How do people with social anxiety disorder manage daily stressors? Deconstructing emotion regulation flexibility in daily life
Open accessAbstract
Emotion regulation flexibility is a person's tendency to shift their use of emotion regulation strategies in response to contextual demands. A lack of flexibility is thought to underlie affective disorders, yet conceptualizations of “flexibility” vary widely, and few studies have empirically assessed flexibility. In this study, we outline methods for measuring emotion regulation flexibility and then examine evidence for inflexibility in people with a common affective disorder: social anxiety disorder (SAD). Participants were community adults diagnosed with SAD and a psychologically healthy control group who completed a 14-day experience-sampling study. Participants recorded their most anxiety-provoking event each day, how they evaluated contextual demands (i.e., perceived controllability, emotional intensity) of these events, and their use of seven emotion regulation strategies to manage anxiety. Hypotheses and analyses were preregistered with the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/s7kqj/). Participants with SAD demonstrated some evidence of inflexibility. They used three disengagement strategies (rumination, thought suppression, expressive suppression) more often than controls and did so independently of contextual demands (specifically, perceived controllability). Nonetheless, participants with SAD largely demonstrated similar regulatory patterns as controls, most notably in their use of engagement strategies (acceptance, cognitive, reappraisal, problem-solving). We measured two of many possible contextual demands, did not compare to a mixed clinical group or other affective disorders (e.g., depression), and did not assess temporal sequences of strategy use. People with SAD demonstrate some inflexibility in their use of disengagement regulation strategies.
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Goodman et al found that people with social anxiety disorder considered momentary assessments to be more anxiety provoking while presenting similar patterns to control participants when gauging contextual demands, particularly those related to perceived controllability.
“The results indicated that people with SAD considered momentary assessments to be more anxiety provoking while presenting similar patterns to those of control participants when gauging contextual demands, particularly those related to perceived controllability.”
From Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Goodman, F. R., Daniel, K. E., Eldesouky, L., Brown, B. A., & Kneeland, E. T.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- American University in Cairo (EG)
- Amherst College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goodman, Fallon R.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 100210
- ISSN
- 2666-9153 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3194365973
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2022-12-01)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- NIAAA (F31-AA024372)
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, emotion regulation flexibility, emotion regulation strategies, disengagement strategies, rumination, thought suppression, expressive suppression, engagement strategies, contextual demands, perceived controllability, daily hassles, cognitive reappraisal, acceptance
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