Cited by 32Neurobiology of Language and BilingualismPhilosophy and Theoretical ScienceSocial Representations and Identity

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A voice without a mouth no more: The neurobiology of language and consciousness

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Skipper, Jeremy I.·2022·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104772

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Abstract

Most research on the neurobiology of language ignores consciousness and vice versa. Here, language, with an emphasis on inner speech, is hypothesised to generate and sustain self-awareness, i.e., higher-order consciousness. Converging evidence supporting this hypothesis is reviewed. To account for these findings, a 'HOLISTIC' model of neurobiology of language, inner speech, and consciousness is proposed. It involves a 'core' set of inner speech production regions that initiate the experience of feeling and hearing words. These take on affective qualities, deriving from activation of associated sensory, motor, and emotional representations, involving a largely unconscious dynamic 'periphery', distributed throughout the whole brain. Responding to those words forms the basis for sustained network activity, involving 'default mode' activation and prefrontal and thalamic/brainstem selection of contextually relevant responses. Evidence for the model is reviewed, supporting neuroimaging meta-analyses conducted, and comparisons with other theories of consciousness made. The HOLISTIC model constitutes a more parsimonious and complete account of the 'neural correlates of consciousness' that has implications for a mechanistic account of mental health and wellbeing.

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Authors: Skipper, J. I.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Skipper, Jeremy I.
ORCID: Skipper, Jeremy I.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-09
Volume: 140
Pages: 104772
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104772
OpenAlex: W4285008516
Cited by: 31
References: 456
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1
FWCI: 0.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University College London
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
Keywords: neurobiology of language, consciousness, inner speech, self-awareness, higher-order consciousness, neural correlates of consciousness, holistic model, default mode network, prefrontal cortex, thalamus, brainstem, mental health, well-being
MeSH terms: Brain, Consciousness, Humans, Language, Mouth, Neurobiology

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A voice without a mouth no more: The neurobiology of language and consciousness

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