Simultaneous fMRI-EEG-DTI recording of MMN in patients with schizophrenia
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalogram (EEG), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) recording have complementary spatiotemporal resolution limitations but can be powerful methods when used together to enable both functional and anatomical modeling, with each neuroimaging procedure used to maximum advantage. We recorded EEGs during event-related fMRI followed by DTI in 15 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with schizophrenia using an omission mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes were calculated in a region of interest (ROI) analysis, and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the white matter fibers related to each area was compared between groups using tract-specific analysis. Patients with schizophrenia had reduced BOLD activity in the left middle temporal gyrus, and BOLD activity in the right insula and right parahippocampal gyrus significantly correlated with positive symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and hostility subscores. BOLD activation of Heschl's gyri also correlated with the limbic system, including the insula. FA values in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) significantly correlated with changes in the BOLD signal in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG), and FA values in the right ACC significantly correlated with PANSS scores. This is the first study to examine MMN using simultaneous fMRI, EEG, and DTI recording in patients with schizophrenia to investigate the potential implications of abnormalities in the ACC and limbic system, including the insula and parahippocampal gyrus, as well as the STG. Structural changes in the ACC during schizophrenia may represent part of the neural basis for the observed MMN deficits. The deficits seen in the feedback/feedforward connections between the prefrontal cortex and STG modulated by the ACC and insula may specifically contribute to impaired MMN generation and clinical manifestations.
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Kirino et al. showed no significant reduction in omission MMN amplitude in schizophrenia.
“However, Kirino et al. showed no significant reduction in omission MMN amplitude in schizophrenia (37).”
From A Predictive Coding Perspective on Mismatch Negativity Impairment in Schizophrenia (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
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Yaron, A., Shiramatsu, T. I., Takahashi, H., & Chao, Z. C. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70566 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Multimodal EEG–MRI Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia—A Systematic and Mechanistic Review
Chmiel, J., & Kopańska, M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15114306 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gebhardt, S., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2024) · Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.bionps.2024.100086 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Wang, L., Xia, H., Tan, Y., Li, C., & Fang, C. (2021) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2021.10.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Omitted Stimulus Potentials: An Electroencephalographic Marker of Predictive Processing
Ishida, T., & Nittono, H. (2025) · Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology · doi:10.5674/jjppp.2504re
- Authors
- Kirino, E., Hayakawa, Y., Inami, R., Inoue, R., & Aoki, S.
- Affiliations
- Juntendo University (JP)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kirino, Eiji
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-05-09
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e0215023
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6508624
- OpenAlex
- W2943976894
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Juntendo Institute of Mental Health (Support Foundation 2017)
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (26461757)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, mismatch negativity, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, parahippocampal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, fractional anisotropy, white matter integrity, middle temporal gyrus, positive symptoms, auditory event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen, Schizophrenia, Case-Control Studies, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Young Adult, Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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