A unitary executive function predicts intelligence in children
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There is substantial evidence of a significant relationship between general intelligence and performance-based EF measures.
“There is substantial evidence of a significant relationship between general intelligence and performance-based EF measures (Brydges, Reid, Fox, & Anderson, 2012;Dennis et al., 2009;Duggan & Garcia-Barrera, 2015;Engelhardt et al., 2016).”
From Assessment of executive function in ADHD adolescents: contribution of performance tests and rating scales (2018) · cites this paper as Brydges et al., 2012
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Karr, J. E., Areshenkoff, C. N., Rast, P., Hofer, S. M., Iverson, G. L., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000160 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
“…et al., 2010; Lambek & Shevlin, 2011; Lehto et al., 2003; Rose et al., 2012), whereas a smaller set of studies supported a two-factor (k 4; 26.67%; Brocki & Tillman, 2014; Lee et al., 2012, 2013; van der Ven et al., 2013) or one-factor solution (k 3; 20%; Brydges et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2013).”
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“, 2006; Lee, Pe, Ang, & Stankov, 2009), and this pattern generalizes across a wide age range, from 7-year-olds to adolescents, and for both fluid and crystallized intelligence (Brydges et al., 2012; Friedman et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2009).”
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Self-citationA Hierarchical Model of Inhibitory Control
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“Evidence for this is suggested by findings that tasks related to executive control tend to coalesce as a single factor in young children, but form a multi-factor construct in adults (Miyake et al., 2000; Wiebe et al., 2008; Allan and Lonigan, 2011; Brydges et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLess-structured time in children's daily lives predicts self-directed executive functioning
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“However, we did control for child vocabulary (an index of crystallized intelligence), which may serve as a proxy for fluid intelligence in testing relationships with EF, given that EF fully mediates the correlation between crystallized and fluid intelligence in 7- years-old (Brydges et al., 2012)12.”
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“Furthermore, it was hypothesised that children in mid-childhood would display a unitary executive function (Brydges et al., 2012), whereas children in late childhood would display increased diversity of executive functions (Lehto et al., 2003).”
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“Other factors have also been proposed to account for the bilingual-monolingual differences in executive function tasks, such as general intelligence (Craik and Bialystok, 2005; Arffa, 2007; Brydges et al., 2012) or culture (Carlson and Choi, 2008; Carlson, 2009).”
Is executive control related to working memory capacity and fluid intelligence?
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“This age range and group division was chosen because it captures the period over which previous studies have suggested that the factor structure of EF changes from having a one-factor structure (7–9 years old) [18,29] to a more diverse structure [25,29].”
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“On the executive function scales, the median (IQR) number of perseverative errors was 23 (17, 29) and the time to complete the TMT-B scale was 1036 43 s.”
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Δημητρίου, Α., Spanoudis, G. C., Shayer, M., van der Ven, S. H. G., Brydges, C. R., Kroesbergen, E. H., Podjarny, G., & Swanson, H. L. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.013 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“…Swanson & Kim (2007) Correlations/SD Two waves tested at 7 and 8 years 353 Digit naming, letter naming (speed) Berg (2008) Correlations/SD 8–12 95 As above Brydges et al. (2012) Correlations/SD 7 215 Visual discrimination (speed) incongruent Stroop, and RT to go/no-go tasks (inhibition/control)…”
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“Keywords: executive functions, children, working memory, inhibition, cognitive control, ERP, N2, P3”
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“In the past 10–15 years, interest in how inhibition is associated with other executive functions (especially shifting and updating of working memory) has been a particular area of focus [7–9].”
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“Although measured in the present study using tasks assessing inhibitory control and working memory, executive functioning also involves attentional focusing and flexibility, and research in the preschool years supports the interpretation of a unidimensional construct that incorporates all three aspects (Brydges et al.…”
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“, 2016) or the relation between EFs and general cognitive abilities in preschool children (Ackerman et al., 2005; Brydges et al., 2012; Jewsbury et al., 2016).”
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“Psychometric g, a factor that captures shared variance in performance across tests of general intelligence, is correlated at or near unity with WMC, reflecting a common reliance on executive attention (Barbey et al., 2012; Brydges et al., 2012; Conway, Kane, & Engle, 2003; Engel de Abreu et al., 2010; Jensen, 2002; Ni…”
BackgroundHimi, S. A., Bühner, M., Schwaighofer, M., Klapetek, A., & Hilbert, S. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.010 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Assessment of executive functions in school-aged children: A narrative review
Souissi, S., Chamari, K., & Bellaj, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.991699 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cognitive control under social influence in baboons.
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Ribner, A. (2020) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101251 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Tourva, A., Spanoudis, G., & Demetriou, A. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.12.001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Developmental Differentiation and Binding of Mental Processes with g through the Life-Span
Δημητρίου, Α., Spanoudis, G. C., Kazi, S., Mouyi, A., Žebec, M. S., Kazali, E., Golino, H. F., Bakračevič, K., & Shayer, M. (2017) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence5020023 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“, they recall words belonging to different categories—fruits, animals, furniture—following a probe; [17]).”
Lo, S. L. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.03.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories of executive functions from preschool to kindergarten
Reilly, S. E., Downer, J. T., & Grimm, K. J. (2022) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13236 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…childhood (Hughes et al., 2009; Nelson et al., 2016; Wiebeet al., 2008;Wiebeet al., 2011;Willoughbyet al., 2012) andeven into middle childhood (Brydges et al., 2012), then becomes differentiated into the three component components in adolescence (Baggetta &Alexander, 2016; Best &Miller, 2010;…”
BackgroundStautz, K., Pechey, R., Couturier, D., Deary, I. J., & Marteau, T. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160512 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“A further issue relates to whether discrete executive function components are developed enough to be separable in children [2, 3, 21, 66].”
BackgroundExecutive Functioning and Intelligence
Duggan, E. C., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2015) · Handbook of Intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1562-0_27 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The developmental trinity of mind: Cognizance, executive control, and reasoning.
Demetriou, A., Makris, N., Kazi, S., Spanoudis, G., & Shayer, M. (2018) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1461 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Coping With Logical Fallacies: A Developmental Training Program for Learning to Reason.
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Early childhood working memory forecasts high school dropout risk
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Wongupparaj, P., Kumari, V., & Morris, R. G. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.10.007 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cognition and classroom quality as predictors of math achievement in the kindergarten year
Blankson, A. N., & Blair, C. (2015) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.09.004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Do executive functions predict the ability to learn problem-solving principles?
Ropovik, I. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In early childhood, executive functioning has been shown to follow a single dimension where the executive domains are undifferentiated (Brydges et al., 2012; Wiebe, Espy, & Charak, 2008; Wiebe et al., 2011).”
BackgroundCardoso, C. D. O., Seabra, A. G., Gomes, C. M. A., & Fonseca, R. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01784 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The relationship between fluid reasoning and EF has been widely researched, and many authors have identified a close association between these two constructs, especially during childhood (Friedman et al., 2006; Brydges et al., 2012; Diamond, 2013).”
BackgroundThe relationship between motor coordination and executive functions in 4th grade children
Luz, C., Rodrigues, L. P., & Cordovil, R. (2014) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2014.966073 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Executive functioning as a predictor of children’s mathematics, reading and writing
Valcan, D. S., Davis, H. L., Pino‐Pasternak, D., & Malpique, A. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101196 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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The Crucial Role of Working Memory in Intellectual Functioning
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“Furthermore, although highly related, executive functions (including inhibition, shifting, and working memory) and intelligence appear to be distinct and separate constructs according to a structural equation model by Brydges et al. (2012).”
BackgroundA cognitive neurogenetic approach to uncovering the structure of executive functions
Feng, J., Zhang, L., Chen, C., Sheng, J., Ye, Z., Feng, K., Liu, J., Cai, Y., Zhu, B., Yu, Z., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32383-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“If they appeared at the top of the screen, the participants were asked to judge if the numberwas odd (1,3,5,7,9) or even (2,4,6,8) and press the button as quickly and correctly as possible.”
BackgroundWasserman, R. M., Hilliard, M. E., Schwartz, D. D., & Anderson, B. J. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0622-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Richardson, C., Anderson, M. B., Reid, C. L., & Fox, A. M. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“(2014b) merged time 1 (T1) data from the sample reported here with a previously published dataset (Brydges et al., 2012) to create N2 and P3b latent variables for a structural equation model investigating the relationships between these ERP factors and an EF factor.”
Self-citationFinch, J. E., Akhavein, K., Patwardhan, I., & Clark, C. A. C. (2023) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101512 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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The role of intelligence in decision‐making in early adolescence
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Genetic and environmental influences on executive functions and intelligence in middle childhood
Freis, S. M., Morrison, C. L., Lessem, J. M., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2021) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13150 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The link between impaired theory of mind and executive function in children with cerebral palsy
Li, X., Wang, K., Jian-xian, W., Hong, Y., Zhao, J., Feng, X., Xu, M., Wang, M., Ndasauka, Y., & Zhang, X. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.017 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Age effects on transfer index performance and executive control in baboons (Papio papio)
Bonté, E., Kemp, C., & Fagot, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00188 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Accumulative evidence suggests that intelligence correlates in humans with the efficiency of executive functioning (Engle et al., 1999; Brydges et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDevelopmental milestones during the first three years as precursors of adult intelligence.
Flensborg‐Madsen, T., & Mortensen, E. L. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000545 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Pragmatic Ability Deficit in Schizophrenia and Associated Theory of Mind and Executive Function
Li, X., Hu, D., Deng, W., Tao, Q., Hu, Y., Yang, X., Wang, Z., Tao, R., Yang, L., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02164 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stolte, M., García, T., Luit, J. E. H. V., Oranje, B., & Kroesbergen, E. H. (2020) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence8020026 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In a study about the unity and diversity of intelligence and executive functions in children between 7 and 9 years of age, a similar result was found (Brydges et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPredicting visual working memory with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging
Xiao, Y., Lin, Y., Ma, J., Qian, J., Ke, Z., Li, L., Yi, Y., Zhang, J., Cam‐CAN, & Dai, Z. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25305 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“As for external capsule, it is considered associated with executive functions (Mayo et al., 2019; Nolze-Charron et al., 2020), and both VWM and FI are known to be correlated with executive functions (Brown et al., 2012; Brydges, Reid, Fox, & Anderson, 2012; Garlick & Sejnowski, 2006).”
BackgroundThe relationship between executive functioning and self‐regulated learning in Australian children
Davis, H. L., Valcan, D. S., & Pino‐Pasternak, D. (2021) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12391 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sambol, S., Suleyman, E., Scarfo, J., & Ball, M. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103934 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
First publication of subtests in the Stanford-Binet 5, WAIS-IV, WISC-V, and WPPSI-IV
Gibbons, A., & Warne, R. T. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.02.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hubert, B., Guimard, P., Florin, A., & Tracy, A. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2015.1037624 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Approche développementale des fonctions exécutives : du bébé à l’adolescence
Fourneret, P., & Portes, V. D. (2016) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2016.10.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Are there distinct cognitive and motivational sub-groups of children with ADHD?
Lambek, R., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Tannock, R., Sørensen, A. V., Damm, D., & Thomsen, P. H. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003245 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Age, SES, and IQ were entered as covariates as they have each been associated with neuropsychological performance (Brydges et al. 2012; Hackman et al. 2015).”
MethodGer, E., & Roebers, C. M. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11040064 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mücke, M., Andrä, C., Gerber, M., Pühse, U., & Ludyga, S. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1326619 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cognition in context: Validating group-based executive function assessments in young children
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Same, Same but Different? A Multi-Method Review of the Processes Underlying Executive Control
Toba, M. N., Malkinson, T. S., Howells, H., Mackie, M., & Spagna, A. (2023) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-023-09577-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…taxonomies of executive functions and propose that lower dimensionality might better account for adults’ performances (e.g., Fournier-Vicente et al., 2008), while unidimensional models would be more suited for performances observed in child or adolescent samples (e.g., Brydges et al., 2012).”
Working memory updating as a predictor of academic attainment
Lechuga, M. T., Pelegrina, S., Peláez-Alfonso, J. L., Martín‐Puga, M. E., & Justicia‐Galiano, M. J. (2014) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2014.950193 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In particular, WMU has been shown to be a critical factor in predicting performance on crystallised (Brydges, Reid, Fox, & Anderson, 2012) and fluid intelligence in children (e.g. Belacchi, Carretti, & Cornoldi, 2010; Brydges et al., 2012; Duan, Wei, Wang, & Shi, 2010).”
BackgroundPatterning, Reading, and Executive Functions
Bock, A. M., Cartwright, K. B., McKnight, P. E., Patterson, A. B., Shriver, A., Leaf, B. M., Mohtasham, M. K., Vennergrund, K. C., & Pasnak, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01802 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Inference, Reconceptualization, Insight, and Efficiency Along Intellectual Growth: A General Theory
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- Authors
- Brydges, C. R., Reid, C. L., Fox, A. M., & Anderson, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Brydges, Christopher R.
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 458-469
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2070322283
- Semantic Scholar
- adfc7c2ba98b8ff94ae61868514bfd7c8b2101a0
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 22.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- executive function, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, working memory, updating, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, one-factor model, children, cognitive development
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