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The space between us: A neurophilosophical framework for the investigation of human interpersonal space

Lloyd, Donna M.·2009·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.007

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Abstract

Despite a plethora of knowledge, both behavioural and neural, of the mechanisms defining space around a singular body little is known about the neural mechanisms that encode space between bodies. Yet, the space between people creates and defines the social dynamics of our interactions with others. This review brings together evidence from social psychology, which considers individuals and their interactions as whole beings, with neuroscientific evidence of the factors involved in spatial coding to propose a framework by which we can investigate and interpret the neural substrates of 'social space'. A key feature of this framework is that space around the body is defined from a functional 'action-centred' perspective; the same underlying processes mediate interactions with both inanimate and animate objects, with links to emotive and motivational systems encoding the saliency of those interactions. The investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying interpersonal space is timely given the increasing density of our populations and can provide a richer interpretation of findings from neuroimaging studies of prosocial behaviour which may further insights into populations with social dysfunction.

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“Perceived threat from others in terms of personal space may be one of the most salient factors in mediating the equilibrium between interpersonal distance and social interaction (Lloyd, 2009).”
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Authors: Lloyd, D. M.
Affiliations: University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author: Lloyd, Donna M.
ORCID: Lloyd, Donna M.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 33
Issue: 3
Pages: 297-304
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.007
OpenAlex: W2104761373
Cited by: 128
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 1.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: personal space, social space, spatial coding, prosocial behavior, social dysfunction, salience, neurophilosophy
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Psychological, Neurons, Personal Space, Social Behavior, Spatial Behavior

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The space between us: A neurophilosophical framework for the investigation of human interpersonal space

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