.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Susceptibilities and Heterogeneity of Response to Xenobiotic Exposures > Different Responses Across the Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of chemicals not yet studied is large—chemicals that are widely detectable in humans and have animal or mechanistic evidence of the endocrine, immune, epigenetic, and other pathophysiologies that may be involved in causing autism.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While initial studies suggested a strong genetic heritability of autism, recent studies with larger sample sizes have demonstrated a lesser influence, including a study of over 14,000 children with autism in Sweden that demonstrated a heritability of 50%, supporting an equally strong role for environmental risk factors.6”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Introduction and Scope of Review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Sandin, 2014, The familial risk of autism, J Am Med Assoc source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when these studies include an individual measure of autism, proper confounding control is possible and they are not subject to the ecological fallacy.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Individual-Level Data on Autism Diagnoses or Behaviors
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Community-level exposure estimates are reasonable proxies for individual-level exposure.
In the paper
“250 xenobiotic chemicals were detected in biological samples from a 2013 representative sample of the U.S. in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.12”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Introduction and Scope of Review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] US Department of Health and Human Services. Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Updated Tables. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Sep2013.pdf; 2013 Accessed 16.12.13.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all children are tested and so an outside comparison group is not needed”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Individual-Level Data on Autism Diagnoses or Behaviors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“out of a chemical universe topping 80,000 agents, over 1000 have laboratory evidence of neurotoxicity, but only a small fraction have been studied in humans during critical windows of development.10,11”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Introduction and Scope of Review
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have included these studies because the psychometric autism screening tests used have been validated”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Individual-Level Data on Autism Diagnoses or Behaviors
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In aggregate outcome data, it cannot be known that the individual experiencing the exposure is the same individual within the group that had an autism diagnosis. Furthermore, it is not possible to account for individual-level confounding influences in this type of design”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Individual-Level Data on Autism Diagnoses or Behaviors
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measures of the continuous autism phenotype in a general population differ from clinical diagnoses because fewer study children will exhibit symptoms at the upper extreme that would lead to an autism diagnosis, and because the behavioral traits measured may differ from the constructs that led a clinician to diagnose autism.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Individual-Level Data on Autism Diagnoses or Behaviors
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings from controlled laboratory studies on other animals are important in elucidating mechanisms, screening many exposures, and creating highly controlled conditions that strengthen causal inference, but cannot directly address the full spectrum of autism or the real-world human living condition.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Population-Based Human Studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have excluded some estimates with poor precision, which we defined as estimates with a confidence interval ratio or difference (upper 95% CI divided by, for ORs, or with a subtraction of, for slopes, the lower 95% CI) >10. These estimates arose when fewer than five children with autism had the xenobiotic exposure, a commonly used criterion of insufficient sample size.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Adequate Sample Sizes and Statistical Precision
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“metals in hair during childhood may indicate altered metal metabolism and clearance, or altered diet or medication use, any of which could result from autism, instead of contributing to the development of autism.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Prenatal and Early Postnatal Exposures
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study estimates that have greater precision (more narrow confidence intervals) contribute more strongly to the accumulated evidence, for example, they carry more weight when included in a meta-analysis.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Adequate Sample Sizes and Statistical Precision
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“disadvantaged racial/ethnic or sociodemographic groups have been shown to have lower rates of diagnosis1,29 and up to 20% of children are not diagnosed by 8 years of age,1”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Valid Comparisons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2010 Principal Investigators, 2014, Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010, MMWR Surveill Summ
- Not checked yetcites [29] Mandell, 2009, Racial/ethnic disparities in the identification of children with autism spectrum disorders, Am J Public Health source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Later pregnancy and early postnatal life are additionally implicated by accumulating molecular and pathological evidence pointing to altered neuronal connectivity and a resultant perturbation in signaling pathways, systems under intense development in these periods.25,26”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Prenatal and Early Postnatal Exposures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Stamou, 2013, Neuronal connectivity as a convergent target of gene×environment interactions that confer risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Neurotoxicol Teratol source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Levitt, 2009, The genetic and neurobiologic compass points toward common signaling dysfunctions in autism spectrum disorders, J Clin Invest source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Tobacco use in pregnancy was measured by parent recall, which is subject to some degree of under-reporting because of stigma, and by medical data (e.g., birth certificates) that was collected prospectively and considered reasonably valid for measuring in utero tobacco exposure,50 but was still subject to under-reporting.36”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Vinikoor, 2010, Reliability of variables on the North Carolina birth certificate: a comparison with directly queried values from a cohort study, Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Dietz, 2011, Estimates of nondisclosure of cigarette smoking among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age in the United States, Am J Epidemiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By limiting to exposures pertaining to these periods, it is assured that the environmental chemical exposures occurred prior to the development of autism symptoms and could not result from the sequelae of autism.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Prenatal and Early Postnatal Exposures
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An alternate explanation of an elevated (or reduced) measure of association between an environmental chemical and autism is sampling error, often ruled out using standard statistical testing and p values.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Review Methodology: Evaluating the Epidemiological Evidence > Adequate Sample Sizes and Statistical Precision
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A possible link with higher-functioning autism was suggested, but complicated by sociodemographic confounding and the phenotypic overlap with other neurodevelopmental disabilities.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women who continue to smoke when pregnant may be genetically predisposed toward addictive behavior, which in turn may pass along increased genetic loading for neuropathologies that are related to autism risk (e.g., through dopamine or serotonin pathways), complicating the study of tobacco and neurodevelopment.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Tran, 2013, Smoking during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder in a Finnish national birth cohort: smoking during pregnancy and risk of autism, Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although levels of some air pollutants have declined in the U.S. because of the Clean Air Act and vehicle emissions standards, these declines have not put an end to concerns about the health impacts of air pollutants, in part because the developmental impacts of current levels of ambient air pollutants have not been adequately studied.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Air pollutants enter the human body via inhalation and by direct translocation from the nose to the brain via the olfactory bulb.65”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Oberdörster, 2004, Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain, Inhal Toxicol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These patterns may reflect different practices of autism screening and health services access between the U.S. vs. Scandinavian countries, and this hypothesis has direct data support.60”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Rai, 2012, Parental socioeconomic status and risk of offspring autism spectrum disorders in a Swedish population-based study, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“secondhand smoke is a different chemical mixture than primary smoke, (2) there is evidence that secondhand smoke exhibits neurodevelopmental toxicity,61,62 and (3) it is a very common exposure.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Tobacco
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Liu, 2013, Mother׳s environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and externalizing behavior problems in children, Neurotoxicology source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Chen, 2013, Is exposure to secondhand smoke associated with cognitive parameters of children and adolescents?—a systematic literature review, Ann Epidemiol source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Season of birth is also an important potential confounder because the occurrence of autism varies by season of conception for unknown reasons, and because criteria air pollutant concentrations exhibit strong seasonal gradients, so that an observed association between an air pollutant and autism may actually reflect another seasonal risk factor”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller particulate pollutants penetrate more deeply into the lungs than larger particulates and have greater surface area, increasing their biological activity.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies had adequate sample sizes (ranging from 284 to 7594 children with autism) and controlled for appropriate confounders such as maternal age and parents’ education level.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 7,594Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The spatial patterns of air pollutant exposures coincide with other drivers of autism occurrence and detection, necessitating the strong control of socioeconomic confounding for questions about air pollutants and autism.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Season of birth was accounted for in one of the included studies.74”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Kalkbrenner, 2013, Exposure to ambient coarse particulate matter by gestational period and autism spectrum disorders in North Carolina and California, Am J Epidemiol
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is possible that associations observed between autism and air pollutants from traffic could be due wholly or in part to traffic noise, although one attempt to adjust for noise in studies of traffic pollution has not borne this out.76”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Guxens, 2012, Prenatal exposure to residential air pollution and infant mental development: modulation by antioxidants and detoxification factors, Environ Health Perspect source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One potential confounding influence was not explored in any study: that of noise due to traffic. Noise can cause a stress response or interfere with sleep and has been associated with cognitive performance.75”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Clark, 2007, The effect of transportation noise on health and cognitive development: a review of recent evidence, Int J Comp Psychol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fetuses can be exposed to the chemical constituents of the air pollutant itself (e.g., metals) and also to the elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines (or other resultant biologic factors) in the maternal circulation.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Air pollution exposures are widespread. While urban areas are hotspots for air pollutant mixtures—given that air pollutants arise from traffic and population density—rural areas can also have high levels of air pollutants when they are close to factories, waste incineration facilities, and the like.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some air pollutants are known to induce oxidative stress and cause a systemic inflammatory reaction, a proposed mechanism whereby air pollutant exposures may perturb neurodevelopment.66–68”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Levesque, 2011, Diesel exhaust activates and primes microglia: air pollution, neuroinflammation, and regulation of dopaminergic neurotoxicity, Environ Health Perspect source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Calderón-Garcidueñas, 2011, Exposure to severe urban air pollution influences cognitive outcomes, brain volume and systemic inflammation in clinically healthy children, Brain Cogn source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Sunyer, 2008, The neurological effects of air pollution in children, Eur Respir J source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are bolstered by strong study designs and consistent findings across different means of measuring pollutant concentration and identifying children with autism.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Regulated and Traffic-Related Air Pollutants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lead and mercury have strong and consistent evidence of harming the developing nervous system, resulting in impairments such as the loss of IQ points and behavioral problems.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Mendola, 2002, Environmental factors associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental deficits, Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“VOCs are ubiquitous and occur in combination with other VOCs and pollutants covered elsewhere in this review”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The primary route of exposure to VOCs is by inhalation, although VOCs can be ingested through contaminated drinking water and can be dermally absorbed.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Brown, 1984, The role of skin absorption as a route of exposure for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water, Am J Public Health source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the biological half-lives of VOCs range from minutes to days, indicating frequent exposure to these chemicals”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“studies of VOCs and autism, despite being underpowered with some degree of exposure measurement error, have shown patterns suggestive of causal associations that point to the need for more research on certain VOCs”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other VOCs are not cleared from culpability, but instead have simply not been adequately studied.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“VOC concentrations are generally 2–5 times higher in indoor compared to outdoor air”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Wang, 2007, Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: state of the art, Environ Int source
- Not checked yetcites [79] Payne-Sturges, 2004, Personal exposure meets risk assessment: a comparison of measured and modeled exposures and risks in an urban community, Environ Health Perspect source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“VOCs interact with many organ systems, including the nervous system, as demonstrated by evidence in rats of neurodevelopmental toxicity.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Gospe, 1998, Toluene abuse embryopathy: longitudinal neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal exposure to toluene in rats, Reprod Toxicol source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Biologic mechanisms of harm include oxidative stress after metabolism by P450 enzymes and direct interference with cell membrane integrity for the many VOCs that are lipophilic.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Volatile Organic Compounds/Solvents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Barr, 2014, Volatile organic compounds
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thimerosal contains ethylmercury, considered a less toxic form of mercury compared to methylmercury.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metal (Ethylmercury) From Vaccinations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Clarkson, 2003, The toxicology of mercury—current exposures and clinical manifestations, N Engl J Med source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Arsenic is found in contaminated drinking water resulting from arsenical soil, including in some parts of the U.S., with secondary sources including arsenic-treated wood, arsenic-containing pesticides, and some dietary sources”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metals cross the placenta and the blood–brain barrier, accumulate in developing brains, and interact directly at the cellular level through a variety of mechanisms, including interfering with key cellular receptors and causing reactive oxygen species.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One possible reason for the lack of observed elevated association in the Seychelles study is that mercury exposure was almost entirely from fish consumption in this population, so that the impacts of brain-enhancing nutrients contained in fish may have counteracted any toxic impact of mercury.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Beneficial nutrients in fish can counteract mercury toxicity enough to explain the null Seychelles result.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Persistent environmental chemicals like mercury often have affinity for fatty tissues (they are lipophilic) and so are not readily broken down. After widespread use and distribution, such chemicals deposit in waterways and concentrate toward the top of the food chain in predatory fish and human milk.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sociodemographic and neighborhood factors, therefore, are important potential confounders when studying lead (and other metal) exposures.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same fish that contain methylmercury accumulate other persistent organic pollutants, such as those covered later in this review, and also contain beneficial nutrients (e.g., fatty acids), leading to problems of negative and positive confounding from the mixtures of chemicals present in some fish.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The other studies only pertained to less important routes of metal exposure (e.g., air), and so are unlikely to represent the full impact of these metals on autism risk.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mercury exposure, especially the most toxic form, methylmercury, occurs primarily from diet, because it bioaccumulates in the environment.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less important sources of mercury exposure include dental amalgams (during placement and from continual release of trace amounts of mercury vapor for the life of the amalgam) and outside air near coal combustion and some industrial facilities.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the existing studies of autism due to metals from air, occupation, dental amalgams, and diet are suggestive that metal exposure may cause autism but are, for the most part, limited in scope”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metals From Air, Occupation, Dental Amalgams, and Diet
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a representative sample in the U.S., OC pesticides were detected in over 97% of bio-samples, while OP pesticide metabolites were detected in 70%”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] US Department of Health and Human Services. Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Updated Tables. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Sep2013.pdf; 2013 Accessed 16.12.13.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, which never contained thimerosal and so is outside the scope of this review”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metal (Ethylmercury) From Vaccinations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The public health importance of this controversial issue has diminished given the prophylactic removal of thimerosal from pediatric vaccines, although pregnant women may still receive thimerosal-containing influenza vaccines.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metal (Ethylmercury) From Vaccinations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the studies we included met our validity criteria, some minor flaws may have created such an influence.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metal (Ethylmercury) From Vaccinations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included thimerosal studies' validity criteria are adequate to support the conclusion of no association despite minor flaws.
In the paper
“Currently, the only vaccines containing more than trace amounts of thimerosal are some influenza vaccines, to which both infants and pregnant women may be exposed.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metal (Ethylmercury) From Vaccinations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Thimerosal in Vaccines. Table 3. http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/SafetyAvailability/VaccineSafety/UCM096228#t1; updated June 20, 2012. Accessed 28.3.14.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pesticides can pass through the placenta and the blood–brain barrier.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Bradman, 2003, Measurement of pesticides and other toxicants in amniotic fluid as a potential biomarker of prenatal exposure: a validation study, Environ Health Perspect source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over 600 unique chemical pesticides and 20,000 commercial pesticide products, categorized by function as insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, rodenticide, fumigant, and repellant, are on the market, and over one billion pounds are used in the U.S. each year.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Karr, 2014, Pesticides
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the healthiest babies may be given vaccines earlier, and may be independently less likely to develop autism, possibly leading to an artificial influence where earlier vaccines are associated with less autism”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Metal (Ethylmercury) From Vaccinations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Hertz-Picciotto, 2011, Environmental risk factors in autism: results from large-scale epidemiologic studies
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“none adjusted for other agricultural exposures, and it is therefore possible that observed associations between pesticides and autism may, in actuality, be reflecting a causal influence of another chemical along for the ride”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently used chemicals include polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, used as flame-retardant additives to textiles and plastic casings of electronics) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs, used as non-stick coatings in cookware and outdoor gear).”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these studies exhibited reliable information on autism diagnosis or characteristics, used suitable controls with limited selection bias, and accounted for important confounders such as social class and maternal age.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Persistent organic pollutants are synthetic, carbon-based chemicals that accumulate in the environment and in human tissues”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Persistent organic pollutants that were banned by the Stockholm Convention in 2001 include PCBs (heat-stable lubricants used throughout industry) and some dioxins (such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, TCDD”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144] Patterson, 2009, Levels in the U.S. population of those persistent organic pollutants (2003−2004) included in the Stockholm Convention or in other long-range transboundary air pollution agreements, Environ Sci Technol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“OC pesticides are persistent pollutants and some are detectable in the environment and human tissues decades after they have been banned, such as the OC pesticide DDT.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] Xu, 2010, Associations of serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides with breast cancer and prostate cancer in U.S. adults, Environ Health Perspect source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In one study among a largely Hispanic, agricultural community, the association between pesticides and autism may have been overestimated because of unusual performance of the psychometric test in this population and because the study used an OR, which is best suited for rare diseases, for a common outcome.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Hertz-Picciotto, 2011, Environmental risk factors in autism: results from large-scale epidemiologic studies
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Autism is common enough that using an odds ratio may overestimate association in one pesticide study.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this co-pollutant confounding influence is not likely to be large: pesticides are chemicals with demonstrated neurotoxicity and these studies measured pesticides using different methods and across different settings”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Pesticides
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All of these studies adjusted for important sociodemographic confounders, and all except for one adjusted for maternal age.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Larsson, 2009, Associations between indoor environmental factors and parental-reported autistic spectrum disorders in children 6–8 years of age, Neurotoxicology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“maternal age, because older moms were living in times prior to chemical bans and incurred more years to accumulate body burdens, and birth order and breast-feeding practices, in part because breast-feeding is one of the most effective methods of excreting lipophilic chemicals”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [157] Hardell, 2010, Time trends of persistent organic pollutants in Sweden during 1993–2007 and relation to age, gender, body mass index, breast-feeding and parity, Sci Total Environ source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“biomarkers of phthalates and BPA have strengths of being objective, quantitative measures, and in one study were collected more than one time in pregnancy”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Braun, 2014, Gestational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and reciprocal social, repetitive, and stereotypic behaviors in 4- and 5-year-old children: the HOME Study, Environ Health Perspect source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these chemicals are not persistent, that is, they are readily cleared from the human body in part because they are water soluble, exposure is ubiquitous and continuous, so is important to examine for chronic effects.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other pathophysiological mechanisms of these organic pollutants include neurotoxicity or immunotoxicity.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Hertz-Picciotto, 2008, Prenatal exposures to persistent and non-persistent organic compounds and effects on immune system development: prenatal exposures and immune development, Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol source
- Not checked yetcites [148] Kajta, 2013, Impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on neural development and the onset of neurological disorders, Pharmacol Rep source
- Not checked yetcites [149] Landrigan, 2014, Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, furans, DDT, polybrominated compounds, polyfluorinated compounds, and other halogenated hydrocarbons
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“dust biomarker levels are especially high in California, where flammability standards had until recently been more strict than in the U.S. as a whole”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] Zota, 2008, Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of PBDEs in California: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards?, Environ Sci Technol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PBDEs are structurally similar to thyroid hormone, which is required during discrete periods of neurodevelopment.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [146] Messer, 2010, Mini-review: polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants as potential autism risk factors, Physiol Behav source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the difficulty in measuring exposure, especially for phthalates and BPA, which have short half-lives, it is not possible to rule out any of these chemicals from causing neurodevelopmental harm.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Being a male is one of the strongest predictors of being diagnosed with autism, especially higher-functioning autism”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Susceptibilities and Heterogeneity of Response to Xenobiotic Exposures > Greater Susceptibility in Males or Females
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Baron-Cohen, 2010, Empathizing, systemizing, and the extreme male brain theory of autism, Prog Brain Res source
- Not checked yetcites [160] Cheslack-Postava, 2012, Autism spectrum disorders: toward a gendered embodiment model, Soc Sci Med source
- Not checked yetcites [161] Lai, 2013, Biological sex affects the neurobiology of autism, Brain J Neurol source
- Not checked yetcites [162] Schaafsma, 2014, Etiologies underlying sex differences in autism spectrum disorders, Front Neuroendocrinol source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“if transgenerational impacts are implicated via epigenetic mechanisms, these studies may completely miss the relevant exposures that occurred for parents or grandparents”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies to date have focused on the important prenatal period”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Evidence Regarding Environmental Chemical Pollutants > Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Flame Retardants, Non-Stick Chemicals, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the question about whether environmental exposures/compounds, as a whole, cause autism, is not sufficient to guide the primary prevention of autism.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The environment is not a single entity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genetic polymorphisms of possible relevance include those encoding proteins involved in the metabolism or biological activation of the xenobiotic, genes allowing improved resiliency to neurodevelopmental damages, or genes that confer some degree of autism risk that, when combined with xenobiotic damage, result in autism.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Susceptibilities and Heterogeneity of Response to Xenobiotic Exposures > Genetic Susceptibilities
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The very strength of the child sex-autism association presents a research challenge because the number of females with autism in any given study will be much smaller than the number of males, limiting the statistical power to assess sex × environment interactions.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Susceptibilities and Heterogeneity of Response to Xenobiotic Exposures > Greater Susceptibility in Males or Females
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“autism is one manifestation of developmental neurological damage, part of the broader set of neurodevelopmental problems including cognitive impairments, attention-deficit disorders, sensory processing disorders, and more.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Susceptibilities and Heterogeneity of Response to Xenobiotic Exposures > Different Responses Across the Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Children given autism diagnoses vary widely in symptoms, disability level, and co-occurring conditions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different critical windows for different exposures is not unexpected given the various biological activities of environmental chemicals and the many, interwoven events of neurodevelopment, taking place during pregnancy and postnatal life, which, if disrupted, could manifest in autism symptoms.”
§ Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence > Conclusions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Community-level exposure estimates are reasonable proxies for individual-level exposure.
“Community-level exposures (e.g., an air toxic pollutant estimated for a census tract) often serve as reasonable proxies of individual-level exposure, although they include some degree of exposure measurement error.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Environmental chemical exposures can be reduced, opening avenues for primary prevention of autism.
“exposure to these factors can be reduced, opening up viable avenues for the primary prevention of autism”
The paper relies on this without support.
Measurement error in environmental exposure measurement is non-differential with respect to autism and therefore attenuates observed associations.
“Despite the inherent error in the measurement of many of these environmental exposures, which is likely to attenuate observed associations”
“measurement error that would be expected to attenuate findings”
The paper relies on this without support.
Exposure measurement error in the reviewed studies is nondifferential and biases observed associations toward the null.
“which would be expected to attenuate observed ORs”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adjustment for socioeconomic status and maternal age is sufficient to make residual confounding an unlikely explanation for the metal-autism associations.
“confounding not highly likely given that all of these studies adjusted for socioeconomic status and maternal age, but possible”
The paper relies on this without support.
A pattern of small odds ratios around the null with confidence intervals spanning the null indicates no causal association for thimerosal.
“results were most consistent with a pattern due to chance, demonstrated by ORs of small magnitude (most between 0.9 and 1.2), above and below the null, and with confidence intervals spanning the null, suggesting that thimerosal does not increase autism risk”
The paper relies on this without support.
The included thimerosal studies' validity criteria are adequate to support the conclusion of no association despite minor flaws.
“Although the studies we included met our validity criteria, some minor flaws may have created such an influence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Autism is common enough that using an odds ratio may overestimate association in one pesticide study.
“the study used an OR, which is best suited for rare diseases, for a common outcome”
The paper relies on this without support.
Beneficial nutrients in fish can counteract mercury toxicity enough to explain the null Seychelles result.
“the impacts of brain-enhancing nutrients contained in fish may have counteracted any toxic impact of mercury”
The paper relies on this without support.
The comparison group of children with speech and language impairment in one metal study may have a stronger association with lead or manganese, causing inverse findings.
“which could have been caused by a stronger association with the comparison group in this design: children with speech and language impairment”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children given autism diagnoses vary widely in symptoms, disability level, and co-occurring conditions.
“children diagnosed under the autism umbrella exhibit a very wide range of symptoms, level of disability, and co-occurring conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The environment is not a single entity.
“The environment is not one entity”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Direct evidence linking any specific EDC to a clearly defined clinical disorder involving the social brain is sparse, and no single chemical has yet been definitively implicated (18, 21–25).”
From Endocrine Disruption of Vasopressin Systems and Related Behaviors (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“There is a growing body of literature documenting the association between airborne pollutants and ASD, with epidemiological studies undertaken during the last decade recently summarized in several reviews [185, 186].”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“A review comprising of seven epidemiological studies conducted in 2014 noted that all studies documented an association across all classes of pesticides and ASD risk, with several associations reaching significance.”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“These effects were the largest for exposures in weeks 1–7 of pregnancy, and postnatally in weeks 4–12 [185].”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“Environmental chemicals that have been implicated as risk factors for ASD include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, bisphenol A (BPA), mercury, and pesticides ( Tables 1–2 ) [ 52–62 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“Our systematic review results were generally in concert with previous expert-based narrative reviews that addressed the association of ASD and environmental chemical exposures more broadly [18, 65–67].”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Airborne Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2016) · cites this paper as [66]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Metal-study count omits a sixth cited study
MinorThe section says five metal-exposure studies were included, but identifies three air-metal studies (16, 70, 90), an occupational study (87), a Seychelles study (96), and a separate dental-amalgam study (97): six in total.
“Five epidemiological studies of metal exposure from air, occupation, dental amalgams, and diet were included (Table 8).”
“Mercury from dental amalgams was also associated with increased autism severity (Fig. 5, dark green).97”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnosis, NHIS 1997–2002.
Gallagher, C. M., & Goodman, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A · doi:10.1080/15287394.2010.519317 · Cited by 72 · cited 1×
“6, purple).(102) This result has not been included in prior reviews.”
RetractedLord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson, C., Rosenberg, et al. (2018) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1 · Cited by 6,078
Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., EdS1, Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., Christensen, D. L., Wiggins, L. D., Pettygrove, S., et al. (2020) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1 · Cited by 3,780
Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain
Oberdörster, G., Sharp, Z., Atudorei, V., Elder, A., Gelein, R., Kreyling, W., & Cox, C. (2004) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958370490439597 · Cited by 2,606 · cited 1×
“Air pollutants enter the human body via inhalation and by direct translocation from the nose to the brain via the olfactory bulb.(65) Particulate pollutants have mixed chemical properties and are defined by size, such as particulate matter o2.”
Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. (2000) · Cited by 2,503
Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals
Grandjean, P., & Landrigan, P. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69665-7 · Cited by 1,984
Effect of climate change on air quality
Jacob, D. J., & Winner, D. A. (2009) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.051 · Cited by 1,979
Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism
Hallmayer, J. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76 · Cited by 1,970
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 240 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Institute of Medicine (US) Immunization Safety Review Committee, 2004
- De Cock, 2012, Does perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors induce autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders? Review, Acta Paediatr, 101, 811, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02693.x · DOI · Paper page
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Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, S. O. D. A. B. P., Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, S., Davidson, L. F., Ellerbeck, K. A., Foster, J. E. A., Noritz, G. H., et al. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3447 · Cited by 1,798
The Changing Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Lyall, K., Croen, L., Daniels, J., Fallin, M. D., Ladd-Acosta, C., Lee, B. K., Park, B. Y., Snyder, N. W., Schendel, D., Volk, H., et al. (2017) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318 · Cited by 1,011
“The potential impacts of a range of environmental chemicals, including metals, on risk of ASD is the subject of another review (95).”
BackgroundThe contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder
Bölte, S., Girdler, S., & Marschik, P. B. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2988-4 · Cited by 509
Costa, L. G., Cole, T. B., Dao, K., Chang, Y. C., Coburn, J. L., & Garrick, J. M. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107523 · Cited by 511
Neurotoxicity of traffic-related air pollution
Costa, L. G., Cole, T. B., Coburn, J. L., Chang, Y., Dao, K., & Roqué, P. J. (2015) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.008 · Cited by 416
Mandy, W., & Lai, M. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12501 · Cited by 283
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Airborne Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lam, J., Sutton, P., Kalkbrenner, A., Windham, G., Halladay, A., Koustas, E., Lawler, C., Davidson, L., Daniels, N., Newschaffer, C., et al. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161851 · Cited by 247
Self-citationAutism spectrum disorders and neuropathology of the cerebellum
Hampson, D. R., & Blatt, G. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00420 · Cited by 263
“…a strong immune stimulus or infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased probability of giving birth to a child with ASD (Atladóttir et al., 2010a,b; Brown, 2012; Knuesel et al., 2014), and environmental contaminants (Kalkbrenner et al., 2014; Nevison, 2014; Posar and Visconti, 2014).”
BackgroundLenters, V. C., Iszatt, N., Forns, J., Čechová, E., Kočan, A., Legler, J., Leonards, P. E. G., Stigum, H., & Eggesbø, M. Å. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.020 · Cited by 194
“, 2010) or ADHDrelated behaviors (Kalkbrenner et al., 2014; Sagiv et al., 2015b; Verner et al., 2015), while other studies have reported null or inconsistent results (Liew et al.”
ResultBellanger, M. M., DEMENEIX, B. A., Grandjean, P., Zoeller, R. T., & Trasande, L. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-4323 · Cited by 204
Understanding environmental contributions to autism: Causal concepts and the state of science
Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Schmidt, R. J., & Krakowiak, P. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1938 · Cited by 198
Self-citationNeurodevelopmental Disorders and Environmental Toxicants: Epigenetics as an Underlying Mechanism
Tran, N. Q. V., & Miyake, K. (2017) · International Journal of Genomics · doi:10.1155/2017/7526592 · Cited by 189
“In addition to prenatal environmental toxicant exposure, a recent review focused on neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia, and described that the susceptibility of neurodevelopmental disorders to toxicant exposure is not limited to the gestational period but extends into the postnatal…”
BackgroundInfluentialSkogheim, T. S., Weyde, K. V. F., Engel, S. M., Aase, H., Surén, P., Øie, M. G., Biele, G., Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T., Caspersen, I. H., Hornig, M., et al. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106468 · Cited by 184
Consequences of Disturbing Manganese Homeostasis
Baj, J., Flieger, W., Barbachowska, A., Kowalska, B., Flieger, M., Forma, A., Teresiński, G., Portincasa, P., Buszewicz, G., Radzikowska-Büchner, E., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241914959 · Cited by 190
Autism-like phenotype and risk gene mRNA deadenylation by CPEB4 mis-splicing
Parras, A., Anta, H., Santos‐Galindo, M., Swarup, V., Elorza, A., Nieto-González, J. L., Picó, S., Hernández, I. H., Díaz‐Hernandéz, J. I., Belloc, E., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0423-5 · Cited by 175
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“[52–62].”
Project TENDR: Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks The TENDR Consensus Statement
Bennett, D., Bellinger, D. C., Birnbaum, L. S., DABT, A.T.S, Bradman, A., Chen, A., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Engel, S. M., Fallin, M. D., et al. (2016) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp358 · Cited by 169
“200 Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 124 | number 7 | July 2016 A 119 et al. 2015; Kalkbrenner et al. 2014; SuadesGonzález et al. 2015; Volk et al. 2013).”
BackgroundThe landscape of DNA methylation amid a perfect storm of autism aetiologies
Ciernia, A. V., & LaSalle, J. M. (2016) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.41 · Cited by 168
Developmental impact of air pollution on brain function
Costa, L. G., Cole, T. B., Dao, K., Chang, Y. C., & Garrick, J. M. (2019) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104580 · Cited by 180
“Susceptibility to ASD is attributable to both genetic and environmental factors (Levy et al. 2009; Landrigan, 2010; Kalkbrenner et al. 2014; Pelch et al. 2019).”
BackgroundFine particulate matter and the risk of autism spectrum disorder
Talbott, E. O., Arena, V. C., Rager, J. R., Clougherty, J. E., Michanowicz, D. R., Sharma, R. K., & Stacy, S. L. (2015) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.021 · Cited by 159
Gialloreti, L. E., Mazzone, L., Benvenuto, A., Fasano, A., García-Alcón, A., Kraneveld, A. D., Moavero, R., Raz, R., Riccio, M. P., Siracusano, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8020217 · Cited by 165
“To date, the strongest evidence of association is shown by traffic-related air pollutants and pesticides at different times of exposures [39,40].”
BackgroundGrova, N., Schroeder, H., Olivier, J. L., & Turner, J. D. (2019) · International Journal of Genomics · doi:10.1155/2019/2085496 · Cited by 138
“A high proportion of autistic children and their mothers have a deficiency in the production of glutathione [83], an antioxidant and a phase II enzyme involved in detoxification of environmental pollutants [84].”
BackgroundAir Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Causal or Confounded?
Weisskopf, M. G., Kioumourtzoglou, M., & Roberts, A. L. (2015) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-015-0073-9 · Cited by 137
Long, M., Ghisari, M., Kjeldsen, L. S., Wielsøe, M., Nørgaard‐Pedersen, B., Mortensen, E. L., Abdallah, M. W., & Bonefeld‐Jørgensen, E. C. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0253-1 · Cited by 131
Environmental Mechanisms of Neurodevelopmental Toxicity
Rock, K. D., & Patisaul, H. B. (2018) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-018-0185-0 · Cited by 136
Adverse outcome pathways: Application to enhance mechanistic understanding of neurotoxicity
Bal‐Price, A., & Meek, M. E. (2017) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.006 · Cited by 124
Carter, C., & Blizard, R. (2016) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.011 · Cited by 116
Low‐dose suramin in autism spectrum disorder: a small, phase I/II, randomized clinical trial
Naviaux, R. K., Curtis, B., Li, K., Naviaux, J. C., Bright, A. T., Reiner, G., Westerfield, M., Goh, S., Alaynick, W. A., Wang, L., et al. (2017) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.424 · Cited by 113
“Yet no single gene or CNV causes ASD in 100% of children who carry the mutation,4 and no single DNA mutation accounts for more than 1–2% of all ASD.5 Specific environmental factors have also been shown to increase the risk of ASD.6,7 However, no single child has all of the known genetic risk factors for ASD, or is exp…”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuroendocrine disruption in animal models due to exposure to bisphenol A analogues
Rosenfeld, C. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.08.001 · Cited by 116
“…other disorders (de Cock et al., 2012; Miodovnik et al., 2011; Braun, 2012; Grandjean and Landrigan, 2006; Landrigan, 2010; Braun et al., 2014; Dietert et al., 2011; Kalkbrenner et al., 2014; Kaur et al., 2014; Stein et al., 2015; Vandenberg et al., 2012; Vandenberg et al., 2009; Rochester, 2013).”
BackgroundBauer, J. A., Devick, K. L., Bobb, J. F., Coull, B. A., Bellinger, D. C., Benedetti, C., Cagna, G., Fedrighi, C., Guazzetti, S., Oppini, M., et al. (2020) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp6803 · Cited by 110
“For example, metal concentrations in hair among patients with ASD could be influenced by altered metal metabolism, diet, behavior, or medication use from ASD rather than being a causal contributor to the etiology of ASD (Kalkbrenner et al. 2014).”
BackgroundIntegrated modeling of extended agro-food supply chains: A systems approach
Taghikhah, F. R., Voinov, A. A., Shukla, N., Filatova, T., & Mikhail Anufriev, A. (2020) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2020.06.036 · Cited by 115
Pistollato, F., Gyves, E. M., Carpi, D., Bopp, S. K., Nunes, C., Worth, A. P., & Bal‐Price, A. (2020) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-020-00578-x · Cited by 102
Paternal age and psychiatric disorders: A review
de Kluiver, H., Buizer‐Voskamp, J. E., Dolan, C. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2016) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32508 · Cited by 102
“This is consistent with the idea that ASD is etiologically heterogeneous [Grafodatskaya et al., 2010; Kalkbrenner et al., 2014].”
ResultEarly Life Exposure to Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorder
McGuinn, L. A., Windham, G. C., Kalkbrenner, A. E., Bradley, C., Di, Q., Croen, L., Fallin, M. D., Hoffman, K., Ladd‐Acosta, C., Schwartz, J. D., et al. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001109 · Cited by 104
“This assessment included two gold standard instruments, (1) the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)20 and (2) the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R).”
MethodSelf-citationChemicals, nutrition, and autism spectrum disorder: a mini-review
Fujiwara, T., Morisaki, N., Honda, Y., Sampei, M., & Tani, Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00174 · Cited by 99
“…between ASD and PCB are inconsistent (Kim et al., 2010; Cheslack-Postava et al., 2013; Braun et al., 2014), and the seemingly elevated risks in a pilot study (CheslackPostava et al., 2013) have been criticized for possible bias due to lack of adjustment for birth order (Kalkbrenner et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRock, K. D., Phillips, A. L., Horman, B. M., Arambula, S. E., Rebuli, M. E., Stapleton, H. M., & Patisaul, H. B. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07216-6 · Cited by 95
Baj, J., Flieger, W., Flieger, M., Forma, A., Sitarz, R., Skórzyńska-Dziduszko, K., Grochowski, C., Maciejewski, R., & Karakuła‐Juchnowicz, H. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.029 · Cited by 100
Waterhouse, L. H., London, E., & Gillberg, C. (2016) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-016-0085-x · Cited by 106
Developmental Neurotoxicity of Traffic-Related Air Pollution: Focus on Autism
Costa, L. G., Chang, Y. C., & Cole, T. B. (2017) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-017-0135-2 · Cited by 94
Behavioral Phenotyping for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Mice
Chang, Y., Cole, T. B., & Costa, L. G. (2017) · Current Protocols in Toxicology · doi:10.1002/cptx.19 · Cited by 90
Banton, M. I., Bus, J. S., Collins, J. J., Delzell, E., Gelbke, H.-P., Kester, J. E., Moore, M. M., Waites, R., & Sarang, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B · doi:10.1080/10937404.2019.1633718 · Cited by 89
“Kalkbrenner, Schmidt, and Penlesky (2014) reviewed studies on ASD available at that time and concluded that some environmental exposures showed associations with autism, especially trafficrelated air pollutants, some metals, and several pesticides.”
BackgroundZhu, Y., Mordaunt, C. E., Yasui, D. H., Marathe, R., Coulson, R. L., Dunaway, K. W., Jianu, J. M., Walker, C. K., Ozonoff, S. J., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., et al. (2019) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddz084 · Cited by 89
Self-citationLeung, M., Kioumourtzoglou, M., Raz, R., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp7961 · Cited by 84
“…interaction,” exposure A and some unmeasured factor U—for example, exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals that have been associated with pregnancy loss and autism (Jensen et al. 2015; Kalkbrenner et al. 2014; Krieg et al. 2016; Pelch et al. 2019)—are independent, and each affect selection (S).”
BackgroundTalbott, E. O., Marshall, L. P., Rager, J. R., Arena, V. C., Sharma, R. K., & Stacy, S. L. (2015) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-015-0064-1 · Cited by 79
“In addition, environmental factors, including constituents of air pollution, have been found to be related to an increased risk of autism [6, 7].”
BackgroundChildren’s low-level pesticide exposure and associations with autism and ADHD: a review
Roberts, J. R., Dawley, E. H., & Reigart, J. R. (2018) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-018-0200-z · Cited by 84
“The chemicals in this review that were found to be associated with ASD include air pollution, some metals, and several pesticides.(6) Table 2 summarizes the studies evaluating pesticide exposure and outcomes related to ASD.”
BackgroundThe role of phthalate esters in autism development: A systematic review
Jeddi, M. Z., Janani, L., Memari, A. H., Akhondzadeh, S., & yunesian, M. (2016) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.021 · Cited by 76
Schmuck, M. R., Temme, T., Dach, K., de Boer, D., Barenys, M., Bendt, F., Mosig, A., & Fritsche, E. (2016) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1852-2 · Cited by 77
“Due to this lack of information, there is still an ongoing debate on the contribution of environmental chemicals to human neurodevelopmental diseases such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, autism and many others (Grandjean and Landrigan 2014; Kalkbrenner et al. 2014; McDonald and Paul 2010).”
BackgroundThongkorn, S., Kanlayaprasit, S., Jindatip, D., Tencomnao, T., Hu, V. W., & Sarachana, T. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39386-w · Cited by 66
Dunaway, K. W., Islam, M. S., Coulson, R. L., Lopez, S. J., Ciernia, A. V., Chu, R. G., Yasui, D. H., Pessah, I. N., Lott, P. C., Mordaunt, C. E., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.058 · Cited by 70
“Multiple hits in the etiology of ASDs may be due to independent or interactive events (Girirajan et al., 2011; Leblond et al., 2012; Pessah et al., 2010; Zuk et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeurotoxicity of mercury: An old issue with contemporary significance
Branco, V., Aschner, M., & Carvalho, C. M. L. (2021) · Advances in neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/bs.ant.2021.01.001 · Cited by 72
Nowack, N., Wittsiepe, J., Kasper-Sonnenberg, M., Wilhelm, M., & Schölmerich, A. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129906 · Cited by 71
“For a review on environmental contributions to the aetiology of autism, see [32].”
BackgroundEndocrine Disruptors and Pregnancy: Knowledge, Attitudes and Prevention Behaviors of French Women
Rouillon, S., Deshayes-Morgand, C., Enjalbert, L., Rabouan, S., Hardouin, J.-B., Group DisProSE, Migeot, V., & Albouy-Llaty, M. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14091021 · Cited by 71
“Many diseases and disorders are considered as being related to prenatal exposure to EDC, including fetal development disorders associated with low birth weight [8], obesity [9–11], prematurity [12], autism [13], allergies [14], and pubescent development disorders [15].”
BackgroundWu, J., & Jackson, L. E. (2017) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.010 · Cited by 76
“MARK et al., 2013; Kalkbrenner et al., 2010; Kalkbrenner et al., 2014; Palmer et al., 2006; Raz et al., 2015; Roberts et al., 2007; Rossignol and Frye, 2014; Volk et al., 2013; Windham et al., 2006).”
BackgroundLiu, S. H., Bobb, J. F., Henn, B. C., Gennings, C., Schnaas, L., Téllez‐Rojo, M. M., Bellinger, D. C., Arora, M., Wright, R. O., & Coull, B. A. (2018) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.7947 · Cited by 67
“98 and is higher in simulation scenarios (3) and (4), which contain a true quadratic effect.”
BackgroundPrenatal and early-life diesel exhaust exposure causes autism-like behavioral changes in mice
Chang, Y.-C., Cole, T. B., & Costa, L. G. (2018) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12989-018-0254-4 · Cited by 65
Epigenetic Effect of Environmental Factors on Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kubota, T., & Mochizuki, K. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13050504 · Cited by 67
Ongono, J. S., Béranger, R., Baghdadli, A., & Mortamais, M. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109646 · Cited by 69
Landrum, A. R., & Olshansky, A. (2019) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.1017/pls.2019.9 · Cited by 61
Kaufman, J. A., Wright, J. M., Rice, G. E., Connolly, N., Bowers, K. A., & Anixt, J. S. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.013 · Cited by 62
Improving autism perinatal risk factors: A systematic review
Cheng, J. X., Eskenazi, B., Widjaja, F., Cordero, J. F., & Hendren, R. L. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.012 · Cited by 64
“Phthalates are widely used in cosmetics, plastics, carpets, flooring, toys, and medical and cleaning products, and can disturb hormones critical for brain development [65].”
BackgroundDong, T., He, J., Wang, S., Wang, L., Cheng, Y., & Zhong, Y. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1602152113 · Cited by 62
Advancing parental age and autism: multifactorial pathways
Lee, B. K., & McGrath, J. J. (2015) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.11.005 · Cited by 62
Rebuli, M. E., Gibson, P., Rhodes, C. L., Cushing, B. S., & Patisaul, H. B. (2016) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.018 · Cited by 58
“effects in brain regions critical for sociality is sparse, and no single chemical has been definitively implicated (Grandjean and Landrigan, 2014; Kalkbrenner et al., 2014; Landrigan et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysicochemical and Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel Buccal Measles Vaccine
Gala, R. P., Popescu, C., Knipp, G. T., McCain, R. R., Ubale, R. V., Addo, R. T., Bhowmik, T., Kulczar, C. D., & D’Souza, M. J. (2016) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-016-0566-3 · Cited by 57
Rock, K. D., Horman, B. M., Phillips, A. L., McRitchie, S., Watson, S. L., Deese-Spruill, J., Jima, D. D., Sumner, S., Stapleton, H. M., & Patisaul, H. B. (2018) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-17-0373 · Cited by 55
“Due to toxicity concerns, including associations between PBDE exposure and behavioral and cognitive impairments in humans (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), this class has largely been phased out, resulting in increased use of replacement FRs.”
BackgroundSchrott, R., Rajavel, M., Acharya, K. S., Huang, Z., Acharya, C. R., Hawkey, A. B., Pippen, E., Lyerly, H. K., Levin, E. D., & Murphy, S. K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72783-0 · Cited by 57
Animal models of endocrine disruption
Patisaul, H. B., Fenton, S. E., & Aylor, D. L. (2018) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.011 · Cited by 62
Endocrine Disruption of Vasopressin Systems and Related Behaviors
Patisaul, H. B. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00134 · Cited by 54
von Ehrenstein, O. S., Cui, X., Yan, Q., Aralis, H., & Ritz, B. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa182 · Cited by 52
“A systematic review including a subset of 7 studies that controlled for SES also suggested no overall increase in risk (40).”
BackgroundPham, C., Symeonides, C., O’Hely, M., Sly, P. D., Knibbs, L. D., Thomson, S. M., Vuillermin, P., Saffery, R., Ponsonby, A., & the Barwon Infant Study Investigator Group (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211068223 · Cited by 56
“A previous study by Kalkbrenner et al. (2014) has mentioned that area pollutants associated with population density (including home heating and cooling) might be important to ASD.”
BackgroundMillenson, M. E., Braun, J. M., Calafat, A. M., Barr, D. B., Huang, Y., Chen, A., Lanphear, B. P., & Yolton, K. A. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.008 · Cited by 56
Maternal tobacco smoking and offspring autism spectrum disorder or traits in ECHO cohorts
Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Korrick, S., Ladd‐Acosta, C., Karagas, M. R., Lyall, K., Schmidt, R. J., Dunlop, A. L., Croen, L., Dabelea, D., Daniels, J. L., et al. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2665 · Cited by 53
Self-citationMicroRNA Cross-Involvement in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Atopic Dermatitis: A Literature Review
Tonacci, A., Bagnato, G., Pandolfo, G., Billeci, L., Sansone, F., Conte, R., & Gangemi, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8010088 · Cited by 51
Polychlorinated biphenyls influence on autism spectrum disorder risk in the MARBLES cohort
Granillo, L., Sethi, S., Keil, K. P., Lin, Y., Ozonoff, S. J., Iosif, A., Puschner, B., & Schmidt, R. J. (2018) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.061 · Cited by 53
Self-citationGillera, S. E. A., Marinello, W. P., Horman, B. M., Phillips, A. L., Ruis, M. T., Stapleton, H. M., Reif, D. M., & Patisaul, H. B. (2019) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106840 · Cited by 48
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“Specifically, exposure to phthalates and persistence of their metabolites in the environment has been previously associated with autism [34,35].”
Gene × Environment Interaction in Developmental Disorders: Where Do We Stand and What’s Next?
Esposito, G., Azhari, A., & Borelli, J. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02036 · Cited by 48
López-Merino, E., Cuartero, M. I., Esteban, J. A., & Briz, V. (2023) · Cell Biology and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s10565-022-09697-2 · Cited by 44
“2017; Grandjean and Landrigan 2006) and may also increase the risk for ASD (Kalkbrenner et al. 2014; Rossignol et al. 2014; Shelton et al. 2012) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Polańska et al.”
BackgroundNuttall, J. R. (2015) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2015.1103437 · Cited by 54
Air Toxics in Relation to Autism Diagnosis, Phenotype, and Severity in a U.S. Family-Based Study
Kalkbrenner, A. E., Windham, G. C., Zheng, C., McConnell, R., Lee, N. L., Schauer, J. J., Thayer, B. P., Pandey, J., & Volk, H. E. (2018) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp1867 · Cited by 41
“Other suggested causes include environmental chemical exposures during the period of rapid brain development in pregnancy and early postnatal life (Kalkbrenner et al. 2014; Lyall et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOyovwi, M. O., Ben‐Azu, B., Edesiri, T. P., Abioye, O. A., Uruaka, C. I., Rotu, R. A., & Eneni, A.-E. O. (2021) · Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104833 · Cited by 43
Potential of MALDI imaging for the toxicological evaluation of environmental pollutants
Lagarrigue, M., Caprioli, R. M., & Pineau, C. (2016) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.008 · Cited by 44
Klocke, C., Sherina, V., Graham, U. M., Gunderson, J., Allen, J. L., Sobolewski, M., Blum, J. L., Zelikoff, J. T., & Cory-Slechta, D. A. (2018) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958378.2018.1533053 · Cited by 41
“Among these contributing environmental factors are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs; e.g. phthalates, bisphenol-A), inorganic metals, prenatal infection (i.e. maternal immune activation) and various components of air pollution (reviewed in Kalkbrenner et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPınar, P. T., Allahverdiyeva, S., Yardım, Y., & Şentürk, Z. (2020) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2020.104772 · Cited by 41
Morales‐Suárez‐Varela, M., Peraita‐Costa, I., & González, A. L. (2016) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.11.022 · Cited by 45
“Of the four reviews, only Kalkbrenner et al., 2014 separate PM into categories as we have done in this review.”
BackgroundAntipurinergic therapy for autism—An in-depth review
Naviaux, R. K. (2017) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2017.12.007 · Cited by 42
“, 2014), metals (Kalkbrenner et al., 2014; Palmer et al., 2009), or trafficrelated air pollution (Volk et al.”
BackgroundPistollato, F., Carpi, D., Gyves, E. M., Paini, A., Bopp, S. K., Worth, A. P., & Bal‐Price, A. (2021) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.08.007 · Cited by 41
Kubota, T. (2016) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/eep/dvw017 · Cited by 40
“For example, prenatal exposure to BPA, a chemical with reproductive toxicity that induces growth alterations and immune dysregulation, alters DNA methylation in fetal brain and in mast cells and liver of offspring [84–86]; prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which are used as flame retardants, decreas…”
InfluentialFordyce, T. A., Leonhard, M. J., & Chang, E. T. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · doi:10.1080/10934529.2017.1383121 · Cited by 39
Lee, S., Chun, H., Lee, J., Park, H., Kim, K., Kim, C., Yoon, S., & Kim, W. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203543 · Cited by 42
Geetha, B., Sukumar, C., Dhivyadeepa, E., Reddy, J. K., & Vellingiri, B. (2018) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-018-01057-4 · Cited by 40
Role of environmental factors and epigenetics in autism spectrum disorders
Saxena, R., Babadi, M., Namvarhaghighi, H., & Roullet, F. (2020) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.05.002 · Cited by 40
Epigenetic Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Autism and Schizophrenia
Moos, W. H., Maneta, E., Pinkert, C. A., Irwin, M. H., Hoffman, M. E., Faller, D. V., & Steliou, K. (2016) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.21295 · Cited by 41
“Toxins [Baxter et al., 2012; Grandjean and Landrigan, 2014; Kalkbrenner et al., 2014; Nevison, 2014; Shelton et al., 2014; Koufaris and Sismani, 2015; Rose et al., 2015] and endogenous biochemicals that can disrupt genes involved in epigenetic functions [Deth et al.”
BackgroundSyama, K. P., Blais, E., & Kumarathasan, P. (2025) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178999 · Cited by 39
Overview of POPs and heavy metals in Liao River Basin
Liu, R., Tan, R., Li, B., Song, Y., Zeng, P., & Li, Z. (2015) · Environmental Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12665-015-4317-7 · Cited by 38
“These chemicals to some extent are toxic and hazardous to the public health and ecosystems (Kalkbrenner et al. 2014; Schultz 2014).”
BackgroundGene × environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders
Keil, K. P., & Lein, P. J. (2022) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.11.001 · Cited by 38
Mordaunt, C. E., Park, B. Y., Bakulski, K. M., Feinberg, J. I., Croen, L., Ladd‐Acosta, C., Newschaffer, C. J., Volk, H. E., Ozonoff, S. J., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., et al. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0287-z · Cited by 39
Self-citationMaternal Exposures Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Jamaican Children
Christian, M. A., Samms‐Vaughan, M. E., Lee, M., Bressler, J., Hessabi, M., Grove, M. L., Shakespeare‐Pellington, S., Coore-Desai, C., Reece, J.-A., Loveland, K. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3537-6 · Cited by 36
“VOCs have also been linked to oxidative stress and interference with neurodevelopment (Kalkbrenner et al. 2014), which are both mechanisms suspected to be involved in the manifestation of ASD.”
InfluentialBernardo, B. A., Lanphear, B. P., Venners, S. A., Arbuckle, T. E., Braun, J. M., Muckle, G., Fraser, W. D., & McCandless, L. C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16030457 · Cited by 34
Air Pollution during Pregnancy and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan
Wang, S.-Y., Cheng, Y., Guo, H., & Tseng, Y.-C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189784 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalkbrenner, A. E., Schmidt, R. J., & Penlesky, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 277-318
- ISSN
- 1538-3199 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-5442
- PMC
- PMC4855851
- OpenAlex
- W2064675231
- Semantic Scholar
- 58c904d420dd9b73f6e5e504fa62924c506bc150
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 240
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 16
- FWCI
- 13.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS9038)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD051958)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, environmental chemical exposure, prenatal exposure, early childhood exposure, tobacco smoke exposure, air pollutants, traffic-related air pollution, volatile organic compounds, solvents, metals, dental amalgam, thimerosal-containing vaccines, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, flame retardants, phthalates, bisphenol A, autism prevention, neurodevelopmental damage
- MeSH terms
- Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Humans, Pesticides, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Nicotiana, Vaccination, Maternal Exposure, Metals, Heavy
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