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Cited by 46Seed and Plant BiochemistryPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesPhytochemical Studies and Bioactivities

Phytoecdysteroids and flavonoid glycosides among Chilean and commercial sources of Chenopodium quinoa: variation and correlation to physico‐chemical characteristics

Open access
Graf, Brittany L, Rojo, Leonel E, Delatorre‐Herrera, Jose, Poulev, Alexander, Calfio, Camila, Raskin, Ilya·2016·Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
DOI 10.1002/jsfa.7134PMC PMC4534356
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Little is known about varietal differences in the content of bioactive phytoecdysteroids (PE) and flavonoid glycosides (FG) from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). The aim of this study was to determine the variation in PE and FG content among 17 distinct quinoa sources and identify correlations to genotypic (highland vs. lowland) and physico‐chemical characteristics (seed color, 100‐seed weight, protein content, oil content). RESULTS: PE and FG concentrations exhibited over four‐fold differences across quinoa sources, ranging from 138 ± 11 µg g−1 to 570 ± 124 µg g−1 total PE content and 192 ± 24 µg g−1 to 804 ± 91 µg g−1 total FG content. Mean FG content was significantly higher in highland Chilean varieties (583.6 ± 148.9 µg g−1) versus lowland varieties (228.2 ± 63.1 µg g−1) grown under the same environmental conditions (P = 0.0046; t‐test). Meanwhile, PE content was positively and significantly correlated with oil content across all quinoa sources (r = 0.707, P = 0.002; Pearson correlation). CONCLUSION: FG content may be genotypically regulated in quinoa. PE content may be increased via enhancement of oil content. These findings may open new avenues for the improvement and development of quinoa as a functional food. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Across 17 quinoa sources, total phytoecdysteroid (PE) and flavonoid glycoside (FG) contents varied more than fourfold, and FG was significantly higher in highland/Northern Chilean varieties than lowland/Central-Southern varieties grown in the same environment. PE content was positively correlated with oil content, suggesting oil-related improvement may increase PE.

Key findings

  • Total PE ranged from 138 ± 11 to 570 ± 124 μg/g and total FG ranged from 192 ± 24 to 804 ± 91 μg/g across the 17 quinoa sources; 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) constituted 71.6–90.0% of total PE.
  • Mean FG content was significantly higher in Northern/highland Chilean varieties (583.6 ± 148.9 μg/g) than in Central-Southern/lowland varieties (228.2 ± 63.1 μg/g) (P = 0.0046; t-test).
  • PE content was positively and significantly correlated with oil content across all quinoa sources (r = 0.707, P = 0.002; Pearson correlation); 20HE and total PE were also correlated with oil across all analyses (r > 0.664, P < 0.05), except 20HE–oil among Chilean varieties (r = 0.661, P = 0.0742).
  • PE were concentrated in the embryo+endosperm (20HE = 618.3 ± 5.1 μg/g) compared with seed coat (284.1 ± 9.6 μg/g) and perisperm (85.6 ± 11.7 μg/g).

Methods

  • Eight Chilean varieties (four Northern/highland and four Central-Southern/lowland) were grown and harvested at the same location in Chiu Chiu, Calama, Northern Chile, and compared with nine global commercial quinoa sources purchased in the USA and Ecuador; 17 sources total.
  • PE and FG were quantified by LC-UV-MS after leaching 1.6 g seed or saponin powder in 8 mL 70% ethanol for 4 h at 80 °C; 20HE was quantified at 247 nm against a pure standard, total PE as 20HE equivalents, and FG as quercetin 3-O-(2,6-di-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside equivalents, in triplicate.
  • Statistical analysis used Tukey’s multiple comparison one-way ANOVA, t-tests, Pearson correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA), with P < 0.05 considered significant.

Limitations

  • Paper-stated: the genetic and environmental factors influencing PE and FG concentrations in quinoa seeds remain largely unknown; the authors recommend assessing additional genotypes and investigating environmental factors, saponin and betalain correlations, and mechanisms to improve oil content.
  • Paper-stated: environmental factors may have a greater influence on PE accumulation than genotype, and the evidence that FG content may be genotypically regulated is suggestive rather than proven.
  • Evident from the text: the study includes only 17 sources (eight Chilean varieties, four per ecotype), and commercial sources differed in origin and processing; the reported correlations are observational and cannot establish causality.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/jsfa.7134

Cites

55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 72 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Total PE content varied over 4-fold across the 17 quinoa sources, ranging from 138 ± 11 μg/g to 570 ± 124 μg/g.

    “PE and FG concentrations exhibited over 4-fold differences across quinoa sources, ranging from 138 ± 11 μg/g to 570 ± 124 μg/g total PE content and 192 ± 24 μg/g to 804 ± 91 μg/g total FG content.”
    • Also stated in: § Phytoecdysteroid (PE) Content among Quinoa Sources · plain
      “20HE and PE content varied significantly across Chilean varieties and commercial quinoa sources (P < 0.0001; Tukey’s multiple comparison one-way ANOVA), with >4-fold difference observed between highest and lowest source (Fig. 3A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    PE content is positively and significantly correlated with oil content across all quinoa sources (r = 0.707, P = 0.002).

    “PE content was positively and significantly correlated with oil content across all quinoa sources (r = 0.707, P = 0.002; Pearson correlation).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Mean FG content is significantly higher in highland Chilean quinoa varieties (583.6 ± 148.9 μg/g) than in lowland varieties (228.2 ± 63.1 μg/g) grown under the same environmental conditions (P = 0.0046).

    “Mean FG content was significantly higher in highland Chilean varieties (583.6 ± 148.9 μg/g) versus lowland varieties (228.2 ± 63.1 μg/g) grown under the same environmental conditions (P = 0.0046; t-test).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Total FG content varied over 4-fold across the quinoa sources, ranging from 192 ± 24 μg/g to 804 ± 91 μg/g.

    “PE and FG concentrations exhibited over 4-fold differences across quinoa sources, ranging from 138 ± 11 μg/g to 570 ± 124 μg/g total PE content and 192 ± 24 μg/g to 804 ± 91 μg/g total FG content.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The quinoa sources varied significantly in 100-seed weight (2.18-fold difference; P < 0.0001).

    “As shown in Table 2, the quinoa sources employed in our study varied significantly in physicochemical characteristics, including seed color (white, red, or black), 100-seed weight (2.18-fold difference; P < 0.0001), protein content (2.11-fold difference; P < 0.0001), and oil content (1.92-fold difference; P = 0.0017) (Tukey’s multiple comparison one-way ANOVA).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 28

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among Chilean varieties, Villarrica (C8) had the highest PE content (570 ± 124 μg/g) and Cancosa (C3) the lowest (224 ± 103 μg/g).

    “Among Chilean varieties, Villarrica (C8) had the highest PE content (570 ± 124 μg/g), and Cancosa (C3) contained the lowest (224 ± 103 μg/g).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among commercial sources, AlterEco Red (Q2) had the highest PE content (568 ± 14 μg/g) and Arrowhead Mills (Q9) the lowest (138 ± 11 μg/g).

    “Among commercial sources, AlterEco Red (Q2) had the highest PE content (568 ± 14 μg/g), while Arrowhead Mills (Q9) contained the lowest (138 ± 11 μg/g).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Wegman's Red (Q5) had the highest protein content (157.3 ± 11.7 mg/g) and Kalustyan's Black (Q6) the lowest (74.7 ± 5.5 mg/g).

    “Wegman’s Red (Q5) had the highest protein content (157.3 ± 11.7 mg/g), while Kalustyan’s Black (Q6) had the lowest (74.7 ± 5.5 mg/g).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    AlterEco Pearl (Q1) had the highest 100-seed weight (441 ± 15 mg) and Kalustyan's Black (Q6) the lowest (202 ± 7 mg).

    “AlterEco Pearl (Q1) had the highest 100-seed weight (441 ± 15 mg), while Kalustyan’s Black (Q6) had the lowest (202 ± 7 mg).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Ancovinto Roja (C2) had the highest oil content (56.2 ± 4.4 mg/g) and Gramolino (Q8) the lowest (29.3 ± 2.6 mg/g).

    “Highest oil content was found in Ancovinto Roja (C2; 56.2 ± 4.4 mg/g), while Gramolino (Q8) contained the lowest (29.3 ± 2.6 mg/g).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The protein and oil levels observed in this study generally corroborate previous reports that these macronutrients vary within a range of 111-162 mg/g protein and 18-95 mg/g oil.

    “With the exception of some quinoa sources that showed lower protein content than expected, the protein and oil levels observed in our study generally corroborate previous reports that these macronutrients vary within a range of 111 – 162 mg/g protein28 and 18 – 95 mg/g oil.6”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [28] Miranda M Vega-Galvez A Martinez E Lopez J Rodriguez MJ Henriquez K Fuentes F Genetic diversity and comparison of physiochemical and nutritional characteristics of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) genotypes cultivated in Chile Cienc Technol Aliment Campinas 2012 32 835 843

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Bhargava A Shukla S Ohri D Chenopodium quinoa - An Indian perspective Ind Crops Prod 2006 23 73 87 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    FG content varied significantly across Chilean varieties and commercial quinoa sources (P < 0.0001), with more than a 4-fold difference between the highest and lowest source.

    “FG content varied significantly across Chilean varieties and commercial quinoa sources (P < 0.0001; Tukey’s multiple comparison one-way ANOVA), with > 4-fold difference between the highest and lowest source (Fig. 3B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    PC2 shows a positive correlation among latitude, 100-seed weight, and FG content, indicating that seeds with greater mass contain higher FG content and correspond to seeds originating from lower latitudes.

    “The second principal component (PC2) shows that there is a positive correlation among latitude, 100-seed weight, and FG content (Fig. 5B), which indicates that seeds with greater mass contain higher FG content, and correspond to seeds originating from lower latitudes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    20HE content was positively and significantly correlated with oil content across all analyses (r > 0.664, P < 0.05), except among Chilean varieties where the correlation was high but not significant (r = 0.661, P = 0.0742).

    “Interestingly, 20HE and total PE content were both positively and significantly correlated with oil content across all analyses (r > 0.664, P < 0.05), except for the correlation of 20HE content to oil content among Chilean varieties, which was still very high (r = 0.661, P = 0.0742).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Seed weight was significantly correlated to latitude of origin (r = −0.874, P = 0.0046), with Northern varieties displaying higher seed weights than Central-Southern varieties.

    “Seed weight was also significantly correlated to latitude of origin (Northern varieties displayed higher seed weights than Central-Southern varieties; r = −0.874, P = 0.0046).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    PC1 shows a positive correlation between oil, 20HE and total PE contents, indicating that seeds containing higher lipid content also contain a higher content of phytoecdysteroids.

    “The first principal component (PC1) shows that there is a positive correlation between oil, 20HE and total PE contents (Fig. 4B), which indicates that seeds containing higher lipid content also contain a higher content of phytoecdysteriods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among commercial quinoa sources, Q3, Q4, Q6, Q8, and Q9 grouped together in the upper left quadrant, while Q1, Q2, Q5, and Q7 grouped with the Northern Chilean varieties in the upper right quadrant.

    “Among commercial quinoa sources, Q3, Q4, Q6, Q8, and Q9 grouped together in the upper left quadrant, while Q1, Q2, Q5, and Q7 grouped with the Northern Chilean varieties in the upper right quadrant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Northern Chilean varieties originate from higher latitudes, have high seed weight (>389 mg/100 seeds), and high FG content (>389 μg/g).

    “These varieties originate from higher latitudes, have high seed weight (>389 mg/100 seeds), and high FG content (>389 μg/g).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The quinoa sources in the upper left share low PE content (<314 μg/g) and low oil content (29.3-39.3 mg/g), while those in the upper right share high PE content (>383 μg/g) and high oil content (29.3-45.4 mg/g).

    “The quinoa sources visualized to the upper left of the scatter plot share low PE content (<314 μg/g) and low oil content (29.3 – 39.3 mg/g), while those to the upper right share high PE content (>383 μg/g) and high oil contnet (29.3 – 45.4 mg/g).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Central-Southern Chilean varieties originate from lower latitudes, have low seed weight (<288 mg/100 seeds) and low FG content (<322 μg/g).

    “These varieties all originate from lower latitudes, have low seed weight (<288 mg/100 seeds) and low FG content (<322 μg/g).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Quinoa seeds contain higher levels of polyphenols than rice and wheat.

    “Quinoa seeds have also been shown to contain higher levels of polyphenols than rice and wheat.2, 18–20”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [2] Vega-Galvez A Miranda M Vergara J Uribe E Puente L Martinez EA Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). an ancient Andean grain: a review J Sci Food Agric 2010 90 2541 2547 20814881 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Alvarez-Jubete L Arendt EK Gallagher E Nutritive value of pseudocereals and their increasing use as functional gluten-free ingredients Trends Food Sci Technol 2010 21 106 113 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Gorinstein S Medina Vargas OJ Jaramillo NO Salas IA Martinez Ayala AL Arancibia-Avile P Toledo F Katrich E Trakhtenberg S The total polyphenols and the antioxidant potentials of some selected cereals and pseudocereals Eur Food Res Technol 2007 225 321 328 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Dini I Tenore GC Dini A Antioxidant compound contents and antioxidant activity before and after cooking in sweet and bitter Chenopodium quinoa seeds Food Sci Technol 2010 43 447 451

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Flavonoids and flavonoid-rich staple crops may play a role in the prevention of chronic human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer.

    “Epidemiological studies and randomized clinical trials have suggested a possible role for flavonoids and flavonoid-rich staple crops in the prevention of chronic human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer.24, 25”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] Van Dam RM Naidoo N Landberg R Dietary flavonoids and the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: reivew of recent findings Curr Opin Lipidol 2013 24 25 33 23254472 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Hui C Qi X Qianyong Z Xiaoli P Jundong Z Mantian M Flavonoids, flavonoid subclasses and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies PLoS One 2013 8 1 8 PMC3548848 23349849 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In a previous study of 46 commercial quinoa sources, 20HE content ranged from 184 to 491 μg/g.

    “In one study that employed LC-UV-MS analysis among 46 commercial quinoa sources, 20HE content displayed a range of 184 – 491 μg/g.8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Kumpun S Maria A Crouzet S Evrard-Todeschi N Girault JP Lafont R Ecdysteroids from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. an ancient Andean crop of high nutritional value Food Chem 2011 125 1226 1234 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Total PE and FG contents have not been evaluated using specific quantitative techniques among more than two different quinoa genotypes grown under the same environmental conditions, or among multiple quinoa sources with carefully documented origins.

    “To date, total PE and FG contents have not been evaluated using specific quantitative techniques among more than two different quinoa genotypes grown under the same environmental conditions, or among multiple quinoa sources with carefully documented origins.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Northern Chilean quinoa varieties are genetically and morphologically distinct from Central-Southern varieties.

    “Northern Chilean varieties (cultivated in the extreme arid Altiplano highlands, 3500 – 4000 m above sea level, 19 °S, 150 – 300 mm annual rainfall, saline soils, frequent frost) are genetically and morphologically distinct from Central-Southern varieties”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] Miranda M Vega-Galvez A Quispe-Fuentes I Rodriguez MJ Maureira H Martinez EA Nutritional aspects of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) ecotypes from three geographical areas of Chile Chilean J Agric Res 2012 72 175 181 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Fuentes F Martinez EA Hinrichsen PV Jellen EN Maughan PJ Assessment of genetic diversity patterns in Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) germplasm using multiplex fluorescent microsatellite markers Conserv Genet 2009 10 369 377 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Miranda M Vega-Galvez A Martinez E Lopez J Rodriguez MJ Henriquez K Fuentes F Genetic diversity and comparison of physiochemical and nutritional characteristics of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) genotypes cultivated in Chile Cienc Technol Aliment Campinas 2012 32 835 843

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In previous studies, total FG content of 1-2 quinoa cultivars ranged from 543 to 2561 μg/g.

    “FG content of 1 – 2 quinoa cultivars was measured via LC-UV-MS in 3 separate studies, showing total FG contents ranging from 543 – 2561 μg/g.10, 21, 30”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] Graf BL Poulev A Kuhn P Grace M Lila MA Raskin I Quinoa seeds leach phytochemicals and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties Food Chem 2014 163 178 185 24912714 PMC4116738 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Gomez-Caravaca AM Iafelice G Lavini A Pulvento C Caboni MF Marconi E Phenolic compounds and saponins in quinoa samples (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) grown under different saline and nonsaline irrigation regimens J Agric Food Chem 2012 60 4620 4627 22512450 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Gomez-Caravaca AM Iafelice G Verardo V Marconi E Caboni MF Influence of pearling process on phenolic and saponin content in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) Food Chem 2014 157 174 178 24679767 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Quinoa accessions cluster into highland and lowland ecotypes, representing genetically distinct groups.

    “Quinoa germplasm studies have revealed that quinoa accessions cluster into highland and lowland ecotypes, representing genetically distinct groups.7, 27, 28”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] Christensen SA Pratt DB Pratt C Nelson PT Stevens MR Jellen EN Coleman CE Fairbanks DJ Bonifacio A Maughan PJ Assessment of genetic diversity in the USDA and CIP-FAO international nursery collections of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) using microsatellite markers Plant Genetic Res 2007 5 82 95 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Fuentes F Martinez EA Hinrichsen PV Jellen EN Maughan PJ Assessment of genetic diversity patterns in Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) germplasm using multiplex fluorescent microsatellite markers Conserv Genet 2009 10 369 377 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Miranda M Vega-Galvez A Martinez E Lopez J Rodriguez MJ Henriquez K Fuentes F Genetic diversity and comparison of physiochemical and nutritional characteristics of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) genotypes cultivated in Chile Cienc Technol Aliment Campinas 2012 32 835 843

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Significant differences in total phenolic and antioxidant capacities were observed between different quinoa cultivars produced in their respective regions of origin, using spectrophotometric analysis.

    “Furthermore, using spectrophotometric analysis to estimate total phenolic and antioxidant capacities of quinoa seeds, significant differences were observed between different quinoa cultivars produced in their respective regions of origin.20, 28, 31”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [20] Dini I Tenore GC Dini A Antioxidant compound contents and antioxidant activity before and after cooking in sweet and bitter Chenopodium quinoa seeds Food Sci Technol 2010 43 447 451

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Miranda M Vega-Galvez A Martinez E Lopez J Rodriguez MJ Henriquez K Fuentes F Genetic diversity and comparison of physiochemical and nutritional characteristics of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) genotypes cultivated in Chile Cienc Technol Aliment Campinas 2012 32 835 843

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] Nsimba RY Kikuzaki H Konishi Y Antioxidant activity of various extracts and fractions of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus spp. seeds Food Chem 2008 106 760 766 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Spectrophotometric assays are non-specific and subject to high rates of interference by vitamins, amino acids, and sugars.

    “However, spectrophotometric assays are non-specific and subject to high rates of interference by vitamins, amino acids, and sugars.32”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] George S Brat P Alter P Amiot MJ Rapid determination of polyphenols and vitamin C in plant-derived products J Agric Food Chem 2005 53 1370 1373 15740008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The leaching method (70% ethanol with heat) yields most 20HE available in quinoa seeds, achieving levels equal to or above traditional extraction of macerated seed material.

    “Our method of leaching intact seeds in 70% ethanol with heat has previously been shown to yield most 20HE available in the seeds, achieving levels equal to or above those obtained from traditional extraction of macerated seed material.10”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Graf BL Poulev A Kuhn P Grace M Lila MA Raskin I Quinoa seeds leach phytochemicals and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties Food Chem 2014 163 178 185 24912714 PMC4116738 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    PE concentrate in the oil-rich embryo of quinoa seeds.

    “Previous reports suggest that PE concentrate in the oil-rich embryo,8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Kumpun S Maria A Crouzet S Evrard-Todeschi N Girault JP Lafont R Ecdysteroids from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. an ancient Andean crop of high nutritional value Food Chem 2011 125 1226 1234 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The leaching procedure yielded significantly higher 20HE (P = 0.0027) and total PE (P = 0.009) content than other harvesting methods.

    “Significant differences were observed for 20HE (P = 0.0027) and total PE (P = 0.009) content between phytochemical harvesting methods, with highest 20HE and PE content occurring in the samples obtained using our leaching procedure (Supp. Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    FG accumulate in the outer and internal layers of quinoa seeds.

    “whereas FG accumulate in the outer and internal layers of the seed.30”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Gomez-Caravaca AM Iafelice G Verardo V Marconi E Caboni MF Influence of pearling process on phenolic and saponin content in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) Food Chem 2014 157 174 178 24679767 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    FG function as protective plant compounds that increase under water stress.

    “Since FG function as protective plant compounds that increase under water stress,21, 22”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] Gomez-Caravaca AM Iafelice G Lavini A Pulvento C Caboni MF Marconi E Phenolic compounds and saponins in quinoa samples (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) grown under different saline and nonsaline irrigation regimens J Agric Food Chem 2012 60 4620 4627 22512450 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Harborne JB Williams CA Advances in flavonoid research since 1992 Phytochemistry 2000 55 481 504 11130659 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The methods employed in this study were simpler, faster, and more efficient than previously described methods.

    “The methods employed in our study were simpler, faster, and more efficient than previously described methods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Northern Chilean quinoa varieties are genetically and morphologically distinct from Central-Southern ecotypes.

    “Northern Chilean varieties are genetically and morphologically distinct from Central-Southern ecotypes.7, 27, 28”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] Christensen SA Pratt DB Pratt C Nelson PT Stevens MR Jellen EN Coleman CE Fairbanks DJ Bonifacio A Maughan PJ Assessment of genetic diversity in the USDA and CIP-FAO international nursery collections of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) using microsatellite markers Plant Genetic Res 2007 5 82 95 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Fuentes F Martinez EA Hinrichsen PV Jellen EN Maughan PJ Assessment of genetic diversity patterns in Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) germplasm using multiplex fluorescent microsatellite markers Conserv Genet 2009 10 369 377 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Miranda M Vega-Galvez A Martinez E Lopez J Rodriguez MJ Henriquez K Fuentes F Genetic diversity and comparison of physiochemical and nutritional characteristics of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) genotypes cultivated in Chile Cienc Technol Aliment Campinas 2012 32 835 843

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Quinoa desaponification has a much lower impact on phenolic content than the milling of wheat or barley, which reduces total phenolic content by 42.5-72.5% and 69.7-90.7% respectively.

    “Interestingly, quinoa desaponification has a much lower impact on phenolic content than the milling of wheat or barley, which has been reported to reduce total phenolic content 42.5 – 72.5% and 69.7 – 90.7% in these grains, respectively.30”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Gomez-Caravaca AM Iafelice G Verardo V Marconi E Caboni MF Influence of pearling process on phenolic and saponin content in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) Food Chem 2014 157 174 178 24679767 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In quinoa, red-black coloration is attributable to betalains, non-phenolic nitrogen-containing pigments exclusive to the order Caryophyllales.

    “However, in quinoa, red - black coloration is attributable to the presence of betalains, non-phenolic nitrogen-containing pigments exclusive to the order Caryophyllales.44, 45”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [44] Tang Y Li X Zhang B Chen PX Liu R Tsao R Characterisation of phenolics, betanins and antioxidant activities in seeds of three Chenopodium quinoa Willd. genotypes Food Chem 2015 166 380 388 25053071 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [45] Moreno DA Garcia-Viguera C Gil JI Gil-Izquierdo A Betalains in the era of global agri-food science, technology and nutritional health Phytochemistry Rev 2008 7 261 280 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Photoperiod, altitude, and arid climate may accelerate flowering and seed filling, thereby inhibiting seed growth.

    “possibly because photoperiod, altitude, and arid climate accelerate flowering and seed filling, thereby inhibiting seed growth.48”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Jacobsen S The worldwide potential for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) Food Rev Int 2003 19 167 177 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lowland varieties typically produce smaller seeds than highland varieties within their respective regions of origin.

    “Lowland varieties typically produce smaller seeds than highland varieties within their respective regions of origin.46”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Bhargava A Srivastava S Quinoa: Botany, Production and Uses CABI Boston, MA 2013 247 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In rice, purple and red colors are attributable to two polyphenolic groups, anthocyanins and proanthocyanins, respectively.

    “In rice, purple and red colors are attributable to two polyphenolic groups, anthocyanins and proanthocyanins, respectively.41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Min B McClung AM Chen M Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities in rice brans of different color J Food Sci 2011 76 C117 C126 21535639 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies demonstrated that lowland varieties produce smaller, lighter seeds when grown in the highlands compared to the lowlands.

    “However, previous studies have also demonstrated that lowland varieties produce smaller, lighter seeds when grown in the highlands compared the lowlands,47”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Miranda M Vega-Galvez A Martinez EA Lopez J Marin R Aranda M Fuentes F Influence of contrasting environments on seed composition of two quinoa genotypes: nutritional and functional properties Chilean J Agric Res 2013 73 108 116 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    FG content and seed weight may function as two independent characteristics that are each strongly dependent on genotype, resulting in their statistically significant correlation (r = 0.834, P = 0.010).

    “FG content and seed weight may function as two independent characteristics that are each strongly dependent on genotype, thereby resulting in their statistically significant correlation (r = 0.834, P = 0.010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Oil content has been successfully improved in several cereal crops through conventional breeding techniques.

    “Though oil content has been successfully improved in several cereal crops through conventional breeding techniques,53”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Barthole G Lepiniec L Rogowsky PM Baud S Controlling lipid accumulation in cereal grains Plant Sci 2012 185–186 33 39 22325864 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Quinoa has recently received worldwide attention for its potential to promote human health.

    “Quinoa has recently received worldwide attention for its potential to promote human health,1”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] FAO Quinoa: an ancient crop to contribute to world food security http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/aq287e/aq287e.pdf Accessed August 8, 2014 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In previous research, quinoa embryos represented 30% of total seed weight, contained 50-60% of total 20HE, and total PE concentration in embryos was 2-3 times higher than in whole seeds.

    “The embryos, representing 30% of total seed weight, contained 50 – 60% of total 20HE, and the concentration of total PE in the embryos was 2 – 3 times higher than in the whole seeds.8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Kumpun S Maria A Crouzet S Evrard-Todeschi N Girault JP Lafont R Ecdysteroids from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. an ancient Andean crop of high nutritional value Food Chem 2011 125 1226 1234 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Quinoa is especially notable in phytoactive content due to the presence of PE, which are not found in any Poaceae cereal grains, and are only reported to be present in a few other edible crops such as spinach, though in lower concentrations.

    “Quinoa is especially notable in phytoactive content due to the presence of PE, which are not found in any Poaceae cereal grains, and are only reported to be present in a few other edible crops such as spinach, though in lower concentrations.10, 15”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Graf BL Poulev A Kuhn P Grace M Lila MA Raskin I Quinoa seeds leach phytochemicals and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties Food Chem 2014 163 178 185 24912714 PMC4116738 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Gorelick-Feldman J MacLean D Ilic N Poulev A Lila MA Cheng D Raskin I Phytoecdysteroids increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells J Agric Food Chem 2008 56 3532 3537 18444661 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Most commercial quinoa sources are highly related to Northern Chilean varieties and likely share common ancestors.

    “Based on the variables analyzed in our study, our data indicates that most commercial quinoa sources are highly related to Northern Chilean varieties, and likely share common ancestors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Knowledge or enhancement of phytoactive content among quinoa varieties may promote the sustainability and livelihoods of quinoa-producing communities in South America via increased nutritional value, market price, and exportation potential of locally grown food.

    “Furthermore, the knowledge or enhancement of phytoactive content among quinoa varieties may promote the sustainability and livelihoods of quinoa-producing communities in South America via increased nutritional value, market price, and exportation potential of locally grown food.1, 57, 58”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] FAO Quinoa: an ancient crop to contribute to world food security http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/aq287e/aq287e.pdf Accessed August 8, 2014 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Ofstehage A The construction of an alternative quinoa economy: balancing solidarity, household needs, and profit in San Agustín, Bolivia Agric Hum Values 2012 29 441 454 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [58] Bazile D Quinoa: a catalyst for innovation Perspective 2013 20 1 4 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Enhancement of PE and FG content in quinoa may represent a new frontier for crop improvement and functional food development.

    “Therefore, enhancement of PE and FG content in quinoa may represent a new frontier for crop improvement and functional food development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous research suggested that 20HE may be concentrated in the oil-rich embryos of quinoa seeds.

    “Previous research has suggested that 20HE may be concentrated in the oil-rich embryos of quinoa seeds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Kumpun S Maria A Crouzet S Evrard-Todeschi N Girault JP Lafont R Ecdysteroids from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. an ancient Andean crop of high nutritional value Food Chem 2011 125 1226 1234 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    PE and FG are under rigorous investigation for their anti-diabetic, weight reducing, cardioprotective, and anticarcinogenic properties.

    “while PE and FG are under rigorous investigation for their anti-diabetic, weight reducing, cardioprotective, and anticarcinogenic properties.10, 11, 22, 24”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [10] Graf BL Poulev A Kuhn P Grace M Lila MA Raskin I Quinoa seeds leach phytochemicals and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties Food Chem 2014 163 178 185 24912714 PMC4116738 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Dinan L The Karlson Lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: what use are they? Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2009 72 126 41 19771554 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Harborne JB Williams CA Advances in flavonoid research since 1992 Phytochemistry 2000 55 481 504 11130659 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Van Dam RM Naidoo N Landberg R Dietary flavonoids and the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: reivew of recent findings Curr Opin Lipidol 2013 24 25 33 23254472 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PE have been hypothesized to play a role in plant defense from insects, and their production has been shown to increase in spinach following mechanical damage or the application of methyl jasmonate, a plant-defense signaling molecule.

    “PE have been hypothesized to play a role in plant defense from insects, and their production has been shown to increase in spinach following mechanical damage or the application of methyl jasmonate, a plant-defense signaling molecule.29”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Cheng DM Yousef GG Lila MA Variation in phytoecdysteroid accumulation in seeds and shoots of Spinacia oleracea L. accessions Hort Sci 2010 45 1634 1638

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Quinoa is a rich source of health-beneficial unsaturated fatty acids.

    “Since vegetable oil is of high demand52 and quinoa is a rich source of health-beneficial unsaturated fatty acids,2, 28”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] Vega-Galvez A Miranda M Vergara J Uribe E Puente L Martinez EA Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). an ancient Andean grain: a review J Sci Food Agric 2010 90 2541 2547 20814881 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Miranda M Vega-Galvez A Martinez E Lopez J Rodriguez MJ Henriquez K Fuentes F Genetic diversity and comparison of physiochemical and nutritional characteristics of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) genotypes cultivated in Chile Cienc Technol Aliment Campinas 2012 32 835 843

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Vegetable oil is of high demand.

    “Since vegetable oil is of high demand52 and quinoa is a rich source of health-beneficial unsaturated fatty acids,2, 28”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Lu C Napier JA Clemente TE Cahoon EB New frontiers in oilseed biotechnology: meeting the global demand for vegetable oils for food, feed, biofuel, and industrial applications Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011 22 252 259 21144729 source

      Not checked in the free run.

50 of 50

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Protein and oil content account for a major portion of seed weight.

    “Since protein and oil content account for a major portion of seed weight, this correlation is to be expected, especially among commercially produced seeds in which agricultural practices are optimized for high yield and high nutritional quality.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No work has yet been performed to improve oil content in quinoa.

    “Though oil content has been successfully improved in several cereal crops through conventional breeding techniques,53 to our knowledge, no work has yet been performed to this effect in quinoa.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    This study is the first to determine PE and FG content among a diverse set of quinoa sources while exploring their relationship to other physicochemical seed parameters.

    “This study is the first to determine PE and FG content among a diverse set of quinoa sources while exploring their relationship to other physicochemical seed parameters, including morphological and nutritional characteristics.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The 20-hydroxyecdysone content in quinoa seeds ranges from 70 to 800 μg/g and in spinach ranges from 4 to 800 μg/g fresh weight and 17 to 885 μg/g dry weight.

    “The 20E content in quinoa seeds ranges from 70 to 800 μg/g and in spinach ranges from 4 to 800 μg/g fresh weight and 17 to 885 μg/g dry weight [22,36–38].”

    From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [37]

    The Results and Discussion section, ‘Phytoecdysteroid (PE) Content among Quinoa Sources’ (page not available), confirms that 20HE content varies among quinoa seeds, but it does not give the claimed 70–800 μg/g range; it reports a previous range of 184–491 μg/g. The section mentions spinach only in connection with increased phytoecdysteroid production after damage or methyl jasmonate treatment, not the claimed fresh- or dry-weight ranges. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Desaponification sample count differs between methods sections

    Minor

    The desaponification procedure describes eight samples, but the statistical analysis says nine desaponification samples were analyzed.

  • PCA latitude correlations reverse the reported Pearson correlations

    Minor

    The PCA discussion says latitude is positively correlated with both seed weight and FG content. The Pearson analysis reports negative correlations for latitude with FG content (r = −0.963) and seed weight (r = −0.874), reversing those relationships.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. FAO, 2011, Quinoa: An Ancient Crop to Contribute to World Food Security
  2. Delatorre‐Herrera J, 2012, Asesoría técnica e implementación de parcela demostrativa para socializar prácticas de rotación de cultivos (Quinua – Alfalfa) en la localidad de CHIUCHIU, Informe Final INDAP. CORDUNAP
  3. 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.07.010 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Graf, B. L., Rojo, L. E., Delatorre‐Herrera, J., Poulev, A., Calfio, C., & Raskin, I.
Affiliations
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
  • Arturo Prat University (CL)
  • Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables Universidad Arturo Prat Casilla 121 Iquique Chile
  • Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Arturo Prat Casilla 121 Iquique Chile
Corresponding author
  • Graf, Brittany L
  • Raskin, Ilya
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-03-19
Volume
96
Issue
2
Pages
633-643
ISSN
  • 0022-5142 (ISSN-L)
  • 1097-0010
DOI
10.1002/jsfa.7134
PMC
PMC4534356
OpenAlex
W1567606025
Cited by
46
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
FWCI
2.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (P50AT002776-01)
  • Gobierno Regional de Tarapacá, Chile
  • New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
  • Proyecto FIC-R Biomasa Como Fuente De Nuevos Nutracéuticos Y Cosmeticos, Chile
  • School of Environmental and Biological Sciences at Rutgers University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Seed and Plant Biochemistry
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
Keywords
quinoa, phytoecdysteroids, flavonoid glycosides, cultivar differences, seed oil content, seed protein content, seed color, 100-seed weight, functional foods, bioactive compounds
MeSH terms
Chile, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Flavonoids, Genotype, Glycosides, Nutritive Value, Seeds, Mass Spectrometry, Genetic Variation, Ecdysteroids, Chenopodium quinoa, Chemical Phenomena, Functional Food

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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