In vitro models of the metastatic cascade: from local invasion to extravasation
Open accessAbstract
A crucial event in the metastatic cascade is the extravasation of circulating cancer cells from blood capillaries to the surrounding tissues. The past 5 years have been characterized by a significant evolution in the development of in vitro extravasation models, which moved from traditional transmigration chambers to more sophisticated microfluidic devices, enabling the study of complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in multicellular, controlled environments. These advanced assays could be applied to screen easily and rapidly a broad spectrum of molecules inhibiting cancer cell endothelial adhesion and extravasation, thus contributing to the design of more focused in vivo tests.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A major current limitation of in vitro metastatic models is their lack of organ-specificity.
“One of the major current limitations of in vitro metastatic models is their lack of organ-specificity[28].”
From Microfluidics: A New Tool for Modeling Cancer–Immune Interactions (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Zhang, H., Wong, C. C. L., Wei, H., Gilkes, D. M., Korangath, P., Chaturvedi, P., Schito, L., Chen, J., Krishnamachary, B., Winnard, P. T., et al. (2012) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2011.365 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
RetractedHanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81683-9 · Cited by 29,219 · see citing works
The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast.
Paget, S. (1889) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)49915-0 · Cited by 5,277 · see citing works
A Perspective on Cancer Cell Metastasis
Chaffer, C. L., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1203543 · Cited by 4,791 · see citing works
The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited
Fidler, I. J. (2003) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1098 · Cited by 4,686 · see citing works
Cancer Metastasis: Building a Framework
Gupta, G. P., & Massagué, J. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.001 · Cited by 4,230 · see citing works
Tumor Metastasis: Molecular Insights and Evolving Paradigms
Valastyan, S., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.024 · Cited by 4,011 · see citing works
Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites
Chambers, A. F., Groom, A. C., & MacDonald, I. C. (2002) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc865 · Cited by 3,920 · see citing works
Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis
Joyce, J. A., & Pollard, J. W. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2618 · Cited by 3,684 · see citing works
VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche
Kaplan, R. N., Riba, R. D., Zacharoulis, S., Bramley, A. H., Vincent, L., Costa, C., MacDonald, D. D., Jin, D. K., Shido, K., Kerns, S. A., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04186 · Cited by 3,288 · see citing works
Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung
Minn, A. J., Gupta, G. P., Siegel, P. M., Bos, P. D., Shu, W., Giri, D. D., Viale, A., Olshen, A. B., Gerald, W. L., & Massagué, J. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03799 · Cited by 2,922 · see citing works
Metastasis: from dissemination to organ-specific colonization
Nguyen, D. X., Bos, P. D., & Massagué, J. (2009) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2622 · Cited by 2,637 · see citing works
Soft Lithography in Biology and Biochemistry
Whitesides, G. M., Ostuni, E., Takayama, S., Jiang, X., & Ingber, D. E. (2001) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.335 · Cited by 2,603 · see citing works
A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone
Kang, Y., Siegel, P. M., Shu, W., Drobnjak, M., Käkönen, S.-M., Cordon‐Cardo, C., Guise, T. A., & Massagué, J. (2003) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00132-6 · Cited by 2,562 · see citing works
Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain
Bos, P. D., Zhang, X. H.-F., Nadal, C., Shu, W., Gomis, R. R., Nguyen, D. X., Minn, A. J., van de Vijver, M. J., Gerald, W. L., Foekens, J. A., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08021 · Cited by 1,863 · see citing works
Modeling Tissue Morphogenesis and Cancer in 3D
Yamada, K. M., & Cukierman, E. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.006 · Cited by 1,751 · see citing works
The metastatic niche: adapting the foreign soil
Psaila, B., & Lyden, D. C. (2009) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2621 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Abbott, A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/424870a · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Organ targeting In vivo using phage display peptide libraries
Pasqualini, R., & Ruoslahti, E. I. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380364a0 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Matrices: State of the Art
Lee, J., Cuddihy, M. J., & Kotov, N. A. (2008) · Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews · doi:10.1089/teb.2007.0150 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Hiratsuka, S., Watanabe, A., Aburatani, H., & Maru, Y. (2006) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1507 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
TGFβ Primes Breast Tumors for Lung Metastasis Seeding through Angiopoietin-like 4
Padua, D. M., Zhang, X. H.-F., Wang, Q., Nadal, C., Gerald, W. L., Gomis, R. R., & Massagué, J. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.046 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Torres, E. T. R., Condeelis, J. S., & Patsialou, A. (2011) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3078 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Three-dimensional microfluidic model for tumor cell intravasation and endothelial barrier function
Zervantonakis, I. K., Hughes-Alford, S. K., Charest, J. L., Condeelis, J. S., Gertler, F. B., & Kamm, R. D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1210182109 · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Self-citationAl‐Mehdi, A., Tozawa, K., Fisher, A. B., Shientag, L., Lee, A., & Muschel, R. J. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/71429 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Sporn, M. B. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91015-6 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
The S100A8-serum amyloid A3-TLR4 paracrine cascade establishes a pre-metastatic phase
Hiratsuka, S., Watanabe, A., Sakurai, Y., Akashi-Takamura, S., Ishibashi, S., Miyake, K., Shibuya, M., Akira, S., Aburatani, H., & Maru, Y. (2008) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1794 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
A key role for mitochondrial gatekeeper pyruvate dehydrogenase in oncogene-induced senescence
Kaplon, J., Zheng, L., Meissl, K., Chaneton, B., Selivanov, V. A., Mackay, G., van der Burg, S. H., Verdegaal, E. M. E., Cascante, M., Shlomi, T., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12154 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Microfluidic assay for simultaneous culture of multiple cell types on surfaces or within hydrogels
Shin, Y., Han, S., Jeon, J. S., Yamamoto, K., Zervantonakis, I. K., Sudo, R., Kamm, R. D., & Chung, S. (2012) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2012.051 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Self-citationSchumacher, D., Strilic, B., Sivaraj, K., Wettschureck, N., & Offermanns, S. (2013) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2013.05.008 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Paper-supported 3D cell culture for tissue-based bioassays
Derda, R., Laromaine, A., Mammoto, A., Tang, S. K. Y., Mammoto, T., Ingber, D. E., & Whitesides, G. M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910666106 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Shibue, T., & Weinberg, R. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904227106 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Visualizing extravasation dynamics of metastatic tumor cells
Stoletov, K. V., Kato, H., Zardouzian, E., Kelber, J. A., Yang, J., Shattil, S. J., & Klemke, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.069443 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Microfluidic Endothelium for Studying the Intravascular Adhesion of Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells
Song, J. W., Cavnar, S. P., Walker, A. C., Luker, K. E., Gupta, M., Tung, Y.-C., Luker, G. D., & Takayama, S. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005756 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Mechanisms of tumor cell extravasation in an in vitro microvascular network platform
Chen, M. B., Whisler, J. A., Jeon, J. S., & Kamm, R. D. (2013) · Integrative Biology · doi:10.1039/c3ib40149a · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationThe bone microenvironment in metastasis; what is special about bone?
Bussard, K. M., Gay, C. V., & Mastro, A. M. (2007) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-007-9109-4 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Uehara, H., Kim, S. J., Karashima, T., Shepherd, D. L., Fan, D., Tsan, R., Killion, J. J., Logothetis, C. J., Mathew, P. F., & Fidler, I. J. (2003) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/95.6.458 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Kramer, R. H., & Nicolson, G. L. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.11.5704 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Stepping out of the flow: capillary extravasation in cancer metastasis
Miles, F. L., Pruitt, F. L., van Golen, K. L., & Cooper, C. R. (2007) · Clinical & Experimental Metastasis · doi:10.1007/s10585-007-9098-2 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Radiation therapy to a primary tumor accelerates metastatic growth in mice.
Camphausen, K. A., Moses, M. A., Beecken, W.-D. C., Khan, M. K., Folkman, J., & O’Reilly, M. S. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Hendrix, M. J. C., Seftor, E. A., Seftor, R. E. B., & Fidler, I. J. (1987) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3835(87)90209-6 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
In vitro model of tumor cell extravasation
Jeon, J. S., Zervantonakis, I. K., Chung, S., Kamm, R. D., & Charest, J. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056910 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationOutgrowth of single oncogene-expressing cells from suppressive epithelial environments
Leung, C. T., & Brugge, J. S. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10826 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Sung, K. E., Yang, N., Pehlke, C., Keely, P. J., Eliceiri, K. W., Friedl, A., & Beebe, D. J. (2011) · Integr. Biol. · doi:10.1039/c0ib00063a · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Towards a mechanistic understanding of tumor invasion—lessons from theα 6 β 4integrin
Mercurio, A. M., & Rabinovitz, I. (2001) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1006/scbi.2000.0364 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
A Mouse Model of Human Breast Cancer Metastasis to Human Bone
Kuperwasser, C., Dessain, S. K., Bierbaum, B. E., Garnet, D., Sperandio, K., Gauvin, G. P., Naber, S. P., Weinberg, R. A., & Rosenblatt, M. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1408 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Radiologic diagnosis of bone metastases
Rosenthal, D. I. (1997) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19971015)80:8+ · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Cancer spread and micrometastasis development: Quantitative approaches for in vivo models
MacDonald, I. C., Groom, A. C., & Chambers, A. F. (2002) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.10156 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Migration dynamics of breast cancer cells in a tunable 3D interstitial flow chamber
Haessler, U., Teo, J. C. M., Foretay, D., Renaud, P., & Swartz, M. A. (2012) · Integrative Biology · doi:10.1039/c1ib00128k · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Bondareva, A. A., Downey, C. M., Ayres, F. J., Liu, W., Boyd, S. K., Hallgrímsson, B., & Jirik, F. R. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005620 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Crissman, J. D., Hatfield, J. S., Menter, D. G., Sloane, B. F., & Honn, K. V. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Microfluidic Platforms for Studies of Angiogenesis, Cell Migration, and Cell–Cell Interactions
Chung, S. H., Sudo, R., Vickerman, V., Zervantonakis, I. K., & Kamm, R. D. (2010) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-010-9899-3 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationA microfluidic-based device for study of transendothelial invasion of tumor aggregates in realtime
Zhang, Q., Liu, T., & Qin, J. (2012) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c2lc00030j · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Khatib, A., Auguste, P., Fallavollita, L., et al. (2005) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62048-2 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Hsu, Y.-L., Hou, M.-F., Kuo, P.-L., Huang, Y.-F., & Tsai, E.-M. (2012) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2012.444 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Vascular mimetics based on microfluidics for imaging the leukocyte–endothelial inflammatory response
Schaff, U. Y., Xing, M. M. Q., Lin, K., Pan, N., Jeon, N. L., & Simon, S. I. (2007) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/b617915k · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Multi-step microfluidic device for studying cancer metastasis
Chaw, K. C., Manimaran, M., Tay, E. H., & Swaminathan, S. (2007) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/b707399m · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Cancer Cells Regulate Biomechanical Properties of Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Mierke, C. T. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.256172 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
A novel multishear microdevice for studying cell mechanics
Chau, L. T., Doran, M. R., & Cooper-White, J. J. (2009) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/b823180j · Cited by 117 · see citing works
C-Type Lectins and Sialyl Lewis X Oligosaccharides
Fukuda, M., Hiraoka, N., & Yeh, J. (1999) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.147.3.467 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Microfluidics-based devices: New tools for studying cancer and cancer stem cell migration
Huang, Y., Agrawal, B. M., Sun, D., Kuo, J. S., & Williams, J. C. (2011) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.3555195 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A versatile assay for monitoring in vivo-like transendothelial migration of neutrophils
Han, S., Yan, J.-J., Shin, Y., Jeon, J. S., Won, J., Jeong, H. E., Kamm, R. D., Kim, Y., & Chung, S. H. (2012) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c2lc40445a · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationShin, M. K., Kim, S. K., & Jung, H. (2011) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c1lc20671k · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Real-Time Microfluidic System for Studying Mammalian Cells in 3D Microenvironments
Lii, J., Hsu, W., Parsa, H., Das, A., Rouse, R., & Sia, S. K. (2008) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac8000034 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A microfluidic device for characterizing the invasion of cancer cells in 3‐D matrix
Liu, T., Li, C., Li, H., Zeng, S., Qin, J., & Lin, B. (2009) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.200900289 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Induction of Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by Solid Tumor Cells
Kebers, F., Lewalle, J.-M., Desreux, J., Munaut, C., Devy, L., Foidart, J., & Noël, A. (1998) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1006/excr.1998.3935 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Tumor-Microenvironment Interactions
Zipin-Roitman, A., Israeli‐Amit, M., Meshel, T., Sagi‐Assif, O., Yron, I., Lifshitz, V., Bacharach, E., Smorodinsky, N. I., Many, A., Czernilofsky, P. A., et al. (2004) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-4038 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Hangan, D., Morris, V. L., Boeters, L., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Stimulate Mammary Fibroblasts to Promote Mammary Carcinoma Cell Invasion
Owens, P., Polikowsky, H. G., Pickup, M. W., Gorska, A. E., Jovanović, B., Shaw, A. K., Novitskiy, S. V., Hong, C. C., & Moses, H. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067533 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Microfluidics for in vitro biomimetic shear stress-dependent leukocyte adhesion assays
Bianchi, E., Molteni, R., Pardi, R., & Dubini, G. (2012) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.10.024 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tanaka, T., Yui, Y., Naka, N., Wakamatsu, T., Yoshioka, K., Araki, N., Yoshikawa, H., & Itoh, K. (2012) · Clinical & Experimental Metastasis · doi:10.1007/s10585-012-9543-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Maternal and perinatal factors associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among children
Adami, J., Glimelius, B., Cnattingius, S., Ekbom, A., Zahm, S. H., Linet, M. S., & Zack, M. M. (1996) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960315)65:6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hamalukic, M., Huelsenbeck, J., Schad, A., Wirtz, S. J., Kaina, B., & Fritz, G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026413 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Of mice and (wo)men: Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis to bone
Goldstein, R. H., Weinberg, R. A., & Rosenblatt, M. (2010) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.68 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Thuma, F., Ngora, H., & Zöller, M. (2013) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2013.05.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hanzlik, J., Cretekos, E., & Lamkin-Kennard, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Bionic Engineering · doi:10.1016/s1672-6529(08)60176-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Human 3D vascularized organotypic microfluidic assays to study breast cancer cell extravasation
Jeon, J. S., Bersini, S., Gilardi, M., Dubini, G., Charest, J. L., Moretti, M., & Kamm, R. D. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1417115112 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Self-citationOrganoid-on-a-chip and body-on-a-chip systems for drug screening and disease modeling
Skardal, A., Shupe, T., & Atala, A. (2016) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.07.003 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Microfluidics: A New Tool for Modeling Cancer–Immune Interactions
Boussommier-Calleja, A., Li, R., Chen, M. B., Wong, S. C., & Kamm, R. D. (2016) · Trends in Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2015.12.003 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“One of the major current limitations of in vitro metastatic models is their lack of organspecificity[28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWang, Y., Wu, D., Wu, G., Wu, J., Lu, S., Lo, J., He, Y., Zhao, C., Zhao, X., Zhang, H., et al. (2020) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.38736 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Laser direct-write onto live tissues: a novel model for studying cancer cell migration
Burks, H. E., Phamduy, T. B., Azimi, M. S., Saksena, J., Burow, M. E., Collins‐Burow, B. M., Chrisey, D. B., & Murfee, W. L. (2016) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.25363 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bersini, S., Jeon, J. S., Moretti, M., & Kamm, R. D.
- Affiliations
- IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio (IT)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moretti, Matteo
- Kamm, R.D.
- Venue
- Drug Discovery Today
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 735-742
- ISSN
- 1359-6446 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4048792
- OpenAlex
- W2055635053
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Drug Discovery Today (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- National Cancer Institute (R33CA174550, R21CA140096)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Keywords
- metastasis, extravasation, in vitro metastasis model, microfluidics, endothelial cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions, local invasion
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Neoplastic Cells, Circulating, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, Cell Line, Tumor, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
