Navigating the development and dissemination of internet cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for anxiety disorders in children and young people: A consensus statement with recommendations from the #iCBTLorentz Workshop Group
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Initial internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) programs for anxiety disorders in children and young people (CYP) have been developed and evaluated, however these have not yet been widely adopted in routine practice. The lack of guidance and formalized approaches to the development and dissemination of iCBT has arguably contributed to the difficulty in developing iCBT that is scalable and sustainable beyond academic evaluation and that can ultimately be adopted by healthcare providers. This paper presents a consensus statement and recommendations from a workshop of international experts in CYP anxiety and iCBT (#iCBTLorentz Workshop Group) on the development, evaluation, engagement and dissemination of iCBT for anxiety in CYP.
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There has been relatively little research examining the implementation of iCBT programs for child and adolescent anxiety in real-world clinical and community contexts, and there are no formalized guidelines for large-scale dissemination.
“There has been relatively little research examining the implementation of iCBT programs for child and adolescent anxiety in real-world clinical and community contexts (eg, outside university-based research trials); furthermore, there are no formalized guidelines for a large-scale dissemination [14].”
From Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
The Introduction (page not available) explicitly identifies a lack of guidance and formalized approaches to disseminating iCBT beyond academic evaluation, supporting the guidelines portion of the claim. It also describes difficulty reaching routine clinical practice, but neither the Introduction nor the Evaluation of iCBT section establishes that relatively little research has examined implementation in real-world clinical and community settings. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHistorically, there has been a lack of formalized approaches to the dissemination of iCBT interventions.
“Historically, there has been a lack of formalized approaches to the dissemination of iCBT interventions [14], yet there are some recent design recommendations that may be appropriate.”
From Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Recent guidance for digital mental health innovations emphasize the importance of co-design (Bevan Jones et al., 2020; Hill et al., 2018; Richards et al., 2016) due to the benefits it brings in terms of: (a) design quality (e.”
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“Although recent efforts have been made to provide guidance on the design and delivery features of iCBT [19], considerable differences exist across programs both in terms of their features and the health outcomes they produce.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationOnline Support and Intervention for Child Anxiety (OSI): Development and Usability Testing
Hill, C., Reardon, T., Taylor, L., & Creswell, C. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/29846 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationGeirhos, A., Lunkenheimer, F., Holl, R. W., Minden, K., Schmitt, A., Temming, S., Baumeister, H., & Domhardt, M. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100383 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Patterson, V. C., Rossi, M. A., Pencer, A., & Wozney, L. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/33374 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“[15]—one of their core recommendations was the use of a co-design process (ie, involvement of intended users in the development of the iCBT intervention).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSørensen, N. M., Skaarnes, H., Mathiasen, K., Thastum, M., & Lomholt, J. J. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/66966 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, working experts in the field of ICBT for children and young people propose that the use of user-centered design methods may help maximize user engagement [14,15].”
- Authors
- Hill, C., Creswell, C., Vigerland, S., Nauta, M. H., March, S., Donovan, C., Wolters, L., Spence, S. H., Martin, J. L., Wozney, L., McLellan, L., Kreuze, L., Gould, K., Jolstedt, M., Nord, M., Hudson, J. L., Utens, E., Ruwaard, J., Albers, C., Khanna, M., Albano, A. M., Serlachius, E., Hrastinski, S., & Kendall, P. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading (GB)
- Region Stockholm (SE)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- University of Southern Queensland (AU)
- Griffith University (AU)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre (CA)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Vigerland, Sarah
- ORCID
- Hill, Claire
- Creswell, Cathy
- Vigerland, Sarah
- Nauta, Maaike H.
- March, Sonja
- Donovan, Caroline
- Wolters, Lidewij
- Spence, Susan H.
- Martin, Jennifer L.
- Wozney, Lori
- McLellan, Lauren
- Kreuze, Leonie
- Gould, Karen
- Jolstedt, Maral
- Nord, Martina
- Hudson, Jennifer L.
- Utens, Elisabeth
- Ruwaard, Jeroen
- Albers, Casper
- Khanna, Muniya
- Albano, Anne Marie
- Serlachius, Eva
- Hrastinski, Stefan
- Kendall, Philip C.
- Venue
- Internet Interventions
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 2214-7829 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6096322
- OpenAlex
- W2788338087
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 5.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Internet Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP_2014-04-018)
- University of Reading
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, childhood anxiety, adolescent anxiety, scalability and sustainability, patient engagement, expert consensus recommendations
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