A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: As its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on
Open accessAbstract
The WHO just released in May 2022 a report on the state of the obesity pandemic in Europe, stating that 60% of citizens in the area of Europe are either overweight or obese, and highlighting the implications of the obesity pandemic, especially as it interacts with the COVID pandemic to create a twin pandemic, to increase morbidity and mortality. Obesity is a complex disease which has reached pandemic dimensions. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975, mainly due to the adoption of a progressively more sedentary lifestyle and the consumption of less healthy diets. We first report herein updated prevalence rates of overweight and obesity by sex, age, and region first in Europe, per the WHO report, and then worldwide between 1980 and 2019, as we analyze and present herein the data provided by the Global Burden of Disease Study. The prevalence of obesity is higher in women than in men of any age and the prevalence of both overweight and obesity increases with age and has reached their highest point between the ages of 50 to 65 years showing a slight downward trend afterwards. The age-standardized prevalence of obesity has increased from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019. The American and European region have the highest obesity prevalence and the USA and Russia are the countries with the most obese residents. Given dire implications in terms of comorbidities and mortality, these updated epidemiological findings call for coordinated actions from local and regional governments, the scientific community and individual patients alike, as well as the food industry for the obesity pandemic to be controlled and alleviated. We can hopefully learn from the COVID-19 pandemic, where collaborative efforts worldwide, focused intense work at both the local and global level and well-coordinated leadership have demonstrated that humankind is capable of amazing accomplishments by leveraging science and public health, and that we can finally make strides in terms of understanding and combating the obesity pandemic and its dire comorbidities including diabetes, NAFLD, CVD and obesity associated malignancies.
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The global age-standardized prevalence of obesity increased from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019.
“Obesity rates are rising globally, with the age-standardized prevalence increasing from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019 [1].”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
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“This includes the design and implementation of effective dietary guidance that may be developmentally tailored, food formulation, and nutrition assistance/education programs that reduce rates of obesity and diet-related chronic disease, a major driver of health care costs globally [33– 35].”
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Stanek, A., Grygiel‐Górniak, B., Brożyna-Tkaczyk, K., Myśliński, W., Cholewka, A., & Zolghadri, S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061440 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“7 billion adults will be overweight, and over 1 billion will be obese by 2025 if these rates do not slow down [1,2].”
BackgroundDigital twins and artificial intelligence in metabolic disease research
MOSQUERA-LOPEZ, C. M., & Jacobs, P. G. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.04.019 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Kong, F., Huang, J.-H., Xu, C., Huang, T.-Y., Wen, G., & Cheng, W. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01178-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Globally, the prevalence of obesity, which is considered as a chronic disease, is on the rise [3, 4].”
BackgroundYu, O., Christ, J. P., Schulze‐Rath, R., Covey, J., Kelley, A., Grafton, J. R., Cronkite, D., Holden, E., Hilpert, J., Sacher, F., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.04.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Osteoarthritis Require Integrative Understanding and Management
Mocanu, V., Timofte, D. V., Zară-Dănceanu, C.-M., & Labusca, L. S. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12061262 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Undoubtedly, such polarized interest has originated in the increasing worldwide incidence and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome [21].”
BackgroundThornton, P., Reader, V., Digby, Z., Smolak, P. J., Lindsay, N. A., Harrison, D., Clarke, N., & Watt, A. P. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.123.002013 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Obesity is a major public health issue, having tripled world-wide since 1975 and with the World Health Organization now declaring that at least 60% of Europeans are either obese or overweight (Hepatology, 2021; Boutari and Mantzoros, 2022).”
BackgroundKokkorakis, M., Boutari, C., Katsiki, N., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155664 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationXiao, Y., Xiao, X., Zhang, X., Yi, D., Li, T., Hao, Q., Zhang, F., Xu, L., & Wang, N. (2024) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-024-00360-w · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Liu, T., Wang, J., Tong, Y., Wu, L., Xie, Y., He, P., Lin, S., & Hu, X. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04840-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Liu, C., Zhu, S., Zhang, J., Wu, P., Wang, X., Du, S., Wang, E., Kang, Y., Song, K., & Yu, J. (2023) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-023-02040-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…equally belonging to the high-income region, countries, such as Japan, Korea, and Singapore, all have low obesity rates, while the United States and Canada have obesity rates that are at a higher level in the world, which leads to a significant difference in the burden of disease for NALC [32].”
BackgroundSex-specific risk factors for new-onset heart failure: the PREVEND study at 25 years
van Essen, B. J., Emmens, J. E., Tromp, J., Ouwerkerk, W., Smit, M. D., Geluk, C. A., Baumhove, L., Suthahar, N., Gansevoort, R. T., Bakker, S. J. L., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae868 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“16,17 Consequently, population attributable fractions are anticipated to rise for risk factors with increasing prevalence; however, this may be counterbalanced by improved treatment of these risk factors, leading to a reduction in relative risk.”
Therapeutic advances in obesity management: an overview of the therapeutic interventions
Roomy, M. A., Hussain, K., Behbehani, H. M., Abu-Farha, J., Al-Harris, R., Ambi, A. M., Abdalla, M. A., Al‐Mulla, F., Abu‐Farha, M., & Abubaker, J. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1364503 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Keawtep, P., Sungkarat, S., Boripuntakul, S., Sa‐nguanmoo, P., Wichayanrat, W., Chattipakorn, S. C., & Worakul, P. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01580-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Globally, the prevalence of obesity in women has dramatically escalated in all ages and ethnicities [1].”
BackgroundRuiz‐González, D., Cavero‐Redondo, I., Hernández‐Martínez, A., Baena‐Raya, A., Martínez-Forte, S., Altmäe, S., Fernández‐Alonso, A. M., & Soriano‐Maldonado, A. (2024) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmae008 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In Europe, 60% of the population has overweight or obesity (Ward et al. , 2019; Boutari and Mantzoros, 2022; World Health Organization, 2022).”
BackgroundKupikowska-Stobba, B., Niu, H., Klojdová, I., Agregán, R., Lorenzo, J. M., & Kasprzak, M. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142151 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Association between plausible genetic factors and weight loss from GLP1-RA and bariatric surgery
German, J., Cordioli, M., Tozzo, V., Urbut, S., Arumäe, K., Smit, R. A. J., Lee, J., Li, J. H., Janucik, A., Ding, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03645-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Kidney in Obesity: Current Evidence, Perspectives and Controversies
Kounatidis, D. C., Vallianou, N. G., Stratigou, T., Voukali, M., Karampela, Ι., & Dalamaga, Μ. (2024) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-024-00583-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Research indicates that obesity prevalence is higher in women compared to men across all age groups, while the age-standardized prevalence of obesity has surged from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019 [4].”
InfluentialPotential of postbiotics for the treatment of metabolic disorders
Mishra, N., Garg, A., Ashique, S., & Bhatt, S. (2024) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103921 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cheah, S.-Y., Aminuzzaman, M., Phang, Y.-K., Lim, S. C.-Y., Koh, M.-X., Djearamane, S., Subramaniam, H., Lim, B.-H., Li, F., Wong, L. S., et al. (2025) · Green Processing and Synthesis · doi:10.1515/gps-2024-0246 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cagrilintide: A Long-Acting Amylin Analog for the Treatment of Obesity
D’Ascanio, A. M., Mullally, J. A., & Frishman, W. H. (2024) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000513 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk: Systematic Intervention Is the Key for Prevention
Perone, F., Pingitore, A., Conte, E., Hálasz, G., Ambrosetti, M., Peruzzi, M., & Cavarretta, E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11060902 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Anson, M., Henney, A. E., Broadwell, N., Zhao, S. S., Ibarburu, G. H., Lip, G. Y. H., Wilding, J. P. H., Cuthbertson, D. J., & Alam, U. (2024) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102777 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Theodorakis, N., Kreouzi, M., Pappas, A., & Nikolaou, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252413438 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Delcheva, G. T., Stefanova, K. I., & Stankova, T. R. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12090195 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“According to a WHO report, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has tripled since 1975, mainly due to sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diets [33].”
BackgroundTranscriptional and post-transcriptional control of autophagy and adipogenesis by YBX1
Wu, R., Feng, S., Li, F., Shu, G., Wang, L., Gao, P., Zhu, X., Zhu, C., Wang, S., & Jiang, Q. (2023) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05564-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“INTRODUCTION Obesity has been rapidly prevailed over the past several decades worldwide [1].”
BackgroundOrtega, R., Liu, B., & Persaud, S. J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241310777 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The prevalence of obesity in developed countries has significantly increased in recent years, and it is predicted that one in five adults worldwide will be obese by 2025 [72,73].”
BackgroundSzczerbiński, Ł., & Florez, J. C. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00232-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Pathological Mechanism at the Intersection of Obesity and Glaucoma
Pezzino, S., Sofia, M., Greco, L. P., Litrico, G., Filippello, G., Sarvà, I., Greca, G. L., & Latteri, S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021166 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Obesogenic environments as major determinants of a disease: It is time to re‐shape our cities
Verde, L., Barrea, L., Bowman-Busato, J., Yumuk, V., Colao, A., & Muscogiuri, G. (2024) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3748 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Essential Minerals and Metabolic Adaptation of Immune Cells
Alghamdi, M. A., Gutierrez, J., & Komarnytsky, S. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010123 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“This association between excessive adiposity and deteriorated immune phenotypes is now observed worldwide, as 50–60% of the population are routinely classified as overweight or obese, and 9–12% as diabetic, in both Europe [5], Middle East and Gulf region [6], and East Asia [7].”
BackgroundEnhancing Skin Anti-Aging through Healthy Lifestyle Factors
Knaggs, H. E., & Lephart, E. D. (2023) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics10050142 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hypothalamic PNOC/NPY neurons constitute mediators of leptin-controlled energy homeostasis
Solheim, M. H., Stroganov, S., Chen, W., Subagia, P. S., Bauder, C. A., Wnuk-Lipinski, D., Río-Martín, A. D., Sotelo-Hitschfeld, T., Beddows, C. A., Klemm, P., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.04.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program
Grieco, A., Huffman, K. M., Cohen, M. E., Hall, B. L., Morton, J. M., & Ko, C. Y. (2023) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2023.09.020 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Carli, F., Sabatini, S., Gaggini, M., Sironi, A. M., Bedogni, G., & Gastaldelli, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241914651 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the prevalence of cardiometabolic disease is increasing due to the steady rise of the prevalence of obesity worldwide [39], where obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m 2 .”
The Fatty Kidney and Beyond: A Silent Epidemic
Seng, N. S. H. L., Lohana, P. J. D., Chandra, S., & Jim, B. (2023) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.06.025 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Serrano, N., Hyatt, J. K., Houmard, J. A., Murgia, M., & Katsanos, C. S. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00190.2023 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Characteristics, Mechanisms and Therapeutics: Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity
Zhuang, Z., Zhou, P., Wang, J., Lu, X., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s432344 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
MASLD: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Sex-Based Therapies in Postmenopausal Women
Milani, I., Chinucci, M., Leonetti, F., & Capoccia, D. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13040855 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The prevalence of obesity varies by region [3,4] and is higher in women than men [72–74] across all age groups, with the highest rates observed between ages 50 and 65 [73].”
Miller, R. J. H., Yi, J., Shanbhag, A. D., Marcinkiewicz, A. M., Patel, K., Lemley, M., Ramirez, G., Geers, J., Chareonthaitawee, P., Wopperer, S. B., et al. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf131 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Associations with adiposity are more complex; however, they are important to consider given the rapidly expanding global epidemic of obesity 45 and steeply rising rates of metabolic syndrome.”
Kokkorakis, M., Katsarou, A., Katsiki, N., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155689 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationJazieh, C., Arabi, T. Z., Asim, Z., Sabbah, B. N., Alsaud, A. W., Alkattan, K., & Yaqinuddin, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1295967 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Tomičić, Z., Šarić, L. Ć., & Tomičić, R. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13182866 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The number changes annually, and according to the WHO, obesity rates are increasing worldwide and reaching more than 1 billion people [1].”
BackgroundFurth, S. L., Colhoun, H. M., Kanbay, M., Kukla, A., Lim, L., MacLaughlin, H. L., Navaneethan, S. D., Shroff, R. C., Stenvinkel, P., Cheung, M., et al. (2025) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2025.09.019 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hu, K., Edelen, E. D., Zhuo, W., Khan, A. A., Orbegoso, J., Greenfield, L., Rahi, B., Griffin, M. J., Ilich, J. Z., & Kelly, O. J. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13101056 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“For example, for 50–54-year-old individuals, it peaks at >50% for overweight and >25% for obesity [22]. measurements, where in the real world, not every clinic has the same instruments.”
BackgroundGuo, D. S., Zhang, M., Qi, B., Peng, T., Liu, M., Li, Z., Fu, F., Guo, Y., Li, C., Wáng, Y., et al. (2023) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-023-01241-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The global prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975, and over 1 billion people will become obese by 2025 at the current rate of increase [1].”
Liu, L., Shi, H., Xie, M., Sun, Y., & Nahata, M. C. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-024-01779-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Alexiadou, K., Hartley, A., Tan, T. M.-M., & Khamis, R. (2024) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2024.03.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Assessment of obesity in the Indian setting: A clinical review
Sruthi, K. G., John, S. M., & Marconi, S. D. (2023) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101348 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Yang, J., Hilliard, T. S., Wang, Z., Johnson, J. J., Wang, W., Harper, E. I., Ott, C., O’Brien, C., Campbell, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-023-02740-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Danpanichkul, P., Auttapracha, T., Kongarin, S., Ponvilawan, B., Simadibrata, D. M., Duangsonk, K., Jaruvattanadilok, S., Saowapa, S., Suparan, K., Lui, R. N.-S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.16620 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“26,27 In addition, carcinogenesis may also incorporate biological pathways relating to insulin resistance and toxic adiposity.”
Xu, W., Zhu, Y., Wang, S., Liu, J., & Li, H. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13121540 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Sarcopenic Obesity
Kim, Y.-C., Ki, S.-W., Kim, H., Kang, S., Kim, H., & Go, G. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173854 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
An overview of diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with obesity
Bashir, M., Fagier, Y., Ahmed, B., & Konje, J. C. (2024) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2024.102469 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Herren, O. M., Gillman, A. S., Marshall, V. J., & Das, R. (2022) · Gastro Hep Advances · doi:10.1016/j.gastha.2022.12.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The key role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and management of obesity and CVD
Boutari, C., Hill, M. A., Procaccini, C., Matarese, G., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155627 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationCao, X., Wang, M., Zhou, M., Mi, Y., Fazekas‐Pongor, V., Major, D., Lehoczki, A., & Guo, Y. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01180-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Obesity, body fat distribution and eye diseases
Bosello, F., Vanzo, A., Zaffalon, C., Polinelli, L., Saggin, F., Bonacci, E., Pedrotti, E., Marchini, G., & Bosello, O. (2024) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-024-01662-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“1) [1, 2].”
Al-Marzooqi, S. K., Almarzooqi, F., Sadida, H. Q., Jerobin, J., Ahmed, I., Abou‐Samra, A., Fakhro, K. A., Dhawan, P., Bhat, A. A., & Akil, A. A. (2024) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13766 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Exploring the multifaceted factors influencing overweight and obesity: a scoping review
Jalilzadeh, M., & Goharinezhad, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540756 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
How high‐fat diet affects bone in mice: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Pei, L., Zhang, X., Li, B., Meng, Y., & Zhou, X. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13493 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Jovanović, G. K., Janković, S., & Žeželj, S. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1019849 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The WHO recently reported that 60% of European area citizens are either overweight or obese, highlighting the implications of the obesity pandemic, especially being complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic, creating a twin pandemic, and consequently increased morbidity and mortality (Boutari and Mantzoros, 2022).”
BackgroundYuan, S., Ruan, X., Sun, Y., Fu, T., Zhao, J., Deng, M., Chen, J., Li, X., & Larsson, S. C. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23857 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Overweight and obesity affect approximately 60% of adults and 30% children that causes a global pandemic (1, 2).”
BackgroundRossi, A. A., Pietrabissa, G., Castelnuovo, G., & Mannarini, S. (2024) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-024-01642-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Han, S., Zheng, L., Sun, Y., & Sun, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1291093 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cui, B., Wang, G., Li, P., Li, W., Song, Z. J., Sun, X., Zhu, L., & Zhu, S. (2023) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000000066 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“There is considerable evidence that obesity is associated with a signi fi cant predisposition toward cardiovascular events and acts as an important risk factor for mortality, especially in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic [2 – 4] .”
Bifidobacterium alleviate metabolic disorders via converting methionine to 5’-methylthioadenosine
Lyu, Q., Chen, R.-A., Chuang, H.-L., Zou, H.-B., Liu, L., Sung, L., Liu, P., Wu, H., Chang, H.-Y., Cheng, W.-J., et al. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2300847 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Yu, M., Xu, M., Ji, X. Y., Zong, X., Zhang, Z., Shang, W., Zhang, L., & Fang, P. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118355 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Excess dietary sugar and its impact on periodontal inflammation: a narrative review
Shanmugasundaram, S., & Karmakar, S. (2024) · BDJ Open · doi:10.1038/s41405-024-00265-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This paradigm is evident with the global increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in parallel with the global rise in sugar consumption [114 – 116].”
BackgroundJakubek, P., Pakula, B., Rossmeisl, M., Pinton, P., Rimessi, A., & Wieckowski, M. R. (2024) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-024-03700-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Valenzuela‐Vallejo, L., Chrysafi, P., Bello-Ramos, J. C., Bsata, S., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2022) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155237 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPreclusive Strategies of Obesity to Lead a Healthy Life - A Review
Sukumaran, C., Karpagavalli, B., Hariharan, R., & Parthiban, V. (2022) · doi:10.46632/psr/1/1/7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Crucial Regulatory Role of Organokines in Relation to Metabolic Changes in Non-Diabetic Obesity
Lőrincz, H., Somodi, S., Ratku, B., Harangi, M., & Paragh, G. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13020270 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“According to a recent meta-analysis the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in adults aged ≥50 years is between 7% and 13% in different regions, the highest value was detected in Europe and in South America.”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, D., Ye, J., Yan, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, H., Wang, M., Feng, Y., Li, R., Xu, X., Jiang, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1166635 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“7 billion adults are expected to be overweight and more than 1 billion will be obese (Boutari and Mantzoros, 2022).”
BackgroundColaci, C., Gambardella, M. L., Scarlata, G. G. M., Boccuto, L., Colica, C., Luzza, F., Scarpellini, E., Méndez‐Sánchez, N., & Abenavoli, L. (2024) · Hepatoma Research · doi:10.20517/2394-5079.2023.134 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Jakubiak, G. K., Pawlas, N., Morawiecka-Pietrzak, M., Starzak, M., Stanek, A., & Cieślar, G. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60071080 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Obesity is becoming one of the most serious health problems in many countries around the world [1].”
BackgroundWeight cycling and its effects on muscle mass, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity
Zamboni, M., Giani, A., Fantin, F., Rossi, A. P., Mazzali, G., & Zoico, E. (2025) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-025-09963-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Amare, F., Alemu, Y., Enichalew, M., Demilie, Y., & Adamu, S. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00982-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“%) among middle-aged adults (40–59 years old) [2].”
Is time of eating associated with BMI and obesity? A population-based study
Crispim, C. A., Rinaldi, A. E. M., Azeredo, C. M., Skene, D. J., & Moreno, C. R. D. C. (2023) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03282-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The worldwide prevalence of obesity has become a major challenge for public health [1, 2], including in developing countries like Brazil, where overweight and obesity reach rates of 60.3% and 26.8%, respectively [3].”
InfluentialPreoperative Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Lucenti, L., Testa, G., Caldaci, A., Sammartino, F., Cicio, C., Ilardo, M., Sapienza, M., & Pavone, V. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12060666 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“PJI, pre and postoperatively [64] (Figures 5 and 6).”
BackgroundInfluentialMihai, I., Dura, H., Teodoru, C. A., Todor, S. B., Ichim, C., Grigore, N., Mohor, C. I., Mihetiu, A. F., Oprinca, G.-C., Bacalbașa, N., et al. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14090942 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Food insecurity as a risk factor of sarcopenic obesity in older adults
Fonseca-Pérez, D., Arteaga-Pazmiño, C., Maza-Moscoso, C. P., Flores-Madrid, S., & Álvarez-Córdova, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1040089 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Obesity is considered a worldwide pandemic (2), and is usually diagnosed by body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2.”
Background
- Authors
- Boutari, C., & Mantzoros, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mantzoros, Christos S.
- Venue
- Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 133
- Pages
- 155217
- ISSN
- 0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9107388
- OpenAlex
- W4280507423
- Cited by
- 1,068
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 176 · 2025: 331 · 2024: 344 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 27 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 196.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- obesity, overweight, obesity prevalence, obesity epidemiology, obesity epidemic, COVID-19 pandemic, sex differences in obesity, age-standardized prevalence, Global Burden of Disease Study, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, obesity-related comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity prevention policy
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Overweight, Pandemics
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