The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 45 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age
Open accessAbstract
Objective First-degree relatives of persons with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased risk for ASD-related characteristics. As little is known about the early expression of these characteristics, this study characterizes the non-ASD outcomes of 3-year-old high-risk (HR) siblings of children with ASD.Method Two groups of children without ASD participated: 507 HR siblings and 324 low-risk (LR) control subjects (no known relatives with ASD). Children were enrolled at a mean age of 8 months, and outcomes were assessed at 3 years. Outcome measures were Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) calibrated severity scores, and Mullen Verbal and Non-Verbal Developmental Quotients (DQ).Results At 3 years, HR siblings without an ASD outcome exhibited higher mean ADOS severity scores and lower verbal and non-verbal DQs than LR controls. HR siblings were over-represented (21% HR versus 7% LR) in latent classes characterized by elevated ADOS severity and/or low to low-average DQs. The remaining HR siblings without ASD outcomes (79%) belonged to classes in which they were not differentially represented with respect to LR siblings.Conclusions Having removed a previously identified 18.7% of HR siblings with ASD outcomes from all analyses, HR siblings nevertheless exhibited higher mean levels of ASD severity and lower levels of developmental functioning than LR children. However, the latent class membership of four-fifths of the HR siblings was not significantly different from that of LR control subjects. One-fifth of HR siblings belonged to classes characterized by higher ASD severity and/or lower levels of developmental functioning. This empirically derived characterization of an early-emerging pattern of difficulties in a minority of 3-year-old HR siblings suggests the importance of developmental surveillance and early intervention for these children.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 3 years, HR siblings without an ASD outcome exhibited higher mean ADOS severity scores and lower verbal and non-verbal DQs than LR controls.”
- Also stated in: § Analyses of Means · hedged
“There were significant risk group effects on verbal DQ (t = −5.43, p < .001), with the HR group scoring an estimated 7.76 points lower than the LR group (CI = 4.96–10.56, d = 0.46).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Overall, HR siblings evidenced lower verbal and nonverbal DQs than LR children.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Analyses of Means · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR siblings were more than 3 times more likely than LR children to occupy class 4, which was characterized by low severity scores and low levels of developmental functioning, particularly in the verbal domain.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining HR siblings without ASD outcomes (79%) belonged to classes in which they were not differentially represented with respect to LR siblings.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“There were not significant risk group differences in the composition of classes 1 and 2 (65% of HR siblings and 83% of controls).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Four-fifths of these HR siblings were not significantly less likely than control subjects to fall into classes characterized by a range of typical outcomes.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 2.9 times more likely than females to be classified in class 5 (elevated ASD severity/low-average DQ).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“Males were almost three times more likely than females to belong both to class 4 and to class 5.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > RESULTS > Latent Class Analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 4.6 times more likely than LR controls to belong to class 5 (elevated ASD severity/low-average DQ).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“HR siblings were more than four times more likely than LR children to occupy class 5, which was characterized by both elevated ASD severity and low-average developmental functioning.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > RESULTS > Latent Class Analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 3 years, HR siblings without an ASD outcome exhibited higher mean ADOS severity scores and lower verbal and non-verbal DQs than LR controls.”
- Also stated in: § Analyses of Means · hedged
“Parameter estimates indicated that the high-risk group had significantly higher severity scores than the low-risk group by an estimated 0.41 point on the 10-point scale (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.18–0.70, d = 0.26).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Overall, HR siblings had slightly higher ASD severity scores than LR comparison children on the ADOS.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Analyses of Means · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR siblings were over-represented (21% HR versus 7% LR) in latent classes characterized by elevated ADOS severity and/or low to low-average DQs.”
- Also stated in: § Latent Class Analysis · plain
“The remaining 21% of HR siblings were contained in class 4, characterized by low ASD severity scores and low DQ, and in class 5, characterized by elevated ASD severity scores and low-average DQ.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Latent Class Analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 3 years, HR siblings without an ASD outcome exhibited higher mean ADOS severity scores and lower verbal and non-verbal DQs than LR controls.”
- Also stated in: § Analyses of Means · hedged
“A significant effect for risk group was also found for nonverbal DQ (t = −3.05, p < .01), with the high-risk group scoring an estimated 4.20 points lower than the low-risk group (CI = 1.50–6.89, d = 0.26).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Overall, HR siblings evidenced lower verbal and nonverbal DQs than LR children.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Analyses of Means · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also significant sex effects on nonverbal DQ scores (t = 7.27, p < .01), with males scoring an average of 9.01 (CI = 6.58–11.44, d = 0.57) points lower than females.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Independent of risk group, male children exhibited lower levels of verbal and nonverbal functioning than female children.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > RESULTS > Analyses of Means
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysis did not reveal a significant effect of multiplex status (Wald z = −1.67, p = .10).”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > RESULTS > Analyses of Means
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Males were almost three times more likely than females to belong both to class 4 and to class 5.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 2, ADOS severity was negatively correlated with verbal and nonverbal DQs (range, −0.22 to 0.08), whereas verbal and nonverbal DQs showed substantial positive correlations (0.54 to 0.67).32”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the HR group, siblings from multiplex families exhibited substantially lower verbal and nonverbal functioning than siblings from simplex families, an effect that did not differ by infant sex.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prospective studies indicate that high-risk (HR) siblings—the younger brothers and sisters of a child diagnosed with an ASD—are at increased risk both for ASD outcomes and for subclinical manifestations of ASD-related behavioral characteristics.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent report4 from the Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) indicated that 18.7% of 3-year-old HR siblings will themselves develop an ASD.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Ozonoff, 2011, Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: a Baby Siblings Research Consortium study, Pediatrics source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Family multiplex status—more than one older sibling with an ASD—and male sex of the HR sibling are risk factors for ASD recurrence.18”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Ozonoff, 2010, A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Institutional review board approval was obtained to collect and analyze deidentified data from all sites.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > METHOD > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All sites verified proband diagnoses in the high-risk group, typically using the ADOS22 and/or parent interviews such as the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised23 or the Social Communication Questionnaire.24”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > METHOD > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Lord, 2000, The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Lord, 1994, Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Rutter, 2003
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From a categorical perspective, approximately 20% of HR siblings at 3 years both exhibit difficulties with language development on standardized assessment11 and satisfy clinical criteria of social or language delay.13”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Yirmiya, 2007, Cognitive and verbal abilities of 24- to 36-month-old siblings of children with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Landa, 2012, Latent class analysis of early developmental trajectory in baby siblings of children with autism, J Child Psychol Psychiatry
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Likewise, HR siblings exhibit lower levels of receptive language and other communication skills than comparison infants,2,8,9,11 but direct comparisons of intellectual functioning have not yielded consistent results.8,9,11,12”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Landa, 2007, Social and communication development in toddlers with early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Toth, 2007, Early social, imitation, play, and language abilities of young non-autistic siblings of children with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Stone, 2007, Early social-communicative and cognitive development of younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Yirmiya, 2007, Cognitive and verbal abilities of 24- to 36-month-old siblings of children with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Zwaigenbaum, 2012, Sex differences in children with autism spectrum disorder identified within a high-risk infant cohort, J Autism Dev Disord
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Through 3 years of age, HR infants exhibit higher levels of ASD-related characteristics than controls on ASD screeners, but differences based on examiner-administered assessments designed to quantify these characteristics are less consistent.2,8–10”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Landa, 2007, Social and communication development in toddlers with early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Toth, 2007, Early social, imitation, play, and language abilities of young non-autistic siblings of children with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Stone, 2007, Early social-communicative and cognitive development of younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Garon, 2009, Temperament and its relationship to autistic symptoms in a high-risk infant sib cohort, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For the present analyses, developmental quotients (DQs) were calculated by dividing the subscale age-equivalent score by the child’s chronological age and multiplying by 100. This procedure avoided possible floor and ceiling effects while providing a familiar IQ metric, as recommended in the literature.27,28”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > METHOD > Measures
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, outcome was assessed relatively early, at 3 years of age.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings of slightly elevated levels of ASD-related characteristics in HR siblings without ASD outcomes extends previous reports of risk group differences, suggesting that overall differences in social, communication, and behavioral characteristics between HR and LR children are relatively subtle.8,10,11,34”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Toth, 2007, Early social, imitation, play, and language abilities of young non-autistic siblings of children with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Garon, 2009, Temperament and its relationship to autistic symptoms in a high-risk infant sib cohort, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Yirmiya, 2007, Cognitive and verbal abilities of 24- to 36-month-old siblings of children with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Chapman, 2009, In bad taste: evidence for the oral origins of moral disgust, Science source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More generally, although the study relied on an observational measure of ASD severity, parent report measures of severity appear to yield congruent results.12”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Zwaigenbaum, 2012, Sex differences in children with autism spectrum disorder identified within a high-risk infant cohort, J Autism Dev Disord
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To statistically pool ADOS scores across modules, total scores were converted to ASD-calibrated severity scores,25 which range from 1 to 10 and reflect the overall severity of ASD-related behavioral characteristics across the social interaction, communication, and repetitive behavior domains.”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > METHOD > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Gotham, 2009, Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The study relied on an ADOS-based measure of ASD severity that was originally designed to distinguish among children with an ASD.22,25 However, the severity measure has subsequently been used to distinguish among HR siblings without ASD diagnoses.45”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Lord, 2000, The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Gotham, 2009, Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Georgiades, 2012, A prospective study of autistic-like traits in unaffected siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorder, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As maternal education was available for only 53% of the sample (n = 445), it was not included in final models. Inclusion of maternal education in models did not alter study findings (see Table S1, available online).”
§ Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age > RESULTS > Analyses of Means
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 445Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The positive predictive value findings from this high risk study are probably conservative in nature due to the likelihood that our HR-ASD group is milder than those who are clinically-referred and diagnosed with ASD at 24 months of age, and that HR-Neg groups are known to be more heterogeneous with respect to later development of cognitive, behavioral, social-communication and motor deficits than”
From Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“First, numerous studies have indicated that some, although not all, children who are later diagnosed as having ASD have delays in motor development, social responsiveness, or language development in the early part of the second year of life, if not before (Landa & Garrett-Mayer 2006, Messinger et al. 2013, Mitchell et al. 2006, Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Messinger et al. 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“and infants at familial risk for autism are also at increased risk for altered developmental functioning in non-autism-specific domains.”
From EEG power at 3 months in infants at high familial risk for autism (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Among high-risk siblings who do not develop ASD, many demonstrate lower levels of verbal, nonverbal, and motor functioning than their low-risk counterparts [4–6].”
From EEG power at 3 months in infants at high familial risk for autism (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with studies suggesting that infants carrying a familial high-risk ASD endophenotype can present with altered development in multiple domains [4, 6].”
From EEG power at 3 months in infants at high familial risk for autism (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“up to another 30% manifest elevated levels of autism symptoms [9]”
From Enhanced Visual Search in Infancy Predicts Emerging Autism Symptoms (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“with about 10–20% of high-risk infants developing sub-clinical ASD symptoms or other developmental problems (Messinger et al., 2013).”
From From early markers to neuro-developmental mechanisms of autism (2014) · cites this paper as Messinger et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Prospective assessment of high-risk infants can characterize early development, prior to diagnosis, in children who will subsequently develop ASD.”
From Behavioral, cognitive, and adaptive development in infants with autism spectrum disorder in the first 2 years of life (2015) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“It is increasingly apparent, consistent with the phenotype of ASD, that both developmental and language delays are part of the BAP at a group level (Messinger et al., 2013; Ozonoff et al., 2014) and, whilst covarying for these differences one might be taking out some of the variance of interest, early atypical behaviours still discriminated between the infants who went on to have ASD and those who”
From Behavioural markers for autism in infancy: Scores on the Autism Observational Scale for Infants in a prospective study of at-risk siblings (2015) · cites this paper as Messinger et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“In a subsequent BSRC report on non-diagnosed high-risk siblings [26], males in both high-risk (n = 507) and low-risk groups (n = 324) exhibited higher ASD symptom severity scores—and lower levels of verbal and nonverbal functioning—than females.”
From Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Specification of this particular area of challenges for non-diagnosed high-risk siblings was not possible in reports of smaller subsets of this sample [26].”
From Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: z = 2.79, p = .001
MinorThe paper reports p = .001 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .005 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .005
“z = 2.79, p = .001”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upz = 2.79reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .005
“z = 2.79, p = .001”
- Consistentz = 4.02reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 4.02, p < .001”
- Consistentz = 4.82reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 4.82, p < .001”
- Consistentz = 1.29reported p = .2 · recomputed p = .197
“z = 1.29, p = .20”
- Consistentz = -1.67reported p = .1 · recomputed p = .095
“z = −1.67, p = .10”
- Consistentz = 1.92reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .055
“z = 1.92, p = .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Six-class comparison does not meet the stated evidence cutoff
MinorThe paper says it used a value above 10 to distinguish class solutions, but calls 5.79 very strong evidence for the five-class solution over the six-class solution. That comparison falls below its stated cutoff.
“Jeffreys’ Scale of Evidence provided very strong evidence supporting a five-class solution over a four-class solution (2*log[B] = 19.41) or a six-class solution (2*log[B] = 5.79)”
“When 2*log(B) > 10, there is very strong evidence for preferring the more complex model, and we used this cutoff to distinguish between solutions.”
Reported sex difference reverses direction
MinorThe results say that sex differences within the high-risk group favored males on both developmental quotients, whereas the discussion says males had lower verbal and nonverbal functioning than females.
“There were significant sex differences favoring males on both the verbal DQ (t = 5.16, p < .001) and nonverbal DQ (t = 5.72, p < .001).”
“Independent of risk group, male children exhibited lower levels of verbal and nonverbal functioning than female children.”
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationWagner, J., Luyster, R., Moustapha, H., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Nelson, C. A. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416673475 · Cited by 39
Sex Differences in the Developmental Trajectories of Autism Spectrum Disorder
McFayden, T. C., Putnam, O. C., Grzadzinski, R., & Harrop, C. (2023) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-023-00270-y · Cited by 45
D’Abate, L., Walker, S., Yuen, R. K. C., Tammimies, K., Buchanan, J. A., Davies, R., Thiruvahindrapuram, B., Wei, J., Brian, J. A., Bryson, S. E., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13380-2 · Cited by 39
Self-citationSiblings of children with autism spectrum disorders: social support and family quality of life
Garrido, D., Carballo, G., & García‐Retamero, R. (2020) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02429-1 · Cited by 43
Sex Differences in Social Attention in Infants at Risk for Autism
Kleberg, J. L., Nyström, P., Bölte, S., & Falck‐Ytter, T. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3799-z · Cited by 45
Edwards, L. A., Wagner, J., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3222-1 · Cited by 36
Looking for “fNIRS Signature” in Autism Spectrum: A Systematic Review Starting From Preschoolers
Conti, E., Scaffei, E., Bosetti, C., Marchi, V., Costanzo, V., Dell’Oste, V., Mazziotti, R. M., Dell’Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Muratori, F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.785993 · Cited by 34
Intervention in the Context of Development: Pathways Toward New Treatments
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No Sex Differences in Cognitive Ability in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Positive emotional engagement and autism risk.
Lambert, B. L., McDonald, N. M., Mattson, W. I., Martin, K. B., Ibañez, L. V., Stone, W. L., & Messinger, D. S. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039182 · Cited by 34
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Lateralization of ERPs to speech and handedness in the early development of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Finch, K. H., Seery, A. M., Talbott, M. R., Nelson, C. A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (2017) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-017-9185-x · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Messinger, D., Young, G. S., Ozonoff, S., Dobkins, K., Carter, A., Zwaigenbaum, L., Landa, R. J., Charman, T., Stone, W. L., Constantino, J. N., Hutman, T., Carver, L. J., Bryson, S., Iverson, J. M., Strauss, M. S., Rogers, S. J., & Sigman, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 300-308.e1
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3625370
- OpenAlex
- W2101103407
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 14.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54MH066417, R01MH068398, MH059630, MH068398, R01MH059630, U54MH068172)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC10290, R01DC010290)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM105004)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD047417, R01HD057284, HD 042541, R01HD047417, HD057284, R01HD042541, HD54979, R01HD043292, P50HD055784, R01HD052804, R01HD054979, HD043292, HD052804)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, high-risk siblings, first-degree relatives, ASD severity, developmental functioning, latent classes, child development monitoring, early intervention, toddlers
- MeSH terms
- Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Intelligence Tests, Male, Phenotype, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk, Severity of Illness Index, Siblings
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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