Modeling individual differences in randomized experiments using growth models: recommendations for design, statistical analysis and reporting of results of internet interventions

Hesser, Hugo

doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.02.003

Cited by 192Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceAdvanced Causal Inference TechniquesStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

Modeling individual differences in randomized experiments using growth models: recommendations for design, statistical analysis and reporting of results of internet interventions

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Hesser, Hugo·2015·Internet Interventions

DOI 10.1016/j.invent.2015.02.003

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Abstract

Growth models (also known as linear mixed effects models, multilevel models, and random coefficients models) have the capability of studying change at the group as well as the individual level. In addition, these methods have documented advantages over traditional data analytic approaches in the analysis of repeated-measures data. These advantages include, but are not limited to, the ability to incorporate time-varying predictors, handle dependence among repeated observations in a very flexible manner, and to provide accurate estimates with missing data under fairly unrestrictive missing data assumptions. The flexibility of the growth curve modeling approach to the analysis of change makes it the preferred choice in the evaluation of direct, indirect and moderated intervention effects. Although offering many benefits, growth models present challenges in terms of design, analysis and reporting of results. This paper provides a nontechnical overview of growth models in the analysis of change in randomized experiments and advocates for their use in the field of internet interventions. Practical recommendations for design, analysis and reporting of results from growth models are provided.

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Linear mixed models minimize the loss of information due to missing values.
“An advantage of LMM is that the method minimizes the loss of information due to missing values (Hesser, 2015).”
From Efficacy of a web-based psychoeducational intervention, Fex-can sex, for young adult childhood cancer survivors with sexual dysfunction: A randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as Hesser, 2015
A mixed models approach presents advantages over traditional data analytic approaches for repeated-measures data, including the ability to incorporate time-varying predictors, handle dependence among repeated observations flexibly, and provide accurate estimates with missing data under unrestrictive missing data assumptions.
“This statistical approach is considered to present advantages over traditional data analytic approaches for the analysis of repeated-measures data such as, the ability to incorporate time-varying predictors, handle dependence among repeated observations in a flexible manner, and to provide accurate estimates with missing data under unrestrictive missing data assumptions (Hesser, 2015).”
From A guided internet-delivered individually-tailored ACT-influenced cognitive behavioural intervention to improve psychosocial outcomes in breast cancer survivors (iNNOVBC): Study protocol (2019) · cites this paper as Hesser, 2015

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Miloff, A., Lindner, P., Dafgård, P., Deak, S., Garke, M., Hamilton, W., Heinsoo, J., Kristoffersson, G., Rafi, J., Sindemark, K., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.004 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Single-session gamified virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia vs. traditional exposure therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial
Miloff, A., Lindner, P., Hamilton, W., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1171-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Data will be analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis, using mixed effects models [48].”
Method
Virtual reality exposure therapy for adolescents with fear of public speaking: a non-randomized feasibility and pilot study
Kahlon, S., Lindner, P., & Nordgreen, T. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0307-y · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Three-Year Follow-Up Comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia, for Patients With Both Diagnoses
Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., Rück, C., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx108 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Proof of Concept for an Adaptive Treatment Strategy to Prevent Failures in Internet-Delivered CBT: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial With Insomnia Patients
Forsell, E., Jernelöv, S., Blom, K., Kraepelien, M., Svanborg, C., Andersson, G., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2019) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18060699 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cost and Effectiveness of Blended Versus Standard Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Outpatients With Depression in Routine Specialized Mental Health Care: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Kooistra, L. C., Wiersma, J. E., Ruwaard, J., Neijenhuijs, K., Lokkerbol, J., van Oppen, P., Smit, F., & Riper, H. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14261 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Procedural justice training for police recruits: results of a randomized controlled trial
Antrobus, E., Thompson, I., & Ariel, B. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-018-9331-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Acceptance and commitment therapy to reduce eating disorder symptoms and body image problems in patients with residual eating disorder symptoms: A randomized controlled trial
Fogelkvist, M., Gustafsson, S. A., Kjellin, L., & Parling, T. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.002 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Virtual Reality exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety in routine care: a single-subject effectiveness trial
Lindner, P., Dagöö, J., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., Andersson, G., Schill, A., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1795240 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Implementation of internet-delivered CBT for children with anxiety disorders in a rural area: A feasibility trial
Jolstedt, M., Ljótsson, B., Fredlander, S., Tedgård, T., Hallberg, A., Ekeljung, A., Högström, J., Mataix-Cols, D., Serlachius, E., & Vigerland, S. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.11.003 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Is the devil in the detail? A randomised controlled trial of guided internet-based CBT for perfectionism
Shafran, R., Wade, T. D., Egan, S. J., Kothari, R., Allcott-Watson, H., Carlbring, P., Rozental, A., & Andersson, G. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.014 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Three-Year Follow-Up of Insomnia and Hypnotics after Controlled Internet Treatment for Insomnia
Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., Rück, C., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5850 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with anxiety and depression: a randomised controlled trial
Silfvernagel, K., Westlinder, A., Andersson, S., Bergman, K., Diaz Hernandez, R., Fallhagen, L., Lundqvist, I., Masri, N., Viberg, L., Forsberg, M.-L., et al. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1388276 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety and depression in primary care
Newby, J. M., Mewton, L., & Andrews, G. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Stepped Care Versus Direct Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder: A Randomized Effectiveness Trial
Nordgreen, T., Haug, T., Öst, L.-G., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Kvale, G., Tangen, T., Heiervang, E., & Havik, O. E. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Therapist-Guided Internet-Based Treatments for Loneliness: A Randomized Controlled Three-Arm Trial Comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Käll, A., Bäck, M., Welin, C., Åman, H., Bjerkander, R., Wänman, M., Lindegaard, T., Berg, M., Moche, H., Shafran, R., et al. (2021) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000516989 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effect of exercise augmentation of cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of suicidal ideation and depression
Abdollahi, A., LeBouthillier, D. M., Najafi, M., Asmundson, G. J. G., Hosseinian, S., Shahidi, S., Carlbring, P., Kalhori, A., Sadeghi, H., & Jalili, M. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety among Arabic-speaking individuals in Sweden: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Lindegaard, T., Seaton, F., Halaj, A., Berg, M., Kashoush, F., Barchini, R., Ludvigsson, M., Sarkohi, A., & Andersson, G. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1771414 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A randomized controlled study of group-administered cognitive behavioral therapy for hypersexual disorder in men
Hallberg, J., Kaldo, V., Arver, S., Dhejne, C., Jokinen, J., & Öberg, K. G. (2019) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Internet-based acceptance and commitment therapy for psychological distress experienced by people with hearing problems: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Molander, P., Hesser, H., Weineland, S., Bergwall, K., Buck, S., Jäder Malmlöf, J., Lantz, H., Lunner, T., & Andersson, G. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1365929 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Working alliance as a predictor of change in depression during blended cognitive behaviour therapy
Vernmark, K., Hesser, H., Topooco, N., Berger, T., Riper, H., Luuk, L., Backlund, L., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2019) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1533577 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
A group mental health randomized controlled trial for female refugees in Malaysia.
Shaw, S. A., Ward, K. P., Pillai, V., & Hinton, D. E. (2018) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000346 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The role of avoidance behavior in the treatment of adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: a mediation analysis
Bonnert, M., Olén, O., Bjureberg, J., Lalouni, M., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Serlachius, E., & Ljótsson, B. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.03.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“For this reason, it has been suggested that both the mediator and the outcome should be assessed frequently with close intervals during the treatment (Hesser, 2015).”
Background
Internet‐based therapy versus face‐to‐face therapy for alcohol use disorder, a randomized controlled non‐inferiority trial
Johansson, M., Sinadinovic, K., Gajecki, M., Lindner, P., Berman, A. H., Hermansson, U., & Andréasson, S. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15270 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Efficacy of a two-session repetitive negative thinking-focused acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) protocol for depression and generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized waitlist control trial
Ruiz, F. J., Peña-Vargas, A., Ramírez, E. S., Suárez-Falcón, J. C., García-Martín, M. B., García-Beltrán, D. M., Henao, Á. M., Monroy-Cifuentes, A., & Sánchez, P. D. (2020) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000273 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The effect of the intervention for each variable was analyzed through linear mixed models using maximum likelihood estimation and following the guidelines provided by Hesser (2015).”
Method
Preventing intimate partner violence via the Internet: A randomized controlled trial of emotion‐regulation and conflict‐management training for individuals with aggression problems
Hesser, H., Axelsson, S., Bäcke, V., Engstrand, J., Gustafsson, T., Holmgren, E., Jeppsson, U., Pollack, M., Nordén, K., Rosenqvist, D., et al. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2082 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Treating Procrastination Using Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Treatment Delivered via the Internet or in Groups
Rozental, A., Forsström, D., Lindner, P., Nilsson, S., Mårtensson, L., Rizzo, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Predicting Response to Therapist-Assisted Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Depression or Anxiety Within an Open Dissemination Trial
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Pugh, N. E., Hesser, H., & Andersson, G. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
Behavioral activation versus physical activity via the internet: A randomized controlled trial
Nyström, M. B. T., Stenling, A., Sjöström, E., Neely, G., Lindner, P., Hassmén, P., Andersson, G., Martell, C. R., & Carlbring, P. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.018 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Breaking the vicious circle of fear and avoidance in children with abdominal pain: A mediation analysis
Lalouni, M., Hesser, H., Bonnert, M., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Serlachius, E., Olén, O., & Ljótsson, B. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110287 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Harmful Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence as Self-help or With Therapist Guidance: Three-Armed Randomized Trial
Johansson, M., Berman, A. H., Sinadinovic, K., Lindner, P., Hermansson, U., & Andréasson, S. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29666 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dismantling internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus. The contribution of applied relaxation: A randomized controlled trial
Beukes, E. W., Andersson, G., Fagelson, M. A., & Manchaiah, V. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100402 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“According to recommendations for statistical analysis of internet interventions (Hesser, 2015) effect sizes, Linear Mixed Effects Models (LMM), and the Reliable Change Index (RCI) was used to assess the outcomes.”
Method
Negative and positive affect regulation in a transdiagnostic internet-based protocol for emotional disorders: Randomized controlled trial
Díaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., García-Palacios, A., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Castilla, D., Bretón, J. M., Baños, R. M., Quero, S., & Botella, C. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/21335 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“This approach uses all available data, does not substitute missing values with assumed or estimated values, and does not assume that the last measurement is stable (the last observation carried forward assumption) [80].”
Method
The Development of an Internet-Based Treatment for Problem Gamblers and Concerned Significant Others: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Nilsson, A., Magnusson, K., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Gumpert, C. H. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9704-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Multisite Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating an Online Self-Management Program for Adolescents With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Connelly, M. A., Schanberg, L., Ardoin, S., Blakley, M., Carrasco, R., Chira, P., Hayward, K., Ibarra, M., Kimura, Y., Kingsbury, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsy066 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Approach as a key for success: Reduced avoidance behaviour mediates the effect of exposure therapy for fibromyalgia
Hedman-Lagerlöf, M., Andersson, E., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Wicksell, R. K., Flink, I., & Ljótsson, B. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103478 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Efficacy of an internet-based exposure treatment for flying phobia (NO-FEAR Airlines) with and without therapist guidance: a randomized controlled trial
Campos, D., Bretón-López, J., Botella, C., Mira, A., Castilla, D., Mor, S., Baños, R., & Quero, S. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2060-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effectiveness of guided Internet-delivered treatment for major depression in routine mental healthcare - An open study
Nordgreen, T., Blom, K., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Havik, O. E. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100274 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Long-term Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting Program—a Randomized Controlled Trial
Lönnberg, G., Jonas, W., Bränström, R., Nissen, E., & Niemi, M. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01403-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Comparing internet-delivered cognitive therapy and behavior therapy with telephone support for insomnia disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Sunnhed, R., Hesser, H., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Morin, C. M., Harvey, A. G., & Jansson‐Fröjmark, M. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz245 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Internet-based psychodynamic therapy vs cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: A preference study
Lindegaard, T., Hesslow, T., Nilsson, M., Johansson, R., Carlbring, P., Lilliengren, P., & Andersson, G. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100316 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Pruessner, L., Timm, C., Kalmar, J., Bents, H., Barnow, S., & Mander, J. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/9081139 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mediators of Change in Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Clinical Burnout
Santoft, F., Salomonsson, S., Hesser, H., Lindsäter, E., Ljótsson, B., Lekander, M., Kecklund, G., Öst, L.-G., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.08.005 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Coping with Emotional Distress via Self-Disclosure to Robots: An Intervention with Caregivers
Laban, G., Morrison, V., Kappas, A., & Cross, E. S. (2025) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-024-01207-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Comparative Effectiveness of Community-Based vs Clinic-Based Healthy Choices Motivational Intervention to Improve Health Behaviors Among Youth Living With HIV
Naar, S., Robles, G., MacDonell, K. K., Dinaj-Koci, V., Simpson, K. N., Lam, P. K., Parsons, J. T., Sizemore, K. M., & Starks, T. J. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14650 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Working Alliance in Blended Versus Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Patients with Depression in Specialized Mental Health Care
Kooistra, L., Ruwaard, J., Wiersma, J., van Oppen, P., & Riper, H. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9020347 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A guided internet-delivered individually-tailored ACT-influenced cognitive behavioural intervention to improve psychosocial outcomes in breast cancer survivors (iNNOVBC): Study protocol
Mendes-Santos, C., Weiderpass, E., Santana, R., & Andersson, G. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.01.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This statistical approach is considered to present advantages over traditional data analytic approaches for the analysis of repeated-measures data such as, the ability to incorporate time-varying predictors, handle dependence among repeated observations in a flexible manner, and to provide accurate estimates with miss…”
Background
Internet-based CBT for patients with depressive disorders in primary and psychiatric care: Is it effective and does comorbidity affect outcome?
Flygare, A.-L., Engström, I., Hasselgren, M., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Frejgrim, R., Andersson, G., & Holländare, F. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100303 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Acceptance & Commitment Therapy for ME/CFS (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) – A feasibility study
Jonsjö, M. A., Wicksell, R. K., Holmström, L., Andreasson, A., & Olsson, G. L. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.02.008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fear of Movement Is Related to Low Back Disability During a Two-Year Period in Patients Who Have Undergone Elective Lumbar Spine Surgery
Kemani, M. K., Hägg, O., Jakobsson, M., & Lundberg, M. (2020) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.218 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Internet-Administered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Hypersexual Disorder, with or Without Paraphilia(s) or Paraphilic Disorder(s) in Men: A Pilot Study
Hallberg, J., Kaldo, V., Arver, S., Dhejne, C., Piwowar, M., Jokinen, J., & Öberg, K. G. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.018 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Internet‐based cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism: More is better but no need to be prescriptive
Wade, T. D., Kay, E., de Valle, M. K., Egan, S. J., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Shafran, R. (2019) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12193 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Guided web-based treatment program for reducing cannabis use: a randomized controlled trial
Sinadinovic, K., Johansson, M., Johansson, A.-S., Lundqvist, T., Lindner, P., & Hermansson, U. (2020) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-020-00185-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Promoting emotion and behavior regulation in male prison inmates: A secondary data analysis from a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of the growing pro-social program.
Brazão, N., Rijo, D., Salvador, M. D. C., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2017) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000267 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
COMPLETE – a school-based intervention project to increase completion of upper secondary school in Norway: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial
Larsen, T. B., Urke, H. B., Holsen, I., Anvik, C. H., Olsen, T. Å., Waldahl, R. H., Antonsen, K. M., Johnson, R., Tobro, M., Brastad, B., et al. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5241-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The effectiveness of smartphone compassion training on stress among Swedish university students: A pilot randomized trial
Andersson, C., Bergsten, K. L., Lilliengren, P., Norbäck, K., Rask, K., Einhorn, S., & Osika, W. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23092 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Efficacy of guided self-help behavioural activation and physical activity for depression: a randomized controlled trial
Soucy, I., Provencher, M. D., Fortier, M., & McFadden, T. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1337806 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stress management or post-traumatic growth facilitation to diminish distress in cancer survivors? a randomized controlled trial
Ochoa, C., Casellas‐Grau, A., de Frutos, M. L., Medina, J. C., & Vives, J. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1765005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Estimating causal effects of internet interventions in the context of nonadherence
Hesser, H. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100346 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Acceptance and Commitment Training for Ice Hockey Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Lundgren, T., Reinebo, G., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Jäder, E., Näslund, M., Svartvadet, P., Samuelsson, U., & Parling, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685260 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Comorbid With Chronic Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial
Wiklund, T., Molander, P., Lindner, P., Andersson, G., Gerdle, B. U. C., & Dragioti, E. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29258 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Comparative Effectiveness Trial to Reduce Burnout and Improve Quality of Care
Salyers, M. P., Garabrant, J. M., Luther, L., Henry, N. H., Fukui, S., Shimp, D., Wu, W., Gearhart, T., Morse, G. A., York, M. M., et al. (2018) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-018-0908-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial.
Gentili, C., Zetterqvist, V., Rickardsson, J., Holmström, L., Simons, L. E., & Wicksell, R. K. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa360 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“This piecewise approach was used to model change with how likely it is to occur in a trial that includes follow-up assessments [67].”
Method
Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy with and without an initial face-to-face psychoeducation session for social anxiety disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Nordmo, M., Sinding, A. I., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Havik, O. E., & Nordgreen, T. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.10.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Internet-based CBT for adolescents with low self-esteem: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Berg, M., Lindegaard, T., Flygare, A.-L., Sjöbrink, J., Hagvall, L., Palmebäck, S., Klemetz, H., Ludvigsson, M., & Andersson, G. (2022) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2022.2060856 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mindfulness practice improves managers’ job demands-resources, psychological detachment, work-nonwork boundary control, and work-life balance – a randomized controlled trial
Mellner, C., Osika, W., & Niemi, M. (2022) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-07-2021-0146 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Indistinguishability tests in the actor–partner interdependence model
Gistelinck, F., Loeys, T., Decuyper, M., & Dewitte, M. D. (2018) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12129 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Implementation of internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Lessons from clinics in Sweden, United Kingdom and Australia
Aspvall, K., Lenhard, F., Melin, K., Krebs, G., Norlin, L., Näsström, K., Jassi, A. D., Turner, C. M., Knoetze, E., Serlachius, E., et al. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100308 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Does Regional Variation in Pathogen Prevalence Predict the Moralization of Language in COVID-19 News?
Malik, M., Hopp, F. R., Chen, Y., & Weber, R. (2021) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x211044194 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Episodic memory performance in a multi-ethnic longitudinal study of 13,037 elderly
Lee, S., Zhou, X., Gao, Y., Vardarajan, B. N., Reyes‐Dumeyer, D., Rajan, K. B., Wilson, R. S., Evans, D. A., Besser, L. M., Kukull, W. A., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206803 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Trajectory of thirst intensity and distress from admission to 4-weeks follow up at home in patients with heart failure
Waldréus, N., Chung, M. L., van der Wal, M., & Jaarsma, T. (2018) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s167724 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nature-based instruction for science learning – a good fit for all: A controlled comparison of classroom versus nature
Taylor, A. F., Butts‐Wilmsmeyer, C. J., & Jordan, C. M. (2022) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2022.2076811 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Advancing the Counseling Profession Through Intervention Research
Watson, J. C., Ho, C., & Boham, M. D. (2021) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12361 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Strengths intervention imparted through a blended learning approach to advance personal growth initiative among Pakistan’s university students during COVID-19
Green, Z. A. (2024) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2024.101343 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
An open‐ended primary‐care group intervention for insomnia based on a self‐help book – A randomized controlled trial and 4‐year follow‐up
Kaldo, V., Bothelius, K., Blom, K., Lindhé, M., Larsson, M., Karimi, K., Melder, S., Bondestam, V., Ulfsparre, C., Sternbrink, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12881 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The mediating effect of mindful non-reactivity in exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for severe health anxiety
Hedman, E., Hesser, H., Andersson, E., Axelsson, E., & Ljótsson, B. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.04.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Long-term outcomes of internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for paediatric anxiety disorders: towards a stepped care model of health care delivery
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Authors: Hesser, H.
Affiliations: Linköping University (SE)
Corresponding author: Hesser, Hugo
ORCID: Hesser, Hugo
Venue: Internet Interventions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-05
Volume: 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 110-120
ISSN: 2214-7829 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2015.02.003
OpenAlex: W2143313266
Cited by: 192
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6
FWCI: 13.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Internet Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: growth models, individual differences, randomized experiments, longitudinal analysis, repeated measures, missing data, intervention effects, design guidelines, result reporting, multilevel models

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Modeling individual differences in randomized experiments using growth models: recommendations for design, statistical analysis and reporting of results of internet interventions

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