Immunosenescence: Implications for response to infection and vaccination in older people
Abstract
People aged 60 and older represent over 11% of the world population and it is expected to rise 22% by 2050. Population aging is associated to an increased frequency of age-related diseases including higher susceptibility to infections, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Immunosenescence refers to the decline of the immune system associated to aging. It affects both, innate and adaptive immunity limiting the response to pathogens and to vaccines. The analyses of the immune system in elderly individuals determined several immune signatures constituting an immune risk phenotype that predicts mortality. An inverse CD4/CD8 ratio, loss of naïve T cells, increased numbers of terminally-differentiated T cells and oligoclonal expansions of virus-specific T cells constitute hallmarks of immunosenescence. Natural killer (NK) cells are also found severely altered in the elderly. The contribution of latent cytomegalovirus infection to immunosenescence of T and NK cells has been shown. Considering the worldwide ageing of the population in the next decades, the impact of infections will be a real health problem for older individuals requiring preventive strategies. Thus, further studies are required to analyse the bases of immunosenescence and to establish protocols to overcome the age-associated alterations of the immune response in order to define effective vaccines against those pathogens, such as influenza, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
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Immunosenescence results in a reduced capacity to mediate effective immune responses to vaccination and invading pathogens, increasing susceptibility to infectious diseases.
“This results in a reduced capacity to mediate effective immune responses to vaccination and invading pathogens, which both increase susceptibility to infectious diseases (Pera et al., 2015).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Pera et al., 2015
Immunosenescence involves a decrease in key immune cell types, including T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and loss of B-cell diversity.
“As detailed earlier, this process involves a decrease in a number of key immune cell types (e.g., T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells numbers, and loss of the diversity of B-cells).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Pera et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Pera, A., Campos, C., López, N., Hassouneh, F., Alonso, C., Tarazona, R., & Solana, R.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (ES)
- Universidad de Extremadura (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Solana, Rafael
- Venue
- Maturitas
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-55
- ISSN
- 0378-5122 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1947944879
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Maturitas (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Spanish Ministry of Health (PS09/00723, PI13/02691)
- Junta de Andalucia (CTS-208)
- Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (SAF2009-09711, SAF2013-46161-R)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- immunosenescence, aging, older adults, vaccine response, infection susceptibility, CD4/CD8 ratio, naive T cells, terminally differentiated T cells, oligoclonal expansion, natural killer cells, cytomegalovirus, influenza vaccination, mortality prediction
- MeSH terms
- Immunosenescence, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Humans, Male, T-Lymphocytes, Vaccination
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