Service failure recovery: The moderating impact of individual-level cultural value orientation on perceptions of justice
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The importance of different justice dimensions remains unclear; some studies show distributive justice is the most important determinant of post-complaint satisfaction, while others find it weaker than procedural and/or interactional justice.
“Similarly, the importance of different justice dimensions remains unclear.”
From A Meta-Analysis of Organizational Complaint Handling and Customer Responses (2011) · cites this paper as Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn 2006
Customers who perceive the organizational response to a complaint as fair display higher levels of post-complaint satisfaction than those who perceive the response as unfair.
“Justice theory is used in more recent studies, which provide evidence that customers, who perceive the organizational response to a complaint as fair, display higher levels of post-complaint satisfaction than those who perceive the response as unfair (Maxham III and Netemeyer 2002; Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn 2006; Smith, Bolton, and Wagner 1999).”
From A Meta-Analysis of Organizational Complaint Handling and Customer Responses (2011) · cites this paper as Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn 2006
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“Adapted from Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn (2006), these items were “I am satisfied with the manager response,” “I am happy with the manager response,” and “I think that the hotel did a good job responding to this posting.””
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“…Value Differences The growth and spread of multinational service business on a global scale puts strong emphasis on the importance of integrating cultural elements in international service delivery (Donthu and Yoo 1998; Mattila 1999; Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn 2006; Voss et al. 2004).”
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“This is due to the increasing globalization of markets which facilitate products crossing the border, making cultural context as important and interesting to be studied to understand the consumer behavior (Patterson et al. 2006).”
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“…that used the traditional four dimensions explored the influence of a collection of the dimensions (e.g. Johns et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2010; Patterson et al., 2006; Swanson et al., 2014), a few others did their research based on one dimension (e.g. Park, Kim, & O’Neill, 2014— individualism…”
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“Preliminary evidence clearly reveals that words speak louder than actions in relation to the short-term restoration of integrity because such restorative messages provide a signal of interactional justice (Patterson, Cowley, & Prasongsukarn, 2006).”
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“Prior studies on individual cultural values, such as those by Yoo and Donthu (2002) and Patterson et al. (2006), indicate that cultures are not homogenous, and individual cultural values have the same dimensionality as in Hofstede (1991) typology of national culture.”
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“The first factor reflects conditions in which groups or collective interests overcome the desires and needs of individuals (Patterson et al., 2006).”
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“…for the service failure, apologising, empowering staff to resolve issues on the spot, making offers of compensation (i.e. refunds, price discounts, upgrade services, free products or services), and being courteous and respectful during the recovery process (for examples, see Patterson et al. 2006).”
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Hill, S. R., & Tombs, A. G. (2011) · Managing Service Quality · doi:10.1108/09604521111185637 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Moreover, cultural congruency may minimize possible conflicts especially when dealing with incidents of service failure and recovery ( Patterson et al. , 2006”
BackgroundCross-cultural research in international marketing: clearing up some of the confusion
de Mooij, M. K. (2015) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/imr-12-2014-0376 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“” Usage of this CVSCALE for service marketing research based on individual level analysis, has led to inconsistent results (Patterson et al., 2006; Schoefer, 2010).”
BackgroundA Multinational Examination of the Symbolic–Instrumental Framework of Consumer–Brand Identification
Lam, S. K., Ahearne, M., & Schillewaert, N. (2011) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2011.54 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“We adapted these scales from Erdem et al. (2006) and Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn (2006).”
Schumann, J. H., von Wangenheim, F., Stringfellow, A., Yang, Z., Blažević, V., Praxmarer, S., Shainesh, G., Komor, M., Shannon, R. M., & Jiménez, F. R. (2010) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.18.3.62 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Chang, Y.-W., & Chang, Y.-H. (2010) · Journal of Air Transport Management · doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2010.05.001 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Varela-Neira, C., Vázquez-Casielles, R., & Iglesias-Argüelles, V. (2008) · The Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642060801917612 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“So, while several studies (Kau & Loh, 2006; Patterson et al., 2006; Smith et al., 1999) prove that distributive justice (redress) has more influence than interactional justice (courtesy) on satisfaction with the service recovery, Tax et al. (1998) find that interactional justice has the biggest…”
BackgroundLeveraging service recovery strategies to reduce customer churn in an emerging market
Borah, S. B., Prakhya, S., & Sharma, A. (2019) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-019-00634-0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Antecedents and consequences of virtual customer co-creation behaviours
Frasquet, M., Alarcón‐del‐Amo, M., & Lorenzo‐Romero, C. (2018) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-06-2017-0243 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
When gamification backfires: the impact of perceived justice on online community contributions
Leclercq, T., Poncin, I., Hammedi, W., Kullak, A., & Hollebeek, L. D. (2020) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2020.1736604 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“First, distributive justice re fl ects the extent to which an individual perceives a situation as fair when comparing their input/output in interactions with a focal object (e.g., a community; Patterson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe effect of emotional provider support on angry versus anxious consumers
Menon, K., & Dubé, L. (2007) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2007.04.001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The impact of the quality of intelligent experience on smart retail engagement
Fan, X., Ning, N., & Deng, N. (2020) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-09-2019-0439 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The impact of service failure on brand credibility
Bougoure, U. S., Russell‐Bennett, R., Fazal‐e‐Hasan, S. M., & Mortimer, G. (2016) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.03.006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Customer focused managers seek to provide redress for their customers via some recovery effort that attempts to offset the experienced loss (Patterson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effect of power distance and individualism on service quality expectations in banking
Dash, S., Bruning, E., & Acharya, M. (2009) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652320910979870 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Explaining customer satisfaction with complaint handling
Neira, C. V., Vázquez‐Casielles, R., & Argüelles, V. I. (2010) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652321011018305 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Still, perceived justice is a very broad concept and can be broken down into independent dimensions ( Patterson et al. , 2006”
BackgroundTran, T. T. H., Robinson, K., & Paparoidamis, N. G. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.081 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Schumann, J. H., von Wangenheim, F., Stringfellow, A., Yang, Z., Praxmarer, S., Jiménez, F. R., Blažević, V., Shannon, R. M., Shainesh, G., & Komor, M. (2010) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670510368425 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Why are Generation Y consumers the most likely to complain and repurchase?
Soares, R. R., Zhang, T. T. (., Proença, J. F., & Kandampully, J. A. (2017) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-08-2015-0256 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Impact of individual cultural values on hotel guests’ positive emotions and positive eWOM intention
Ji, W., Hu, Y., & Kim, H. J. (2018) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-07-2017-0409 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Intellectual structure of consumer complaining behavior (CCB) research: A bibliometric analysis
Arora, S. D., & Chakraborty, A. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.043 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A bibliometric investigation of service failure literature and a research agenda
Fouroudi, P., Kitchen, P. J., Marvi, R., Akarsu, T. N., & Uddin, H. (2020) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-07-2019-0588 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Traveler preferences from online reviews: Role of travel goals, class and culture
Chatterjee, S., & Mandal, P. (2020) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104108 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Examining empathy and responsiveness in a high-service context
Murray, J. G., Elms, J., & Curran, M. (2019) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-01-2019-0016 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Koç, E., & Boz, H. (2019) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2019.1608885 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The moderating effect of individual level collectivist values on brand loyalty
Thompson, F. M., Newman, A., & Liu, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.02.011 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…indicates that consumer differences in individual level collectivist values play an important role in explaining differences in consumers' cognitive style, attitudes, self-concept and impulsive purchasing behavior (e.g. Bond, 2002; Kacen & Lee, 2002; McCarty & Shrum, 2001; Patterson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialKoç, E. (2013) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.778319 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Handling online service recovery: Effects of perceived justice on online games
Ding, M.-C., & Lii, Y. (2016) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.02.001 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Knowledge Sharing and Trust in OrganizationsPreprint
McNeish, J., & Mann, I. J. S. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Shehawy, Y. M. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103499 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Influence of Guest Perceptions of Service Fairness on Lodging Loyalty in China
Kwortnik, R. J., & Han, X. (2011) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1938965511409005 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Our research supports the multidimensionality of service fairness and the relative influence of different justice perceptions on the formation of service loyalty (Patterson et al. 2006; Smith, Bolton, and Wagner 1999).”
ResultService Failure and Recovery in B2B Markets – A Morphological Analysis
Baliga, A. J., Chawla, V., Vijaya Sunder, M., Ganesh, L. S., & Sivakumaran, B. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.025 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Justice theory, embracing the perceived fairness of both recovery processes and outcomes, is the most commonly used theoretical basis (Patterson et al., 2006).”
Patterson, P. G., & Mattila, A. S. (2008) · International Journal of Service Industry Management · doi:10.1108/09564230810903514 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it has been suggested in cross-cultural studies that the chance of marketing success will be greatly improved if attention is directed at consumer, rather than country, characteristics (Patterson et al., 2006; Keilor et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe effect of psychological capital on start-up intention among young start-up entrepreneurs
Jin, C. (2017) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-06-2017-0162 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Nikbin, D., Ismail, I., Marimuthu, M., & Jalalkamali, M. (2010) · International Journal of Marketing Studies · doi:10.5539/ijms.v2n2p47 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Many authors have found that all three forms of justice including distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice have a positive effect on overall service recovery satisfaction (Patterson et al., 2006; dos Santos & Fernandes, 2008; Kim et al., 2009; Karande et al., 2007; Karatepe, 2006; Ok et al., 200…”
Schoefer, K. (2009) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670509346728 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Gelbrich, K., & Roschk, H. (2010) · Marketing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11002-010-9101-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Empirical evidence shows that compensation fulfills such an offsetting function: it enhances distributive justice, which in turn fosters post-complaint satisfaction (Mattila and Patterson 2004a; Patterson et al. 2006; Smith et al. 1999).”
BackgroundRe‐examining the effect of service recovery: the moderating role of brand equity
Huang, M. (2011) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876041111173633 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“findings of Patterson et al. (2006), who also found that distributive justice accounts for large impact in perceptions of”
BackgroundThe Effects of Apologies for Service Failures in the Global Online Retail
Sengupta, S., Ray, D., Trendel, O., & Vaerenbergh, Y. V. (2018) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10864415.2018.1462951 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“For instance, Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn [50] showed that power distance influences customers’ interaction with the service provider based on the status of the service personnel performing the recovery: Customers from Eastern cultures receiving an apology from a high-status employee have higher justice perce…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYang, S., Isa, S. M., Yao, Y., Xia, J., & Liu, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935814 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Patterson et al. (2006) put forward the idea that individual cultural traits provide greater explanatory power than nationality.”
BackgroundToo busy to help: Antecedents and outcomes of interactional justice in web-based service encounters
Turel, O., & Connelly, C. E. (2013) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.03.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Routledge Companion to the Future of Marketing
Moutinho, L., Bigné, E., & Manrai, A. K. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203103036 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“For example, Patterson et al. (2006) show that Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Collectivism, interact with consumers’ fairness perceptions.”
BackgroundShin, H., Ellinger, A. E., Mothersbaugh, D. L., & Reynolds, K. E. (2017) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-07-2015-0161 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Thompson, F. M., & Chmura, T. (2015) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jim.14.0125 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“When firms expand abroad, they are faced with the likelihood that consumers’ preferences for a particular value proposition will differ from country to country as a result of varying cultural values (e.g., De Mooij and Hofstede 2002; Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn 2006).”
BackgroundHow to influence consumer mindset: A perspective from service recovery
Harun, A., Rokonuzzaman, M., Prybutok, G. T., & Prybutok, V. R. (2018) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.01.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“A consumer considers treatment fair if information is exchanged and the outcomes are obtained in a respectful way (Patterson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSiu, N. Y., Zhang, J., & Kwan, H. Y. (2014) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.08.007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Do supplier perceptions of buyer fairness lead to supplier sales growth?
Zaefarian, G., Najafi-Tavani, Z., Henneberg, S. C. M., & Naudé, P. (2015) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.07.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Fairness theory is related to complaint management (Yi & Gong, 2008), equity theory, and service recovery research (Patterson et al., 2006; Smith et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn extended service recovery model: the moderating impact of temporal sequence of events
Prasongsukarn, K., & Patterson, P. G. (2012) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876041211266477 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationSharma, P. (2011) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2011.602952 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Others find the 26-item CVSCALE (Donthu and Yoo 1998 ) quite reliable (Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn 2006 ; Soares et al.”
BackgroundCulture's Impact on the Importance of Fairness in Interorganizational Relationships
Lund, D. J., Scheer, L. K., & Kozlenkova, I. V. (2013) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jim.13.0020 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Switching barriers and customer retention
Li, C. (2015) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-10-2013-0220 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Chelminski, P., & Coulter, R. A. (2007) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.15.4.94 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Moreover, globalization and the diversity of cultural values (Vandello and Cohen 1999) suggest that it is important to consider voicing in a global context (Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn 2006; Van Birgelen et al. 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Positive Effects of Customers’ Power on Their Behavioral Responses After Service Failure
Sembada, A. Y., Tsarenko, Y., & Tojib, D. (2016) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670516645188 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…has shown that culture moderates how power influences purchase decisions (Wong, Newton, and Newton 2014; Wong and Shavitt 2010), service performance appraisal (Mattila 2000), response to service recovery (Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn 2006), and revenge (Zourrig, Chebat, and Toffoli 2009).”
BackgroundFrank, B., Enkawa, T., Schvaneveldt, S. J., & Torrico, B. C. H. (2015) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.06.029 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kim, M. G., Lee, C.-H., & Mattila, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2014.896762 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Future research should conduct an individuallevel analysis, rather than a country-level analysis, because categorizing the findings based on cultural dimensions rather than on nationality should have greater explanatory power (Patterson et al., 2006).”
MethodLuo, A., & Mattila, A. S. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102613 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Customer satisfaction in Web 2.0 and information technology development
Sharma, G., & Li, B. (2013) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-12-2012-0157 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Prior Relationships and Consumer Responses to Service Failures: A Cross-Cultural Study
Hui, M. K., Ho, C., & Wan, L. (2011) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.19.1.59 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Itani, O. S. (2020) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-06-2019-0469 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mohd‐Any, A. A., Mutum, D. S., Ghazali, E. M., & Mohamed-Zulkifli, L. (2019) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-10-2018-0223 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dix ans de co-création de valeur : une revue intégrative
Leclercq, T., Hammedi, W., & Poncin, I. (2016) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/0767370116638270 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Contrairement à l’orientation individualiste, l’orientation collectiviste reflète les conditions dans lesquelles les intérêts collectifs surpassent les désirs et besoins individuels (Patterson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPick, D., & Eisend, M. (2016) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jim.15.0139 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…of procedural justice when the employee kept them informed of what was happening during the service recovery process, whereas those with lower uncertainty avoidance orientation did not report a greater sense of procedural justice or distributive justice (Patterson, Cowley, and Prasongsukarn 2006).”
BackgroundCross-cultural comparison of Chinese and Arab consumer complaint behavior in the hotel context
Jahandideh, B., Golmohammadi, A., Meng, F., O’Gorman, K. D., & Taheri, B. (2014) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.04.011 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Previous cross-cultural CCB studies (e.g., Ngai et al. 2007; Patterson et al. 2006) consider Asian consumers as a unique and homogeneous entity regarding complaint behavior.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYin, J., Qian, L., & Singhapakdi, A. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3120-z · Cited by 53 · see citing works
- Authors
- Patterson, P. G., Cowley, E., & Prasongsukarn, K.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Assumption University (TH)
- Corresponding author
- Patterson, Paul G.
- Venue
- International Journal of Research in Marketing
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 263-277
- ISSN
- 0167-8116 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966247556
- Cited by
- 525
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 25.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Research in Marketing (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Service and Product Innovation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- service recovery, cultural value orientations, perceptions of justice, distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, apology, cognitive control, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, Eastern and Western cultures
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