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The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review
Abstract
Satisfying social relationships are vital for good mental and physical health. Accordingly, we recommend that the alleviation and prevention of social relationship deficits be a key focus of clinicians. In this review, we focus on loneliness as a crucial marker of social relationship deficits and contend that loneliness should command clinicians' attention in its own right--not just as an adjunct to the treatment of other problems such as depression. With a particular focus on the adolescent developmental period, this review is organized into five sections: Drawing on developmental and evolutionary psychology theories, the nature of social relationships and the function they serve is first discussed. In the second section, loneliness is introduced as an exemplar of social relationship deficits. Here a definition of loneliness is provided, as well as an explanation of why it may pose a situation of concern. This is followed by a review of the prototypic features of loneliness through examination of its affective, cognitive, and behavioral correlates. The fourth section includes a review of theories related to the antecedent and maintenance factors involved in loneliness. Finally, methodological and theoretical considerations are addressed, and conclusions and proposals for future research directions are put forth.
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In the citing paper
“The research evidence is unequivocal that feeling lonely is associated with a myriad of mental health and psychosocial problems (e.g., Cacioppo et al., 2002, 2006; Heinrich & Gullone, 2006; Houghton et al., 2016).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Heinrich & Gullone, 2006
In the citing paper
“and predicts self‐harming, suicide ideation, and more lethal suicide attempts (Gvion et al., 2014; Heinrich & Gullone, 2006; Qualter et al., 2013).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Heinrich & Gullone, 2006
In the citing paper
“The strict interconnection between self-esteem and loneliness was probably due to the fact that loneliness is often related to negative self-evaluations, and feelings of being worthless, inferior, or unlovable (Heinrich and Gullone, 2006).”
From The Anxiety-Buffer Hypothesis in the Time of COVID-19: When Self-Esteem Protects From the Impact of Loneliness and Fear on Anxiety and Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Heinrich and Gullone, 2006
In the citing paper
“These results are in line with previous scientific literature highlighting that self-esteem can be a mediator in the relationship between loneliness, anxiety, and depression (Brage and Meredith, 1994; Heinrich and Gullone, 2006; Çivitci and Çivitci, 2009).”
From The Anxiety-Buffer Hypothesis in the Time of COVID-19: When Self-Esteem Protects From the Impact of Loneliness and Fear on Anxiety and Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Heinrich and Gullone, 2006
In the citing paper
“Research show that fear can threaten self-evaluation (Greenberg et al., 1986), and that people experiencing higher feelings of loneliness also have a worse self-evaluation (Heinrich and Gullone, 2006).”
From The Anxiety-Buffer Hypothesis in the Time of COVID-19: When Self-Esteem Protects From the Impact of Loneliness and Fear on Anxiety and Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Heinrich and Gullone, 2006
In the citing paper
“self-esteem not only is able to influence individuals’ levels of anxiety and depression, but it is itself influenced by negative psychological experiences – such as fear and loneliness – activating negative cognitions and emotions that significantly affect the idea of oneself (Greenberg et al., 1986; Heinrich and Gullone, 2006; Sowislo and Orth, 2013).”
From The Anxiety-Buffer Hypothesis in the Time of COVID-19: When Self-Esteem Protects From the Impact of Loneliness and Fear on Anxiety and Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Heinrich and Gullone, 2006
In the citing paper
“The risk7–10 and protective effects11–15 of percieved social support on depression have been widely studied.”
In the citing paper
“unsatisfying social relationships have important implications for physical and mental health (Heinrich and Gullone, 2006).”
From Does loneliness contribute to mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies (2019) · cites this paper as Heinrich and Gullone, 2006
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
“For as many as 15–30% of the general population, however, loneliness is a chronic state [10, 11].”
Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W. (2017) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035 · Cited by 2,158
Uchino, B. N. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x · Cited by 1,506
“As reviewed earlier, the literature that examines these factors separately in relation to the early family environment is consistent with such a positive profile (Heinrich & Gullone, 2007; Repetti et al., 2002; T.W. Smith & Gallo, 2001).”
BackgroundResultLoneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health
Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., Wiltink, J., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T., Lackner, K. J., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x · Cited by 1,223
“Loneliness has been associated with many negative mental health outcomes [13, 14] such as depression, suicidality, reduced positive emotions, poor sleep quality and general health, as well as physiological changes (e.”
BackgroundLoneliness: clinical import and interventions
Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615570616 · Cited by 1,206
“There is now considerable evidence showing that loneliness and depression are separable and that loneliness increases the risk for depression ( J. T. Cacioppo et al., 2006; Heinrich & Gullone, 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Heinrich, Liesl M.
- ORCID
- Heinrich, Liesl M.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 695-718
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974322420
- Cited by
- 1,986
- References
- 221
- Citations by year
- 2026: 135 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 183 · 2023: 201 · 2022: 198 · 2021: 170 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- loneliness, interpersonal relationships, adolescents, evolutionary psychology, developmental psychology, mental health, physical health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Biological Evolution, Health Services, Health Services Needs and Demand, Health Status, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Loneliness, Motivation, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Prevalence
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