CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 289Endometriosis Research and TreatmentHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of LifeEctopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management

Economic burden of endometriosis

Open access
Gao, Xin, Outley, Jackie, Botteman, Marc, Spalding, James, Simon, James A., Pashos, Chris L.·2006·Fertility and Sterility
DOI 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.06.015
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Objective To comprehensively review and evaluate the direct costs of endometriosis.Design and setting We systematically reviewed studies published since 1990, and conducted an analysis of publicly available national databases (Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey/National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey) in the United States. We assessed: [1] the overall economic impact of endometriosis; [2] the direct costs associated with specific treatments; and [3] the indirect costs of endometriosis associated with reduced work productivity.Results Of 13 published studies meeting inclusion criteria, 11 (85%) addressed direct costs, a few studies addressed outpatient costs or indirect costs, and no study quantified the economic impact among adolescents. Direct endometriosis-related costs were considerable and appeared driven by hospitalizations. Our database analysis found: [1] as endometriosis-related hospital length of stay steadily declined from 1993 to 2002, per-patient cost increased 61%; [2] adolescents (aged 10-17 years) had endometriosis-related hospitalizations; [3] approximately 50% of >600,000 endometriosis-related ambulatory patient visits involved specialist care; and [4] females 23 years old or younger constituted >20% of endometriosis-related outpatient visits.Conclusions Health economic information for endometriosis is scarce, limiting our understanding of its overall economic impact. Nevertheless, the literature and other available data suggest that endometriosis places a considerable burden on patients and society.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.06.015

Cites

55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Women with endometriosis have a higher rate of other pain syndromes associated with peripheral and central sensitization, including irritable bowel syndrome, painful bladder syndrome, fibromyalgia, and migraine headache.

    “women with endometriosis have a higher rate of other pain syndromes associated with peripheral and central sensitization such as irritable bowel syndrome, painful bladder syndrome, fibromyalgia and migraine headache”

    From Chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis: translational evidence of the relationship and implications (2011) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2006

    The introduction (p. 1) lists irritable bowel syndrome and interstitial cystitis as possible alternative explanations for symptoms, not as conditions occurring at higher rates in women with endometriosis. A search for the other named syndromes and sensitization found no passage establishing the claimed association; the Chronic Pelvic Pain section (p. 6) discusses pelvic pain instead. (LLM, conf=0.74)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Endometriosis is a more costly public health problem than migraine and Crohn's disease in women, due to high rates of hospital admissions, surgical procedures, and comorbid conditions.

    “The high rates of hospital admissions, surgical procedures, and incidence of comorbid conditions make endometriosis a more costly public health problem than commonly known medical conditions in women such as migraine and Crohn’s disease (13-17).”

    From Patients’ report on how endometriosis affects health, work, and daily life (2010) · cites this paper as [13]

  • The yearly total cost of endometriosis has been estimated at €30 billion in Europe and $22 billion in the US, with direct costs increasing steadily.

    “The yearly total (direct plus indirect) cost of endometriosis has been estimated at €30 billion in Europe and $22 billion in the US, and direct costs have increased steadily (13,18-20).”

    From Patients’ report on how endometriosis affects health, work, and daily life (2010) · cites this paper as [13]

  • According to studies based on 2002 US data, the global annual cost of endometriosis, including analgesics, hormonal therapies, gynaecological consultations, hospital admissions, surgical procedures, days off-work and reduced productivity, varies between $18.8 and $22 billion.

    “According to studies based on 2002 US data, the global cost of the disease (including analgesics, hormonal therapies, gynaecological consultations, hospital admissions, surgical procedures, days off-work and reduced productivity) varies between $18.8 and $22 billion per year (Gao et al., 2006;Simoens et al., 2007)”

    From “Waiting for Godot”: a commonsense approach to the medical treatment of endometriosis (2011) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2006

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. [5]5. Kovacs P. Conference Report from the 49th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. Medscape Ob/Gyn Womens Health 2002;7(1). Available from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/ 431591.
  2. [7]7. American and African-indigenous women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2004;57:40-2.
  3. [21]21. ing to conventional therapy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1997;10:199-202.
  4. [52]52. Medical economics Thomson healthcare. Redbook: Pharmacy's fundamental reference, 2005 edition. <!-- image -->

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Gao, X., Outley, J., Botteman, M., Spalding, J., Simon, J. A., & Pashos, C. L.
Affiliations
  • Abt Global (United States) (US)
  • Pharmerit (United States) (US)
  • George Washington University (US)
Corresponding author
Gao, Xin
ORCID
Venue
Fertility and Sterility
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2006-12
Volume
86
Issue
6
Pages
1561-1572
ISSN
0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.06.015
OpenAlex
W2098584612
Cited by
289
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 23
FWCI
1.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
Keywords
endometriosis, economic burden, direct costs, indirect costs, work productivity loss, hospital costs, length of hospital stay, outpatient visits, adolescent endometriosis, outpatient care, treatment costs
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Employment, Endometriosis, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Middle Aged, United States, Comorbidity, Health Care Costs, Cost of Illness, Pelvic Pain

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review