An experimental study on the effects of frosting conditions on frost distribution and growth on finned tube heat exchangers
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They [54] hypothesized that frost growth could be caused by flow separation from the tubes.
“They [54] hypothesized that frost growth could be caused by flow sep aration from the tubes.”
A reduced face velocity decreased the frost layer growth velocity.
“a reduced face velocity decreased the frost layer growth velocity”
An increase in the RH induces frost thickness growth.
“an increase in the RH induces frost thickness growth”
A similar variation between the inlet and outlet frost thicknesses was detected in [54] when the RH was decreased from the base condition.
“a similar variation between the inlet and outlet frost thicknesses was detected in [54] when the RH was decreased from the base condition.”
Using the time-averaged δfr and ρfr measured in the experiments of Zhang et al. [56], the fitted values are a = 6.6051, b = 0.0087, and c = 1.9312.
“Using the time-averaged δ fr and ρ fr measured in the experiments of Zhang et al. [56], the fitted values are a = 6.6051, b = 0.0087, and c = 1.9312.”
From A physics-informed quasi-steady frosting model with coupled heat–mass transfer for predicting frost layer growth (2026) · cites this paper as Zhang et al. [56]
Initial air face velocity affects frosting.
“the initial air face velocity affects frosting, and the thickness of frost on the edge of windward fins decreased with air velocity [35].”
From Experimental investigation on an air source heat pump system with a novel anti-frosting evaporator (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
Frost thickness on the edge of windward fins decreases with air velocity.
“the initial air face velocity affects frosting, and the thickness of frost on the edge of windward fins decreased with air velocity [35].”
From Experimental investigation on an air source heat pump system with a novel anti-frosting evaporator (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
As frosting progressed, the air flow rate continuously decreased due to increased pressure drop and decreased by 70.0% at 3600 s.
“As frosting progressed, the air flow rate continuously decreased due to the increased pressure drop and decreased by 70.0% at 3600 s.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The predicted frost thickness agreed well with the respective measured values for frost thickness at θ = 0° and θ = 90°.
“As seen, the predicted frost thickness agreed well with their respective measured values.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The initial air flow rate and inlet air velocity of the tube-finned heat exchanger were 150.0 m3/h and 1.2 m/s, respectively.
“As seen, the initial air flow rate and inlet air velocity were 150.0 m 3 /h and 1.2 m/s, respectively.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
From 600 s to 3600 s, the absolute average relative error between average measured values and predicted average frost thickness calculated by Model 1 was 9.0%.
“From 600 s to 3600 s, the absolute average relative error between average measured values and predicted average frost thickness calculated by Models 1 and 2 were 9.0% and 3.9%, respectively.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Measured total frost mass on the T-FHE at 3600 s was 73.4 g.
“the measured frost mass on the SFT, EWF, and the total frost mass on the T-FHE were 68.4 g, 5.0 g, and 73.4 g, respectively.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The average absolute relative error between measured and predicted frost thickness at θ = 0° was 3.8%.
“The average absolute relative errors between the measured and predicted frost thickness at θ = 0 ° and θ = 90 ° were 3.8% and 5.9%, respectively.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Measured frost mass on the EWF at 3600 s was 5.0 g.
“the measured frost mass on the SFT, EWF, and the total frost mass on the T-FHE were 68.4 g, 5.0 g, and 73.4 g, respectively.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental data from the authors' previous work were employed to validate the frosting model developed in this study.
“To validate the frosting model developed in this study, experimental data from the authors' previous work [15] were employed.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Measured frost mass on the SFT at 3600 s was 68.4 g.
“the measured frost mass on the SFT, EWF, and the total frost mass on the T-FHE were 68.4 g, 5.0 g, and 73.4 g, respectively.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The inlet air velocity stabilized at around 1.63 m/s during the following 1100 s and increased to 1.74 m/s at 3600 s.
“Then it stabilized at around this value during the following 1100 s and increased to 1.74 m/s at 3600 s.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The inlet air velocity gradually increased and reached 1.63 m/s at 1200 s.
“By contrast, the inlet air velocity gradually increased and reached 1.63 m/s at 1200 s.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Previous studies indicated that there was frost growth on the edge of windward fins.
“In addition, the previous studies [15-17] indicated that there was frost growth on the edge of windward fins, which was not considered in all the existed frosting models of T-FHEs summarized in Table 1 .”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
There was a significant difference between the measured frost thickness at the entrance to windward fins and that at the exit from leeward fins at the early stage of the frosting period due to the entrance effect.
“As seen, there was a significant difference between the measured frost thickness at the entrance to windward fins and that at the exit from leeward fins at the early stage of frosting period due to the entrance effect.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
From 600 s to 3600 s, the absolute average relative error between average measured values and predicted average frost thickness calculated by Model 2 was 3.9%.
“From 600 s to 3600 s, the absolute average relative error between average measured values and predicted average frost thickness calculated by Models 1 and 2 were 9.0% and 3.9%, respectively.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
According to previous experimental studies, frost growth on the tube-finned segment is significantly uneven due to both uneven fin temperature distribution and uneven air flow field.
“However, according to the experimental results of the previous studies [15-17] , the frost growth on the tube-finned segment was significantly uneven not only due to the uneven fin temperature distribution, but also the uneven air flow field.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The predicted average frost thickness on the surfaces of fins and tubes calculated by Models 1 and 2 were much closer to the measured frost thickness at the entrance to windward fins during the first 600 s.
“The predicted average frost thickness on the SFT of the T-FHE calculated by Models 1 and 2 were much closer to the measured frost thickness at the entrance to windward fins during the first 600 s.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The measured frost thickness at the entrance to windward fins was 5.1 times larger than that at the exit from leeward fins at 300 s.
“The former was 5.1 times larger than the latter at 300 s.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The frost layer accumulated on both the surfaces of fins and tubes and the edge of windward fins.
“As seen, the frost layer not only accumulated on the SFT, but also accumulated on the EWF.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The average absolute relative error between measured and predicted frost thickness at θ = 90° was 5.9%.
“The average absolute relative errors between the measured and predicted frost thickness at θ = 0 ° and θ = 90 ° were 3.8% and 5.9%, respectively.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
For frost thickness at θ = 90°, the maximum absolute relative error between measured and predicted values was 15.7% at 300 s.
“For the frost thickness at θ = 90 ° , the maximum absolute relative error between the measured and predicted values was 15.7% occurred at 300 s.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Frost on the heat and mass transfer segment of a tube-finned heat exchanger is not uniform.
“Recently, a series of comprehensive experimental studies [15-17] was conducted by the authors and the experimental results showed that frost on the heat and mass transfer segment of a T-FHE was also not uniform.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
There is little frost growth on the leeward tube surfaces and the leeward fins at the same height as the tubes.
“For instance, there was little frost growth on the leeward tube surfaces, and the leeward fins at the same height as the tubes.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Compared to Model 1, Model 2 improves the prediction accuracy on frost thickness on the surfaces of fins and tubes of the tube-finned heat exchanger by 5.1% when ignoring the early stage of the frosting period.
“Generally, compared to Model 1, Model 2 developed based on frost distribution characteristics can improve the prediction accuracy on frost thickness on the SFT of the T-FHE by 5.1% when ignored the early stage of frosting period.”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Frost grows not only on the surfaces of fins and tubes but also on the edge of windward fins.
“Moreover, frost grew more than just on the surfaces of fins and tubes (SFT), but on the edge of windward fins (EWF).”
From Temporal and spatial frost growth prediction of a tube-finned heat exchanger considering frost distribution characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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“[13] suggested that frost on a finned tube heat exchanger could be divided into frost on the edge of windward fins, and the surfaces of fins and tubes; after that, the effects of air temperature, relative humidity, and velocity on these two parts of the frost layer were further quantitatively investigated [14].”
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Self-citationFrost formation non-uniformity in a multi-circuit V-shape evaporator
Alvandifar, N., Kristófersson, J., & Forooghi, P. (2023) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2023.10.018 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Jiang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Wu, L., Shen, J., & Song, M. (2024) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.126354 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationJuhola, V., Mikkola, V., Inkeri, E., Kabelac, S., & Tynjälä, T. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127396 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Iranagh, S. A., Tahavvor, A., Yaghoubi, M., & Tavakol, M. (2022) · Heat Transfer Engineering · doi:10.1080/01457632.2022.2059218 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Heating performance of a novel two-stage evaporator air-source heat-pump for drying applications
Du, A., & Long, J. (2021) · Drying Technology · doi:10.1080/07373937.2020.1869036 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Zhang et al.[24] studied the distribution of the frost layer of a finned heat-exchanger and showed that the frost-layer’s thickness increased with increasing air temperature and humidity, while it decreased with increasing air-velocity.”
BackgroundExperimental study on frost growth patterns and surface wettability effects of precooler module
Tang, Z., Liu, H., Ji, Z., Fang, Y., Chen, Y., & Fu, C. (2024) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124146 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Experimental study about frost formation and growth in the evaporator of an air-to-water heat pump
Gallén, D. A., Marchante-Avellaneda, J., Hassan, A. H., & Navarro-Peris, E. (2025) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.08.013 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Si, Z.-J., Lin, M.-S., & Ni, L. (2026) · Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2026.117151 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A sustainable defrosting technology for air source heat pump systems
Zhang, L., Wu, L., Jiang, J., Song, M., Zhang, X., Shao, K., Han, S., & Jiang, Y. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15495-9.00010-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDong, X.-J., Liu, X., Ma, B., Ding, P., Yan, S.-H., Wang, Y.-W., Hou, Y., & Lai, T.-W. (2022) · Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1007/s00231-022-03266-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yang, H.-T., Pu, J., Yan, X., & Shen, C. (2025) · The Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0258908 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Farzaneh, M., Zgheib, N., Balachandar, S., & Sherif, S. A. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0366 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“More recently, Zhang et al. [22] examined the effects of frosting conditions on the distribution of frost in air‑source heat pump units, revealing how frost accumulates more on windward fins, significantly affecting system efficiency.”
InfluentialModeling of Frosting on Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger of a Domestic Refrigerator
Pegallapati, A. S., & Ramgopal, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6360-7_21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dong, X.-J., Lai, T.-W., Wang, Z., Zhang, F., Yan, S.-H., & Hou, Y. (2025) · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.csite.2025.107461 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A real-time frost thickness prediction model via evaporator resistance identification
Liu, S., Li, P., Pu, J., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y. Q., Wang, Y., Wan, Z., Wang, Z., You, S., & Wu, Z. (2026) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.116964 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationFrosting modes and anti-frosting mechanism of organic solvents in micro-tube precoolers
Fu, C., Lu, G., Fang, Y., Tang, Z., Wang, X., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130289 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Juhola, V., Mikkola, V., Wendt, S., Inkeri, E., Kabelac, S., & Tynjälä, T. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131591 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lin, Z.-M., Hou, Y.-F., Wu, L.-K., & Wang, L.-B. (2026) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.129176 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fernandes, D., Silva, P., Pires, L., & Gaspar, P. (2022) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2020 · doi:10.1063/5.0082157
Xing, Q., Gu, Y., Han, Y., Li, S., Wang, B., Li, Y., & He, G. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4674458
Xing, Q., Gu, Y., Han, Y., Li, S., Wang, B., Li, Y., & He, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4689682
Bai, J., Wang, L., Cui, S., Zheng, H., He, S., & Chen, M. (2024) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124628
Song, M., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95457-0.00008-3
Self-citationFrosting on surface of horizontal cold flat plate under forced convection in an ASHP unit
Song, M., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95457-0.00004-6
Self-citationKlingebiel, J., Höges, C., Horst, J., Nießen, O., Venzik, V., Vering, C., & Müller, D. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5248812
Heat transfer characteristics of a protruded flat surface under frost formation
Abdusoglu, A., Demirhan, K., Yakut, E. M., Başol, A., & Arik, M. (2026) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.112473
Chen, Z., Deng, L., Xue, H., Yang, Z., Zhang, G., & Han, F. (2026) · International Journal of Thermal Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.111017
Effect of air velocity and fin spacing on the frosting pattern and heat transfer in fin channels
Demirhan, K., Abdusoglu, A., Yakut, E. M., Başol, A., & Arik, M. (2026) · International journal of refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.107115
Bai, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Xie, T., Wang, G., & Song, M. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.133155
Self-citation
- Authors
- Zhang, L., Jiang, Y., Dong, J., Yao, Y., & Deng, S.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Harbin Institute of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Dong, Jiankai
- Venue
- International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 128
- Pages
- 748-761
- ISSN
- 0017-9310 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2889809022
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (E2015019)
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Keywords
- frost growth, finned tube heat exchanger, fin spacing, relative humidity, air temperature, frost density, frost accumulation
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