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Cited by 363Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesGenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Behavioral, cognitive, and adaptive development in infants with autism spectrum disorder in the first 2 years of life

Open access
IBIS network, Estes, Annette, Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Gu, Hongbin, St. John, Tanya, Paterson, Sarah, Elison, Jed T., Hazlett, Heather +9 more·2015·Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
DOI 10.1186/s11689-015-9117-6PMC PMC4511527
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: To delineate the early progression of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms, this study investigated developmental characteristics of infants at high familial risk for ASD (HR), and infants at low risk (LR). METHODS: Participants included 210 HR and 98 LR infants across 4 sites with comparable behavioral data at age 6, 12, and 24 months assessed in the domains of cognitive development (Mullen Scales of Early Learning), adaptive skills (Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales), and early behavioral features of ASD (Autism Observation Scale for Infants). Participants evaluated according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria at 24 months and categorized as ASD-positive or ASD-negative were further stratified by empirically derived cutoff scores using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule yielding four groups: HR-ASD-High, HR-ASD-Moderate (HR-ASD-Mod), HR-ASD-Negative (HR-Neg), and LR-ASD-Negative (LR-Neg). RESULTS: The four groups demonstrated different developmental trajectories that became increasingly distinct from 6 to 24 months across all domains. At 6 months, the HR-ASD-High group demonstrated less advanced Gross Motor and Visual Reception skills compared with the LR-Neg group. By 12 months, the HR-ASD-High group demonstrated increased behavioral features of ASD and decreased cognitive and adaptive functioning compared to the HR-Neg and LR-Neg groups. By 24 months, both the HR-ASD-High and HR-ASD-Moderate groups demonstrated differences from the LR- and HR-Neg groups in all domains. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal atypical sensorimotor development at 6 months of age which is associated with ASD at 24 months in the most severely affected group of infants. Sensorimotor differences precede the unfolding of cognitive and adaptive deficits and behavioral features of autism across the 6- to 24-month interval. The less severely affected group demonstrates later symptom onset, in the second year of life, with initial differences in the social-communication domain.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a prospective multisite high-risk infant sibling study, infants later classified with ASD showed early sensorimotor differences at 6 months, followed by emerging cognitive, adaptive, and autism behavioral differences by 12–24 months. The most severely affected group diverged earliest and most broadly, while a moderately affected group showed later symptom onset, especially in social-communication.

Key findings

  • At 6 months, the HR-ASD-High group had lower MSEL Gross Motor and Visual Reception scores than LR-Neg infants (Gross Motor: t(299) = −3.97, p = 0.014; Visual Reception: t(299) = −3.65, p = 0.046), and lower VABS-II Adaptive Behavior Composite and Motor scores than LR-Neg (t(299) = −4.27, p < 0.005; t(299) = −4.21, p < 0.005).
  • At 12 months, HR-ASD-High infants had higher AOSI scores than HR-Neg and LR-Neg (t(293) = 5.68, p < 0.0001; t(293) = 6.18, p < 0.0001), along with lower MSEL ELC and Receptive Language scores than both non-ASD groups.
  • At 24 months, both HR-ASD-High and HR-ASD-Mod groups differed from HR-Neg and LR-Neg on MSEL ELC and VABS-II ABC (p < 0.0001 for many comparisons), with HR-ASD-High showing lower scores on ELC and all MSEL subscales versus both non-ASD groups.
  • Group sizes were HR-ASD-High n = 31, HR-ASD-Mod n = 18, HR-Neg n = 161, and LR-Neg n = 98; the paper reports 49 infants with autism symptoms at 24 months.

Methods

  • Prospective longitudinal Infant Brain Imaging Study (IBIS) Network sample: 210 high-risk (HR) and 98 low-risk (LR) infants assessed at 6, 12, and 24 months across 4 sites.
  • Measures included MSEL for cognitive development, VABS-II for adaptive functioning, AOSI for early autism behavioral features at 6 and 12 months, and ADOS plus DSM-IV-TR clinical best-estimate diagnosis at 24 months.
  • Groups were derived from 24-month DSM-IV-TR and ADOS classifications; mixed models with repeated measures (MMRM) tested visit, group, and group × visit effects, with covariates for mother’s education, age-at-visit deviation, and site, followed by step-up Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons.

Limitations

  • The paper states that 24-month outcomes may miss children diagnosed later, that high-risk sibling cohorts may differ from clinically referred samples, and that motor differences at 6 months were mild test-score decrements rather than frank delays and should not be generalized to general-population screening.
  • The paper notes that follow-up into preschool and school age is needed because some high-risk children without ASD at 24 months may later show developmental difficulties or ASD symptoms.
  • Evident from the text: two LR ASD groups were too small to analyze separately (LR-ASD-High n = 2; LR-ASD-Mod n = 2), and 17 children with discordant DSM/ADOS statuses were excluded; assessors were aware of risk status but not ultimate outcome group, and AOSI rater-bias checks were reported.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s11689-015-9117-6

Cites

52 of 52 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 29 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    At 6 months, the HR-ASD-High group had lower Visual Reception scores than the LR-Neg group.

    “At 6 months, the HR-ASD-High group demonstrated less advanced Gross Motor and Visual Reception skills compared with the LR-Neg group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    By 12 months, the HR-ASD-High group demonstrated decreased adaptive functioning compared to the HR-Neg and LR-Neg groups.

    “By 12 months, the HR-ASD-High group demonstrated increased behavioral features of ASD and decreased cognitive and adaptive functioning compared to the HR-Neg and LR-Neg groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At 6 months, the HR-ASD-High group had lower Gross Motor scores than the LR-Neg group.

    “At 6 months, the HR-ASD-High group demonstrated less advanced Gross Motor and Visual Reception skills compared with the LR-Neg group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The four groups (HR-ASD-High, HR-ASD-Mod, HR-Neg, LR-Neg) demonstrated different developmental trajectories that became increasingly distinct from 6 to 24 months across all domains.

    “The four groups demonstrated different developmental trajectories that became increasingly distinct from 6 to 24 months across all domains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    By 24 months, both the HR-ASD-High and HR-ASD-Moderate groups demonstrated differences from the LR- and HR-Neg groups in all domains.

    “By 24 months, both the HR-ASD-High and HR-ASD-Moderate groups demonstrated differences from the LR- and HR-Neg groups in all domains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 13
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At 24 months, the HR-ASD-Mod group had lower MSEL Fine Motor, Visual Reception, and Expressive Language scores compared with the LR-Neg group.

    “The HR-ASD-Mod group had lower scores on the ELC and Receptive Language scales compared with the HR-Neg and LR-Neg groups and lower Fine Motor, Visual Reception, and Expressive Language scores compared with the LR-Neg group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    MSEL ELC standard scores decreased from 6 to 24 months in the HR-ASD-High and HR-ASD-Mod groups and were stable or increasing in the HR-Neg and LR-Neg groups.

    “Group means at 6, 12, and 24 months reveal decreasing standard scores on the ELC in the HR-ASD-High and HR-ASD-Mod groups and stable or increasing scores across time in the HR-Neg and LR-Neg groups (Fig. 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were more boys in the HR-ASD-High and HR-ASD-Mod groups as compared with the HR-Neg and LR-Neg groups.

    “There were more boys in the HR-ASD-High and HR-ASD-Mod groups as compared with the HR-Neg and LR-Neg groups”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Scores from 6-month and 12-month AOSI visits were not significantly different for naive versus non-naive coders, risk status, visit, or site.

    “Scores from 6 month (9 LR/12 HR) and 12 month visits (17 LR/16 HR) were not significantly different for naive versus non-naive coders (p = 0.39) risk status (p = 0.50), visit (p = 0.66), or site (p = 0.25).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The less severely affected group demonstrates later symptom onset, in the second year of life, with initial differences in the social-communication domain.

    “The less severely affected group demonstrates later symptom onset, in the second year of life, with initial differences in the social-communication domain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ASD recurrence risk for siblings of children with ASD is as high as 18.7%, with population-based estimates around 10%.

    “Current research indicates that ASD recurrence risk for siblings of children with ASD is as high as 18.7 % [38], with population-based estimates around 10 % [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] Ozonoff S, Young GS, Carter A, Messinger D, Yirmiya N, Zwaigenbaum L, et al. Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: a baby siblings research consortium study. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):e488–95. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Sandin S, Lichtenstein P, Kuja-Halkola R, Larsson H, Hultman CM, Reichenberg A. The familial risk of autism. JAMA. 2014;311(17):1770–7. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.4144 . PubMed. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The HR-ASD-Mod group differed from the HR-ASD-High group, demonstrating symptoms that emerged later, less severe behavioral features, and more advanced cognitive and adaptive functioning at 24 months.

    “The HR-ASD-Mod group differed from the HR-ASD-High group demonstrating symptoms that emerged later in development, less severe behavioral features, and more advanced cognitive and adaptive functioning at 24 months.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Assessors and parents were necessarily aware of the risk group status of participants, but no one was aware of the ultimate group membership of the participants.

    “Assessors and parents were necessarily aware of the risk group status of participants, but notably, as with all prospective studies that use future symptom levels to define outcome groups, no one was aware of the ultimate group membership of the participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All tests and corresponding p values were two-sided.

    “All tests and corresponding p values were two-sided.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Parent report on the ADI was obtained by research-reliable examiners.

    “Parent report on the ADI was obtained by research-reliable examiners.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    There was remarkable convergence across parent-report and direct clinical assessment identifying atypical motor development as early as 6 months in children with elevated ASD symptoms at age 2, suggesting motor development may be disrupted very early in development in ASD.

    “There was a remarkable convergence across parent-report and direct clinical assessment identifying atypical motor development as early as 6 months in children with elevated ASD symptoms at age 2, suggesting motor development, which is not a diagnostic feature, may be disrupted very early in development in ASD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The least square means and standard errors adjust for any effect of mother's education, age at visit, and site.

    “The LSM and SE adjust for any effect of mother’s education, age at visit, and site.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    A priori examiner training and administration and scoring reliability procedures were implemented to ensure comparability of data across sites.

    “A priori examiner training and administration and scoring reliability procedures were implemented to ensure comparability of data across sites.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The more severely affected group (HR-ASD-High) presented initially with lower sensorimotor abilities relative to the non-ASD groups at 6 months, whereas the less severely affected subgroup (HR-ASD-Mod) demonstrated differences relative to the non-ASD groups at 12 months in the communication domain.

    “The more severely affected group presented initially with lower sensorimotor abilities relative to the non-ASD groups at 6 months, whereas the less severely affected subgroup demonstrated differences relative to the non-ASD groups at 12 months in the communication domain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Parent-reported delays in fine motor and social communication at 6 months may be predictive of a later diagnosis of ASD in the general population.

    “A recent general population survey suggests that parent-reported delays in fine motor and social communication at 6 months may be predictive of a later diagnosis of ASD [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Bolton P, Golding J, Emond A, Steer C. Autism spectrum disorder and autistic traits in the avon longitudinal study of parents and children: precursors and early signs. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(3):249–60. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Post hoc group comparison results for all outcome variables were adjusted for multiple comparisons using step-up Bonferroni adjustments.

    “Post hoc group comparison results for all outcome variables were adjusted for multiple comparisons using step-up Bonferroni adjustments, also called Hochberg-adjusted p values [17].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Hochberg Y, Benjamini Y. More powerful procedures for multiple significance testing. Stat Med. 1990;9:811–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Previous longitudinal studies of high-risk infant siblings have suggested that ASD onset may be more complex and less homogeneous than previously understood, both with respect to timing and the consolidation of symptoms into a clear diagnostic profile.

    “Previous longitudinal studies of high-risk infant siblings [23, 34, 52] have suggested that ASD onset may be more complex and less homogeneous than previously understood [1, 33, 35], both with respect to timing and the consolidation of symptoms into a clear diagnostic profile [51].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [23] Landa RJ, Holman KC, Garrett-Mayer E. Social and communication development in toddlers with early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(7):853. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Ozonoff S, Iosif A, Baguio F, Cook IC, Hill MM, Hutman T, et al. A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(3):256–66.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [52] Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Rogers T, Roberts W, Brian J, Szatmari P. Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2005;23(2–3):143–52. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [1] Bedford R, Pickles A, Gliga T, Elsabbagh M, Charman T, Johnson MH. Additive effects of social and non-social attention during infancy relate to later autism spectrum disorder. Dev Science. 2014;17(4):612–20. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Ozonoff S, Heung K, Byrd R, Hansen R, Hertz-Picciotto I. The onset of autism: patterns of symptom emergence in the first years of life. Autism Res. 2008;1(6):320–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Ozonoff S, Iosif A, Young GS, Hepburn S, Thompson M, Colombi C, et al. Onset patterns in autism: correspondence between home video and parent report. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50(8):796–806. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Lord C, Rogers S, Carter A, Carver L, et al. Clinical assessment and management of toddlers with suspected autism spectrum disorder: insights from studies of high-risk infants. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):1383–91. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Most cognitive and adaptive skill differences between the HR-ASD-Mod and non-ASD groups emerged at 24 months, with the exception of lower MSEL Expressive Language which emerged at 12 months.

    “Notably, most cognitive and adaptive skill differences between the HR-ASD-Mod and non-ASD groups emerged at 24 months (with the exception of lower MSEL Expressive Language which emerged at 12 months).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This subset of children, if present in our sample, may reduce observed group differences because children with subthreshold ASD may be included in the non-ASD group.

    “This subset of children, if present in our sample, may reduce observed group differences because children with subthreshold ASD may be included in the non-ASD group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    All data were obtained and scored blind to ultimate group status, reducing rater bias that could amplify group differences.

    “The prospective approach has the added benefit that all data were obtained and scored blind to the ultimate group status, reducing rater bias that could amplify group differences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This longitudinal, prospective study was a large-scale replication of previous studies and involved one of the largest number of infants reported to date who present with autism symptoms at 24 months (n = 49).

    “This longitudinal, prospective study was a large-scale replication of previous studies and involved one of the largest number of infants reported to date who present with autism symptoms at 24 months (n = 49).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
21 of 21

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is not yet evidence of observable, overt social-communication deficits during the first year of life.

    “However, there is not yet evidence of observable, overt social-communication deficits during the first year of life.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The defining behaviors of ASD (e.g., atypical or delayed verbal communication, lack of pretend play, poor reciprocal social interaction) begin to emerge around 12 months and are increasingly evident over the second year of life.

    “The defining behaviors of ASD (e.g., atypical or delayed verbal communication, lack of pretend play, poor reciprocal social interaction) begin to emerge around 12 months and are increasingly evident over the second year of life.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(299) = -3.97reported p = .014 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −3.97, p = .014”

    The paper states a correction for multiple tests

  • Consistentt(299) = -3.65reported p = .046 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −3.65, p = .046”

    The paper states a correction for multiple tests

  • Consistentt(299) = -4.77reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −4.77, p < .0005”

  • Consistentt(299) = -6.15reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −6.15, p < .0001”

  • Consistentt(299) = -4.46reported p < .002 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −4.46, p < .002”

  • Consistentt(299) = -5.47reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −5.47, p < .0001”

  • Consistentt(299) = -4.14reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −4.14, p < .01”

  • Consistentt(299) = -4.33reported p < .005 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −4.33, p < .005”

  • Consistentt(299) = -4.27reported p < .005 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −4.27, p < .005”

  • Consistentt(299) = -4.21reported p < .005 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −4.21, p < .005”

  • Consistentt(299) = -5.41reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −5.41, p < .0001”

  • Consistentt(299) = -5.62reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −5.62, p < .0001”

  • Consistentt(299) = -6.95reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −6.95, p < .0001”

  • Consistentt(299) = -6.91reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −6.91, p < .0001”

  • Consistentt(299) = -4.22reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −4.22, p < .01”

  • Consistentt(299) = -4.9reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(299) = −4.90, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(6, 299) = 1.74reported p = .11 · recomputed p = .111

    “F(6, 299) = 1.74, p = .11”

  • Consistentt(293) = 5.68reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(293) = 5.68, p < .0001”

  • Consistentt(293) = 6.18reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(293) = 6.18, p < .0001”

  • ConsistentF(3, 293) = 13.8reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(3,293) = 13.8, p < .0001”

  • ConsistentF(3, 293) = 4.5reported p < .005 · recomputed p = .004

    “F(3, 293) = 4.5, p < .005”

21 of 21

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • AOSI post hoc comparison reverses the group difference

    Minor

    At 12 months, the table labels the HR-ASD-High group as lower than the HR-Neg and LR-Neg groups, although its listed score is higher than both. The Results section also describes the HR-ASD-High score as higher.

  • Six-month AOSI omnibus test is significant despite a claim of no group differences

    Minor

    The Results state there was no evidence of group differences at six months, whereas Table 4 reports a significant omnibus group comparison (p = 0.0068). No significant post hoc pairwise comparison is listed, but that does not negate the reported omnibus result.

  • Claim of no 12-month motor differences conflicts with a reported comparison

    Minor

    The Conclusions say outcome groups did not differ in motor skills at 12 months, but the Results report a significant 12-month VABS-II Motor difference between HR-ASD-High and LR-Neg.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Maxwell M. Manual for the family interview for genetic studies (FIGS). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1992.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
IBIS network, Estes, A., Zwaigenbaum, L., Gu, H., St. John, T., Paterson, S., Elison, J. T., Hazlett, H., Botteron, K., Dager, S. R., Schultz, R. T., Kostopoulos, P., Evans, A., Dawson, G., Eliason, J., Alvarez, S., & Piven, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Washington (US)
  • University of Alberta (CA)
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Duke University (US)
  • McGill University (CA)
  • Autism Speaks (US)
Corresponding author
Estes, Annette
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-07-16
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
24-24
ISSN
  • 1866-1947 (ISSN-L)
  • 1866-1955
DOI
10.1186/s11689-015-9117-6
PMC
PMC4511527
OpenAlex
W2145053483
Semantic Scholar
1ceca7e24b3aed1b99070d0528c5e48b4b0b4692
Cited by
363
References
52
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 2
FWCI
14.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
  • Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
  • UNC Libraries
Funders
  • Autism Speaks
  • Simons Foundation (#140209)
  • Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  • University of Washington
  • University of Alberta
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (HD055741)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 055741)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD086984, U54HD079124, U54HD083091, R01HD055741)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, infants, familial risk, developmental trajectories, sensorimotor development, cognitive development, adaptive behavior, social communication, symptom onset

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.

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