Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Matrices: State of the Art
Open accessAbstract
Traditional methods of cell growth and manipulation on 2-dimensional (2D) surfaces have been shown to be insufficient for new challenges of cell biology and biochemistry, as well as in pharmaceutical assays. Advances in materials chemistry, materials fabrication and processing technologies, and developmental biology have led to the design of 3D cell culture matrices that better represent the geometry, chemistry, and signaling environment of natural extracellular matrix. In this review, we present the status of state-of-the-art 3D cell-growth techniques and scaffolds and analyze them from the perspective of materials properties, manufacturing, and functionality. Particular emphasis was placed on tissue engineering and in vitro modeling of human organs, where we see exceptionally strong potential for 3D scaffolds and cell-growth methods. We also outline key challenges in this field and most likely directions for future development of 3D cell culture over the period of 5-10 years.
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Cellular responses to drug treatments in 3D cultures are more similar to what occurs in vivo compared to 2D culture.
“Cellular responses to drug treatments in 3D cultures have been shown to be more similar to what occurs in vivo compared to 2D culture. 11-13”
From Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
The Biomaterials section (page unavailable) reports that 3D tumor models better reproduced in vivo tumor characteristics than 2D cultures and showed reduced sensitivity to chemotherapy. The Modifications section also reports greater resistance to drug-induced apoptosis in organized 3D spheroids than in 2D monolayers. Neither passage directly compares drug-treatment responses with in vivo responses, so the claim’s general conclusion is not fully established by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCell responses in 3D cultures are more similar to in vivo behavior compared to 2D culture.
“It has been demonstrated that cell responses in 3D cultures are more similar to in vivo behavior compared to 2D culture. 11-13”
From Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
In both cases, the data agreed with values obtained from 2D/3D cell cultures in 96-well plates or from the literature, demonstrating that the 3D array's miniaturization has no appreciable effect on either cell line's cytotoxicity responses.
“In both cases, the data agreed with values obtained from 2D/3D cell cultures in 96-well plates or from the literature, demonstrating that the 3D array's miniaturization has no appreciable effect on either cell line's cytotoxicity responses. 13”
From Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
The Introduction discusses conventional well-plate culture, and Future Directions discusses the potential of 3D models for toxicity screening (page numbers unavailable). Neither reports a comparison of a miniaturized 3D array with 96-well cultures or literature values. Searches for “96-well,” “miniaturization,” and cytotoxicity responses found no passage establishing the claimed result for either cell line. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Lee, J., Cuddihy, M. J., & Kotov, N. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-03
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 61-86
- ISSN
- 1937-3368 (ISSN-L)
- 1937-3376
- OpenAlex
- W2043156676
- Cited by
- 1,047
- References
- 209
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 77
- FWCI
- 38.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- 3D cell culture, cell culture scaffolds, extracellular matrix mimics, tissue engineering, in vitro organ models, scaffold fabrication, scaffold materials, pharmaceutical assay
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Biomedical Engineering, Culture Media, Humans, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Surface Properties, Cell Culture Techniques, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Tissue Engineering, Nanotechnology, Culture Techniques, Cell Proliferation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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