Endocranial shape changes during growth in chimpanzees and humans: a morphometric analysis of unique and shared aspects
Abstract
Compared to our closest living and extinct relatives, humans have a large, specialized, and complex brain embedded in a uniquely shaped braincase. Here, we quantitatively compare endocranial shape changes during ontogeny in humans and chimpanzees. Identifying shared and unique aspects in developmental patterns of these two species can help us to understand brain evolution in the hominin lineage. Using CT scans of 58 humans and 60 chimpanzees varying in age from birth to adulthood, we generated virtual endocasts to measure and analyze 29 three-dimensional endocranial landmarks and several hundred semilandmarks on curves and the endocranial surface; these data were then analyzed using geometric morphometric methods. The ontogenetic shape trajectories are nonlinear for both species, which indicates several developmental phases. Endocranial shape is already distinct at birth and there is no overlap between the two species throughout ontogeny. While some aspects of the pattern of endocranial shape change are shared between humans and chimpanzees, the shape trajectories differ substantially directly after birth until the eruption of the deciduous dentition: in humans but not in chimpanzees, the parietal and cerebellar regions expand relatively (contributing to neurocranial globularity) and the cranial base flexes within the first postnatal year when brain growth rates are high. We show that the shape changes associated with this early "globularization phase" are unique to humans and do not occur in chimpanzees before or after birth.
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In present-day humans, globularity emerges during perinatal development in a period when the rapidly expanding brain is the main driver of braincase shape.
“In present-day humans, globularity emerges during perinatal development [12, 13] in a period when the rapidly expanding brain is the main driver of braincase shape.”
From Neandertal Introgression Sheds Light on Modern Human Endocranial Globularity (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
Braincase shape depends on a complex interplay between cranial bone growth, facial size, and the tempo and mode of neurodevelopment.
“From the perspective of ontogeny, braincase shape depends on a complex interplay between cranial bone growth, facial size, and the tempo and mode of neurodevelopment [1, 4, 12–14].”
From Neandertal Introgression Sheds Light on Modern Human Endocranial Globularity (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
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Skull reconstruction of the late Miocene ape Rudapithecus hungaricus from Rudabánya, Hungary
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- Authors
- Neubauer, S., Gunz, P., & Hublin, J.-J.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Neubauer, Simon
- Venue
- Journal of Human Evolution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 555-566
- ISSN
- 0047-2484 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2083984461
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 15.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Human Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Geometry and Topology › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- ontogeny, chimpanzees, human, brain evolution, hominin brain evolution, endocast
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cephalometry, Pan troglodytes, Biological Evolution, Humans, Skull, Tomography, X-Ray Computed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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