Methods to detect nitric oxide and its metabolites in biological samples
Open accessAbstract
Nitric oxide (NO) methodology is a complex and often confusing science and the focus of many debates and discussion concerning NO biochemistry. NO is involved in many physiological processes including regulation of blood pressure, immune response, and neural communication. Therefore its accurate detection and quantification are critical to understanding health and disease. Due to the extremely short physiological half-life of this gaseous free radical, alternative strategies for the detection of reaction products of NO biochemistry have been developed. The quantification of NO metabolites in biological samples provides valuable information with regard to in vivo NO production, bioavailability, and metabolism. Simply sampling a single compartment such as blood or plasma may not always provide an accurate assessment of whole body NO status, particularly in tissues. Therefore, extrapolation of plasma or blood NO status to specific tissues of interest is no longer a valid approach. As a result, methods continue to be developed and validated which allow the detection and quantification of NO and NO-related products/metabolites in multiple compartments of experimental animals in vivo. The methods described in this review is not an exhaustive or comprehensive discussion of all methods available for the detection of NO but rather a description of the most commonly used and practical methods which allow accurate and sensitive quantification of NO products/metabolites in multiple biological matrices under normal physiological conditions.
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Nitrite anion is recycled back to NO in multiple ways.
“However, now it is clear that nitrite anion is recycled back to NO in multiple ways.”
From Inorganic nitrite therapy: historical perspective and future directions (2011) · cites this paper as [82]
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- Authors
- Bryan, N. S., & Grisham, M. B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grisham, Matthew B.
- Venue
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 645-657
- ISSN
- 0891-5849 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2041919
- OpenAlex
- W2123422742
- Cited by
- 1,005
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK64023, R01DK064023, P01DK043785, DK-43785)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- nitric oxide, nitric oxide metabolites, nitrite, nitrate, NO bioavailability, biological matrices
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fluorometry, Humans, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitrites, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Tyrosine
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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