Exploring the composition and properties of Centella asiatica metabolites and investigating their impact on BSA glycation, LDL oxidation and α-amylase inhibition
Abstract
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is a small herbaceous plant belonging to the Apiaceae family that is rich in triterpenes, such as asiaticoside and madecassoside. Centella asiatica finds broad application in promoting wound healing, addressing skin disorders, and boosting both memory and cognitive function. Given its extensive therapeutic potential, this study aimed not only to investigate the Centella asiatica ethanolic extract but also to analyze the biological properties of its organic fractions, such as antioxidant antiglycation capacity, which are little explored. We also identified the main bioactive compounds through spectrometry analysis. The ethanolic extract (EE) was obtained through a static maceration for seven days, while organic fractions (HF: hexane fraction; DF: dichloromethane fraction; EAF: ethyl acetate fraction; BF: n-butanol fraction and HMF: hydromethanolic fraction) were obtained via liquid-liquid fractionation. The concentration of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins in each sample was quantified. Additionally, the antiglycation (BSA/FRU, BSA/MGO, and ARG/MGO models) and antioxidant (FRAP, ORAC, and DPPH) properties, as well as the ability to inhibit LDL oxidation and hepatic tissue peroxidation were evaluated. The inhibition of enzyme activity was also analyzed (α-amylase, α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase). We also evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophages. The main compounds present in the most bioactive fractions were elucidated through ESI FT-ICR MS and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. In the assessment of antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ORAC, and DPPH), the EAF and BF fractions exhibited notable results, and as they are the phenolic compounds richest fractions, they also inhibited LDL oxidation, protected the hepatic tissue from peroxidation and inhibited α-amylase activity. Regarding glycation models, the EE, EAF, BF, and HMF fractions demonstrated substantial activity in the BSA/FRU model. However, BF was the only fraction that presented non-cytotoxic activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages at all tested concentrations. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the antioxidant, antiglycation, and enzymatic inhibition capacities of the ethanolic extract and organic fractions of Centella asiatica. The findings suggest that further in vivo studies, particularly focusing on the butanol fraction (BF), may be promising routes for future research and potential therapeutic applications.
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In antifibrotic contexts, asiaticoside, asiatic acid, and bayogenin collectively contribute to scar limitation by modulating fibrosis-related pathways such as MAPK-1 and maintaining balanced TGF-β/Smad signaling without excessive fibrotic responses.
“In antifibrotic contexts, asiaticoside, asiatic acid, and bayogenin collectively contribute to scar limitation by modulating fibrosis-related pathways such as MAPK-1 and maintaining balanced TGF-β/Smad signaling without excessive fibrotic responses (Bisht et al. 2024; Borges et al. 2024; Gayathri et al. 2024; Zhang et al. 2024).”
From Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in skin health and cosmeceuticals: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and advanced delivery systems (2025) · cites this paper as Borges et al. 2024
Whole-extract matrices of C. asiatica have demonstrated superior antiglycation effects compared to isolated triterpenes alone.
“Whole-extract matrices have demonstrated superior antiglycation effects compared to isolated triterpenes alone, highlighting the importance of phytochemical synergy within standardized botanical preparations (Borges et al. 2024).”
From Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in skin health and cosmeceuticals: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and advanced delivery systems (2025) · cites this paper as Borges et al. 2024
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- Authors
- Borges, A. L. S., Bittar, V. P., Justino, A. B., Carrillo, M. S. P., Duarte, R. F. M., Silva, N. B. S., Gonçalves, D. S., Prado, D. G., Araújo, I. A. C., Martins, M. M., Motta, L. C., Martins, C. H. G., Botelho, F. V., Silva, N. M., de Oliveira, A., Romão, W., & Espíndola, F. S.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (BR)
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Espíndola, Foued Salmen
- ORCID
- Borges, Ana Luiza Silva
- Bittar, Vinícius Prado
- Justino, Allisson Benatti
- Gonçalves, Daniela Silva
- Prado, Diego Godina
- Araújo, Iasmin Aparecida Cunha
- Martins, Mário Machado
- Motta, Larissa Campos
- Martins, Carlos Henrique Gomes
- Botelho, Françoise Vasconcelos
- Silva, Neide Maria
- Romão, Wanderson
- Espíndola, Foued Salmen
- Venue
- Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-08
- Volume
- 245
- Pages
- 116143
- ISSN
- 0731-7085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4394769670
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 3.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (APQ-01981-16, APQ-01856-14, APQ-01612-18, PPM 00503-18, 312812/2021-3)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Teranóstica e Nanobiotecnologia
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (465669/2014-0)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Keywords
- Centella asiatica, ethanol extract, triterpenoids, asiaticoside, madecassoside, antiglycation, antioxidant activity, LDL oxidation, α-amylase inhibition, α-glycosidase inhibition, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, cytotoxicity, RAW 264.7 macrophages
- MeSH terms
- RAW 264.7 Cells, alpha-Amylases, Animals, Antioxidants, Glycosylation, Lipoproteins, LDL, Oxidation-Reduction, Plant Extracts, Serum Albumin, Bovine, Triterpenes, Centella, Mice
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