The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties
Open accessAbstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) contains high levels of biologically active phytoecdysteroids, which have been implicated in plant defense from insects, and have shown a range of beneficial pharmacological effects in mammals. We demonstrated that the most prevalent phytoecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE), was secreted (leached) from intact quinoa seeds into water during the initial stages of seed germination. Leaching efficiency was optimized by ethanol concentration (70% ethanol), temperature (80°C), time (4h), and solvent ratio (5 ml/g seed). When compared to extraction of macerated seeds, the leaching procedure released essentially all the 20HE available in the seeds (491 μg/g seed). The optimized quinoa leachate (QL), containing 0.86% 20HE, 1.00% total phytoecdysteroids, 2.59% flavonoid glycosides, 11.9% oil, and 20.4% protein, significantly lowered fasting blood glucose in obese, hyperglycemic mice. Leaching effectively releases and concentrates bioactive phytochemicals from quinoa seeds, providing an efficient means to produce a food-grade mixture that may be useful for anti-diabetic applications.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
A one-step leaching process using 70% ethanol at 80°C for 4 h released essentially all 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) from intact quinoa seeds and produced a food-grade quinoa leachate (QL) enriched in phytoecdysteroids and flavonoids. In diet-induced obese, hyperglycemic mice, acute oral QL lowered fasting blood glucose dose-dependently, with 500 mg/kg reducing it by 36.2%.
Key findings
- 20HE leached from intact quinoa seeds into water during germination; over 144 h, leaching was greater at 37°C (294.0 μg/g seed) than at 25°C (156.5 μg/g seed), and at 37°C approximately 60% of total seed 20HE was leached.
- Optimized leaching conditions were 70% ethanol, 80°C, 4 h, and 5 ml solvent/g seed; this released essentially all available 20HE (491 μg/g seed), with a leachate yield of 4.5% and dried leachate containing 1.09% 20HE.
- QL prepared from 1 kg seed yielded 41.0 g and contained 0.86% 20HE, 1.00% total phytoecdysteroids, 2.59% flavonoid glycosides, 11.9% oil, 20.4% protein, 53.6% carbohydrates, 6.97% ash, and 3.53% moisture.
- In obese, hyperglycemic C57Bl/6J mice, acute QL decreased fasting blood glucose by 36.2% at 500 mg/kg and 18.5% at 250 mg/kg; metformin (300 mg/kg) decreased it by 26.4%, and 500 mg/kg QL and metformin significantly lowered final % FBG versus control.
Methods
- Bolivian-grown red quinoa seeds were used for aqueous leaching experiments at 25 or 37°C, in light and dark, over 24–144 h, and for ethanol leaching optimization across 0–95% ethanol, 25–80°C, 1–24 h, and varying solvent-to-seed ratios; 20HE and other compounds were quantified by LC-UV-MS.
- Leaching of intact seeds was compared with extraction of pulverized seeds in 70% ethanol at 25 or 80°C, including repeated extraction at 80°C.
- The animal study used five-week-old male C57Bl/6J mice fed a very high-fat diet (60% fat-derived calories) for 15 wk; after a 4 h fast, mice with fasting blood glucose above 200 mg/dL were randomized to vehicle, QL (250 or 500 mg/kg), or metformin (300 mg/kg) (n=7), and FBG was reassessed 4 h post-treatment by 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: genetic and environmental factors affecting phytoecdysteroid content in quinoa seeds are currently unknown, and 20HE levels can vary greatly depending on quinoa seed source.
- Stated in the paper: the biological study was an acute hypoglycemic study in a diet-induced obese mouse model, not a chronic or human study.
- Evident from the text: the QL is a complex mixture containing phytoecdysteroids, flavonoids, oil, protein, amino acids, and trace saponins, so the observed anti-diabetic effect cannot be attributed solely to 20HE; the animal experiment used a small sample size (n=7 per group) and only a single post-treatment FBG measurement.
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Claims the paper makes
36 Own result · 13 Not checked yet · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The optimized quinoa leachate (QL), containing 0.86% 20HE, 1.00% total phytoecdysteroids, 2.59% flavonoid glycosides, 11.9% oil, and 20.4% protein, significantly lowered fasting blood glucose in obese, hyperglycemic mice.”
- Also stated in: § 3.4 In vivo hypoglycemic effect · boosted
“Acute oral administration of QL demonstrated a dose dependent decrease in FBG in diet-induced obese, hyperglycemic mice (C57BL/6J) with FBG levels above 200 mg/dL.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.4 In vivo hypoglycemic effect · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Light did not impact the amount of 20HE that was leached from the seeds compared with the seeds germinated in the dark.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.1. 20HE leaches from germinating seeds
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fast, efficient method described here for leaching and concentrating 20HE from quinoa seeds enhanced the 20HE content in QL 17.5-fold, compared with the concentration found in the seeds.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The optimized quinoa leachate (QL), containing 0.86% 20HE, 1.00% total phytoecdysteroids, 2.59% flavonoid glycosides, 11.9% oil, and 20.4% protein, significantly lowered fasting blood glucose in obese, hyperglycemic mice.”
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL) · plain
“The total flavonoid glycoside content, determined as QT-I equivalents, was 2.59% of QL.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At temperatures above 25°C, more seed material, including 20HE, was leached into the solvent (Table 1).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metformin (300 mg/kg) decreased FBG by 26.4%.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.4 In vivo hypoglycemic effect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The compound was identified as quercetin 3-O-(2,6-di-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside according to its MS, MS/MS and NMR spectra, and in comparison with the spectra reported in the literature (Zhu, Sheng, Li, Lavoie, Karwe, Rosen, & Ho, 2001b).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhu et al., 2001b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The optimized quinoa leachate (QL), containing 0.86% 20HE, 1.00% total phytoecdysteroids, 2.59% flavonoid glycosides, 11.9% oil, and 20.4% protein, significantly lowered fasting blood glucose in obese, hyperglycemic mice.”
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL) · plain
“20HE constituted 0.86% of QL, whereas the total phytoecdysteroid content was 1.00%.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The optimal ethanol concentration for leaching 20HE from quinoa seeds at 25°C was 70% (Fig. 2A).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to the initial FBG levels of individual mice, 500 and 250 mg/kg QL decreased te FBG by an average of 36.2% and 18.5%, respectively.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.4 In vivo hypoglycemic effect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total amount of 20HE leached, concentration in the dry leachate and leachate yield all decreased dramatically in 95% ethanol.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-leached seeds retained their shape, form and colour.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“QL was prepared for phytochemical, nutritional, and biological study from 1 kg seed under optimal conditions, yielding 41.0 g QL.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sonication and solvent acidification did not affect the amount of 20HE leached from the seeds or the 20HE concentration in the dried leachate (data not shown).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other components, determined by proximate nutritional analysis of QL, included carbohydrates (53.6%), protein (20.4%), oil (11.9%), ash (6.97%) and moisture (3.53%).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leaching efficiency was optimized by ethanol concentration (70% ethanol), temperature (80°C), time (4 h), and solvent ratio (5 ml/g seed).”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions · boosted
“Leaching was further optimized by time (1–8 h) and solvent to seed ratio (1–5 ml/g seed), demonstrating that 4 h of leaching and 5 ml solvent/g seed were the optimal conditions for leaching most of the 20HE available in seeds and obtaining the highest yield of QL (Supplementary Fig. 1).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About 0.37% of QL consisted of branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) (Supplementary Table 1).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“20HE leached from quinoa seeds into water gradually over the course of 144 h, with greater leaching occurring at 37°C (294.0 μg/g seed) compared with at 25°C (156.5 μg/g seed) (Fig. 1).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.1. 20HE leaches from germinating seeds
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other components, determined by proximate nutritional analysis of QL, included carbohydrates (53.6%), protein (20.4%), oil (11.9%), ash (6.97%) and moisture (3.53%).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extracting the ground seeds in 70% ethanol at 25°C released 399 μg 20HE/g seed, whereas leaching intact seeds for 24 h released 317.8 μg 20HE/g seed (about 80% as efficient as extraction).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the leachate yield produced using 70% ethanol was 29.7 mg/g seed compared to 38.1 mg/g for the extract (Fig. 2C).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The optimized quinoa leachate (QL), containing 0.86% 20HE, 1.00% total phytoecdysteroids, 2.59% flavonoid glycosides, 11.9% oil, and 20.4% protein, significantly lowered fasting blood glucose in obese, hyperglycemic mice.”
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL) · plain
“Other components, determined by proximate nutritional analysis of QL, included carbohydrates (53.6%), protein (20.4%), oil (11.9%), ash (6.97%) and moisture (3.53%).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under these conditions, the leachate yield was 4.5% and the 20HE content of the dried leachate was 1.09%.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metformin and the higher dose of QL (500 mg/kg) significantly decreased final % FBG compared with the control by 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test (Fig. 4).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.4 In vivo hypoglycemic effect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifteen peaks corresponding with fifteen different molecules were putatively identified as listed in Table 2, including 4 quercetin glycosides, 1 kaempferol glycoside and 5 phytoecdysteroids (20HE, makisterone A, epi-makisterone A, 24(28)-dehydromakisterone A, and makisterone C).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LC-MS analysis of QL also revealed trace amounts of saponins (data not shown).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leaching was further optimized by time (1–8 h) and solvent to seed ratio (1–5 ml/g seed), demonstrating that 4 h of leaching and 5 ml solvent/g seed were the optimal conditions for leaching most of the 20HE available in seeds and obtaining the highest yield of QL (Supplementary Fig. 1).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other components, determined by proximate nutritional analysis of QL, included carbohydrates (53.6%), protein (20.4%), oil (11.9%), ash (6.97%) and moisture (3.53%).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.3. Biochemical analysis of quinoa leachate (QL)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have demonstrated that quinoa seeds leach the majority of their stored phytoecdesteroids, along with several other biologically active compounds, such as flavonoids, into the surrounding medium, possibly as a defense mechanism against soil insects.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 5. Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study, AlterEco red quinoa seeds contained 491.3 μg 20HE/g seed, constituting 85.7% of total phytoecdysteroids.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Phytoecdysteroids are polyhydroxylated steroids, structurally related to insect molting hormones, that have been implicated in plant defense by deterring insect herbivory, delaying insect development and causing lethality to insect larvae (Arnault & Slama, 1986; Blackford & Dinan, 1997; Marion-Poll & Descoins, 2002; Rharrabe, Sayan, & Lafont, 2010; Singh & Russell, 1980).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arnault & Slama, 1986
- Not checked yetcites Blackford & Dinan, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Marion-Poll & Descoins, 2002
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Phytoecdysteroids have also shown a wide range of therapeutic effects in mammals, including anabolic, performance enhancing (Gorelick-Feldman, MacLean, Ilic, Poulev, Lila, Cheng, & Raskin, 2008; Slama & Lafont, 1995), anti-osteoporotic (Kapur, Wuttke, Jarry, & Seidlova-Wuttke, 2010; Seidlova-Wuttke, Christel, Kapur, Nguyen, Jarry, & Wuttke, 2010) and wound healing properties (Syrov & Khushbaktova,”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Foucault et al. (2011) has previously reported a method for producing a conventional 20HE-enriched extract (1.5 – 2.0% 20HE w/w) from quinoa seeds.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foucault et al., 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Recent literature also suggests that the most prevalent phytoecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE, also known as ecdysterone or β-ecdysone) may play a role in the treatment and prevention of diabetes and obesity.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kizelsztein et al., 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, this method resulted in a relatively low yield (10 mg extract/g seeds) and necessitated pulverization of the seeds upon boiling, followed by several extractions and drying steps.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foucault et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following a 4 h fasting period, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured using an AlphaTRAK® handheld glucometer (Abbott Labs, Inc.), and mice were randomly divided into FBG-balanced experimental groups.”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.8. Animal study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Rutgers University (Protocol Number: 04-023).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.8. Animal study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little work has been done to investigate the role of quinoa's secondary metabolites in human health.
“However, little work has been done to investigate the role of quinoa’s secondary metabolites in human health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The genetic and environmental factors affecting phytoecdysteroid content in quinoa seeds are currently unknown.
“However, the genetic and environmental factors affecting phytoecdysteroid content in quinoa seeds are currently unknown.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Quinoa extracts showed anti-obesity, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, immunoregulatory, and collagenase-modulating effects in in vivo experiments with rats [208,209,210,211,212,213,214].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [210]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The optimized Q extract significantly lowered fasting blood glucose in obese, hyperglycaemic mice [73].”
From Molecular Targets of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Mammals, Mechanism of Action: Is It a Calorie Restriction Mimetic and Anti-Aging Compound? (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“It was also found that Q counteracted the HF-related elevation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor-γ mRNA levels, indicating a decrease in fat-storing capacity in adipose tissues.”
From Molecular Targets of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Mammals, Mechanism of Action: Is It a Calorie Restriction Mimetic and Anti-Aging Compound? (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The faecal lipid ratio was also increased without altering the stool amount.”
From Molecular Targets of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Mammals, Mechanism of Action: Is It a Calorie Restriction Mimetic and Anti-Aging Compound? (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A prospective source of a wide range of phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols of adaptogenic action is quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grains [3,4].”
From Anxiolytic and Antioxidant Effect of Phytoecdysteroids and Polyphenols from Chenopodium quinoa on an In Vivo Restraint Stress Model (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, quinoa seeds contain many PEs, even more than spinach, with anti-diabetic properties. They decrease blood glucose in obesity [188].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [188]
In the citing paper
“Compared with traditional Poaceae cereal grains, quinoa is the only staple crop reported to contain PE,8–10”
In the citing paper
“FG content of 1 – 2 quinoa cultivars was measured via LC-UV-MS in 3 separate studies, showing total FG contents ranging from 543 – 2561 μg/g.10, 21, 30”
In the citing paper
“Our method of leaching intact seeds in 70% ethanol with heat has previously been shown to yield most 20HE available in the seeds, achieving levels equal to or above those obtained from traditional extraction of macerated seed material.10”
In the citing paper
“while PE and FG are under rigorous investigation for their anti-diabetic, weight reducing, cardioprotective, and anticarcinogenic properties.10, 11, 22, 24”
In the citing paper
“Quinoa is especially notable in phytoactive content due to the presence of PE, which are not found in any Poaceae cereal grains, and are only reported to be present in a few other edible crops such as spinach, though in lower concentrations.10, 15”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
“Therefore, the dried extracts and leachates had a similar 20HE content (10.4 and 10.7 μg 20HE/g seed, respectively) (Fig. 2B).”
§ Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties > 3. Results > 3.2. Optimal leaching conditions
“Extracting the ground seeds in 70% ethanol at 25°C released 399 μg 20HE/g seed, whereas leaching intact seeds for 24 h released 317.8 μg 20HE/g seed (about 80% as efficient as extraction).”
Citations
Cites
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In vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic effects of anthocyanins from Maqui Berry (Aristotelia chilensis)
Rojo, L. E., Ribnicky, D., Logendra, S., Poulev, A., Rojas‐Silva, P., Kuhn, P. E., Dorn, R., Grace, M. H., Lila, M. A., & Raskin, I. (2011) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.066 · Cited by 217
Self-citationPhytoecdysteroids increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells.
Gorelick-Feldman, J., MacLean, D., Ilic, N., Poulev, A., Lila, M. A., Cheng, D., & Raskin, I. (2008) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf073059z · Cited by 166 · cited 3×
“These molecules are considered the primary bioactive components of the traditional Chinese and Siberian herbs Ajuga turkestanica, Rhaponticum carthamoides, and Cyanotis vaga (Gorelick-Feldman et al., 2008; Kokoska & Janovska, 2009; Lafont, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCheng, D. M., Kuhn, P. E., Poulev, A., Rojo, L. E., Lila, M. A., & Raskin, I. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.117 · Cited by 162
Self-citationda‐Silva, W. S., Harney, J. W., Kim, B. W., Li, J., Bianco, S. D. C., Crescenzi, A., Christoffolete, M. A., Huang, S. A., & Bianco, A. C. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1488 · Cited by 151
Foucault, A., Mathé, V., Lafont, R., Even, P., Dioh, W., Veillet, S., Tomé, D., Huneau, J., Hermier, D., & Quignard‐Boulangé, A. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.257 · Cited by 122
Gastrointestinal Effects of Eating Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Celiac Patients
Zevallos, V. F., Herencia, I. L., Chang, F., Donnelly, S., Ellis, J. H., & Ciclitira, P. J. (2014) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.431 · Cited by 117
20-Hydroxyecdysone decreases weight and hyperglycemia in a diet-induced obesity mice model
Kizelsztein, P., Govorko, D., Komarnytsky, S., Evans, A., Wang, Z., Cefalu, W. T., & Raskin, I. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90772.2008 · Cited by 117
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Kokoska, L., & Janovska, D. (2009) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.04.008 · Cited by 112
Alaskan Wild Berry Resources and Human Health under the Cloud of Climate Change
Kellogg, J. J., Wang, J., Flint, C. G., Ribnicky, D., Kuhn, P. E., de Mejı́a, E. G., Raskin, I., & Lila, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf902693r · Cited by 105
Self-citationEcdysteroids from Chenopodium quinoa Willd., an Ancient Andean Crop of High Nutritional Value
Kumpun, S., Maria, A., Crouzet, S., Evrard-Todeschi, N., Girault, J.-P., & Lafont, R. (2011) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.039 · Cited by 99 · cited 2×
“As noted by Kumpun et al. (2011), 20HE levels in quinoa seeds can vary greatly depending on the source.”
BackgroundBiological activities and chemistry of saponins from Chenopodium quinoa Willd.
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ANTIOXIDATIVE FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES FROM QUINOA SEEDS (CHENOPODIUM QUINOA WILLD)
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Angeli, V., Miguel Silva, P., Crispim Massuela, D., Khan, M. W., Hamar, A., Khajehei, F., Graeff-Hönninger, S., & Piatti, C. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9020216 · Cited by 375
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Metadata
- Authors
- Graf, B. L., Poulev, A., Kuhn, P., Grace, M. H., Lila, M. A., & Raskin, I.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Graf, Brittany L.
- Raskin, Ilya
- Venue
- Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 163
- Pages
- 178-185
- ISSN
- 0308-8146 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4116738
- OpenAlex
- W2149960342
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 12.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (P50AT002776)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Seed and Plant Biochemistry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
- Keywords
- quinoa seeds, quinoa, phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, seed germination, flavonoid glycosides, antidiabetic activity, fasting blood glucose, hyperglycemia, obesity, bioactive compounds
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromatography, Liquid, Ecdysterone, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Seeds, Chenopodium quinoa, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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