The skin mycobiome and intermicrobial interactions in the cutaneous niche
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Mammalian microbiomes have coevolved with their host to establish a stable homeostatic relationship. Multifaceted commensal-host and commensal-commensal interactions contribute to the maintenance of the equilibrium with an impact on diverse host physiological processes. Despite constant exposure to physical and chemical insults from the environment, the skin harbors a surprisingly stable microbiome. The fungal compartment of the skin microbiome, the skin mycobiome, is unique in that it is dominated by a single fungus, Malassezia. The lack in diversity suggests that the skin may provide a unique niche for this fungal genus and that Malassezia may efficiently outcompete other fungi from the skin. This opinion article examines aspects in support of this hypothesis, discusses how changes in niche conditions associate with skin mycobiome dysregulation, and highlights an emerging example of Malassezia being displaced from the skin by the emerging fungal pathogen C. auris, thereby generating a predisposing situation for fatal-invasive infection.
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Malassezia species are lipophilic and prefer the lipid-rich environment of hair follicles/sebaceous glands.
“Moreover, a long-term sebum preference is similar to skin commensal Malassezia species, which are lipophilic, or 'fat-loving,' and prefer the lipid-rich environment of the hair follicles/sebaceous gland (47).”
From <i>Candida auris</i> metabolism and growth preferences in physiologically relevant skin-like conditions (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
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He, H., Xiao, M., Song, L., Tian, Y., & Jia, Y. (2025) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1093/bjd/ljaf353 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Velez-Haro, J. M., Pérez-Rodríguez, F., Velazquéz‐Marquez, S., Medina, H. R., & Velázquez-Márquez, N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62558-9_16 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Water-filtered infrared A irradiation exerts antifungal effects on the skin fungus Malassezia
de la Campa, M. D. A. S., Borel, N., & LeibundGut‐Landmann, S. (2024) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112909 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Hering, A., Nowak, A., Muzykiewicz-Szymańska, A., Hałasa, R., Kucharski, Ł., Ossowicz-Rupniewska, P. E., Kastsevich, A., Ivashchanka, Y., & Stefanowicz‐Hajduk, J. (2025) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2025.2576002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nascimento, T., Inácio, J., Guerreiro, D., Patrício, P., Proença, L., Toscano, C., & Barroso, H. (2025) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-025-04288-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Skin mycobiome: Fungi drive colonization resistance in an already hostile environment
Cohen, S., Horswill, A. R., & Doran, K. S. (2025) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Malassezia spp. carbonic anhydrases
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Self-citationMicrobiome in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
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Extracellular vesicles produced by Malassezia commensal yeasts
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Dermkielia cavawata sp. nov. gen. nov., Isolated From Plantar Eczema
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- Authors
- Tuor, M., & LeibundGut-Landmann, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-12
- Volume
- 76
- Pages
- 102381
- ISSN
- 1369-5274 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4386599753
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- LEO Fondet (LF-OC-22-001060)
- National Institutes of Health (R21-AI168672)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (310030_189255)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Nail Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- skin mycobiome, Malassezia, Candida auris, fungal competition, invasive fungal infections, host-microbe coevolution
- MeSH terms
- Mycobiome, Animals, Fungi, Malassezia, Mammals, Skin, Symbiosis, Microbiota
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