The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli

Zald, David H.

doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00248-5

Cited by 1,062Memory and Neural MechanismsNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli

Zald, David H.·2003·Brain Research Reviews

DOI 10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00248-5

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Abstract

A wealth of animal data implicates the amygdala in aspects of emotional processing. In recent years, functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have begun to refine our understanding of the functions of the amygdala in humans. This literature offers insights into the types of stimuli that engage the amygdala and the functional consequences that result from this engagement. Specific conclusions and hypotheses include: (1) the amygdala activates during exposure to aversive stimuli from multiple sensory modalities; (2) the amygdala responds to positively valenced stimuli, but these responses are less consistent than those induced by aversive stimuli; (3) amygdala responses are modulated by the arousal level, hedonic strength or current motivational value of stimuli; (4) amygdala responses are subject to rapid habituation; (5) the temporal characteristics of amygdala responses vary across stimulus categories and subject populations; (6) emotionally valenced stimuli need not reach conscious awareness to engage amygdala processing; (7) conscious hedonic appraisals do not require amygdala activation; (8) activation of the amygdala is associated with modulation of motor readiness, autonomic functions, and cognitive processes including attention and memory; (9) amygdala activations do not conform to traditional models of the lateralization of emotion; and (10) the extent and laterality of amygdala activations are related to factors including psychiatric status, gender and personality. The strengths and weakness of these hypotheses and conclusions are discussed with reference to the animal literature.

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Fear consistently activates the human amygdala.
“fear consistently activates the human amygdala”
From Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. (2011) · cites this paper as [18]
Amygdala activation does not imply that a person is experiencing fear, because other affective and non-affective states have also been reported to produce amygdala activation.
“this does not imply that people who show amygdala activation must be experiencing fear, because other affective and non-affective states have also been reported to produce amygdala activation4,18.”
From Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. (2011) · cites this paper as [18]
In healthy people, threat-related social signals such as fearful and angry faces increase amygdala activity.
“In normal individuals, exposure to threat-related social signals such as fearful and angry facial expressions increases amygdala activity (Whalen et al. 1998; Zald, 2003); this effect is heightened in individuals with social anxiety (Phan et al. 2006).”
From Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward (2009) · cites this paper as Zald, 2003
The amygdala is especially important in socioemotional processing, particularly for threat-related social information.
“show the amygdala to be particularly important in socioemotional processing, especially processing of threat-related social information (Whalen et al. 1998; Zald 2003).”
From Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward (2009) · cites this paper as Zald 2003
The amygdala also supports stimulus-reinforcement learning for positive stimuli.
“But the amygdala also supports stimulus-reinforcement learning as it relates to positive stimuli.16–18”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [18]

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Is the Amygdala a Locus of “Conditioned Fear”? Some Questions and Caveats
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HUMAN OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION AFTER UNILATERAL FRONTAL OR TEMPORAL LOBECTOMY
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Involvement of Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Hunger-Enhanced Memory for Food Stimuli
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The Primate Amygdala Mediates Acute Fear But Not the Behavioral and Physiological Components of Anxious Temperament
Kalin, N., Shelton, S., Davidson, R., & Kelley, A. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-06-02067.2001 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy.
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damásio, H. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.3.396 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Amygdaloid complex lesions differentially affect retention of tasks using appetitive and aversive reinforcement.
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Neural Interaction of the Amygdala with the Prefrontal and Temporal Cortices in the Processing of Facial Expressions as Revealed by fMRI
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Is the Human Amygdala Critical for the Subjective Experience of Emotion? Evidence of Intact Dispositional Affect in Patients with Amygdala Lesions
Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260138618 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Chapter 14 Involvement of the spino-parabrachio -amygdaloid and -hypothalamic pathways in the autonomic and affective emotional aspects of pain
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Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data.
Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R. A., Nichols, T. E., Van Essen, D. C., & Wager, T. D. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1635 · Cited by 3,686 · see citing works
“For instance, fear consistently activates the human amygdala, but this does not imply that people in whom the amygdala is activated must be experiencing fear because other affective and nonaffective states have also been reported to activate the amygdal”
The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging
Haber, S. N., & Knutson, B. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.129 · Cited by 3,718 · see citing works
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320 · see citing works
A unifying view of the basis of social cognition
GALLESE, V, KEYSERS, C., & RIZZOLATTI, G. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.002 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula
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Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory
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Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease
McEwen, B. S., & Gianaros, P. J. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x · Cited by 1,715 · see citing works
The Neural Substrate of Human Empathy: Effects of Perspective-taking and Cognitive Appraisal
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Affective consciousness: core emotional feelings in animals and humans.
Panksepp, J. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2004.10.004 · Cited by 1,217 · see citing works
Amygdala–frontal connectivity during emotion regulation
Banks, S. J., Eddy, K. T., Angstadt, M., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm029 · Cited by 1,187 · see citing works
“…as demonstrated by both animal and human lesion studies (Aggleton, 1993; Angrilli et al., 1996; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Adolphs, 2002; Amaral et al., 2003; Phelps, 2004), and human imaging studies (Phan et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 2003; Phillips et al., 2003a; Wager et al., 2003; Zald, 2003).”
Background
Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area
Schultz, R. T. (2005) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Investigating emotion with music: An fMRI study
Koelsch, S., Fritz, T., v. Cramon, D. Y., Müller, K., & Friederici, A. D. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20180 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Human empathy through the lens of social neuroscience.
Decety, J., & Lamm, C. (2006) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/tsw.2006.221 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the amygdala receives nociceptive information from the spino-parabrachial pain system and the insula, and its activity appears closely tied to the context and level of aversiveness of the perceived stimuli[42].”
Background
Subcortical face processing
Johnson, M. H. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1766 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis
Koster, E. H. W., De Lissnyder, E., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.005 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Neural substrates for voluntary suppression of negative affect: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., Moore, G. J., Uhde, T. W., & Tancer, M. E. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.030 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the anatomic dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Ghashghaei, H. T., Hilgetag, C. C., & Barbas, H. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.046 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Processing of primary and secondary rewards: A quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies
Sescousse, G., Caldú, X., Segura, B., & Dreher, J.-C. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.002 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces: A validation study
Goeleven, E., De Raedt, R., Leyman, L., & Verschuere, B. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701626582 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language
de Gelder, B. (2006) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1872 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Functional connectivity of the human amygdala using resting state fMRI
Roy, A. K., Shehzad, Z., Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M. C., Uddin, L. Q., Gotimer, K., Biswal, B. B., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.030 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of 385 PET and fMRI studies
Costafreda, S. G., Brammer, M. J., David, A. S., & Fu, C. H. Y. (2008) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.012 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Triadic model of the neurobiology of motivated behavior in adolescence.
ERNST, M., PINE, D. S., & HARDIN, M. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705005891 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
The amygdala and persistent pain
Neugebauer, V., Li, W., Bird, G. C., & Han, J. S. (2004) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858403261077 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
A direct brainstem–amygdala–cortical ‘alarm’system for subliminal signals of fear.
Liddell, B. J., Brown, K. J., Kemp, A. H., Barton, M. J., Das, P., Peduto, A., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.016 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Images of desire: food-craving activation during fMRI
Pelchat, M. L., Johnson, A., Chan, R., Valdez, J., & Ragland, J. D. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.023 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction
Dolcos, F., & McCarthy, G. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5042-05.2006 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Amygdala and nucleus accumbens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents.
Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., Jazbec, S., McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Leibenluft, E., Blair, J., & Pine, D. S. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.038 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
The influence of negative emotions on pain: Behavioral effects and neural mechanisms
Wiech, K., & Tracey, I. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.059 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Compassion training alters altruism and neural responses to suffering.
Weng, H. Y., Fox, A. S., Shackman, A. J., Stodola, D. E., Caldwell, J. Z. K., Olson, M. C., Rogers, G. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612469537 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Understanding vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: A reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework
De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.50 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Reactivity to Fear in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
Labuschagne, I., Phan, K. L., Wood, A., Angstadt, M., Chua, P., Heinrichs, M., Stout, J. C., & Nathan, P. J. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.123 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia
Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., & Tancer, M. E. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Differential neural responses evoked by orthonasal versus retronasal odorant perception in humans
Small, D. M., Gerber, J. C., Mak, Y. E., & Hummel, T. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.022 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state
Desbordes, G., Negi, L. T., Pace, T. W. W., Wallace, B. A., Raison, C. L., & Schwartz, E. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00292 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Beyond threat: amygdala reactivity across multiple expressions of facial affect
Fitzgerald, D. A., Angstadt, M., Jelsone, L. M., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.003 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions
Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009196 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders
Mazurek, M. O., Vasa, R. A., Kalb, L. G., Kanne, S. M., Rosenberg, D., Keefer, A., Murray, D. S., Freedman, B., & Lowery, L. A. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9668-x · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Neural correlates of individual ratings of emotional salience: A trial-related fMRI study
Phan, K. L., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., Ho, S.-H., Britton, J. C., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.072 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Acute corticosterone treatment is sufficient to induce anxiety and amygdaloid dendritic hypertrophy
Mitra, R., & Sapolsky, R. M. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0705615105 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
The orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social-emotional behavior in autism
Bachevalier, J., & Loveland, K. A. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.07.002 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
The intense world syndrome-an alternative hypothesis for autism
Markram, H. (2007) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.01.1.1.006.2007 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Anxiety selectively disrupts visuospatial working memory
Shackman, A. J., Sarinopoulos, I., Maxwell, J. S., Pizzagalli, D. A., Lavric, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.40 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain
Greer, S. M., Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3259 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Glial reduction in amygdala in major depressive disorder is due to oligodendrocytes
Hamidi, M., Drevets, W. C., & Price, J. L. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.006 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Differential sex-independent amygdala response to infant crying and laughing in parents versus nonparents
Seifritz, E., Esposito, F., Neuhoff, J. G., Lüthi, A., Mustovic, H., Dammann, G., von Bardeleben, U., Radue, E. W., Cirillo, S., Tedeschi, G., et al. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00697-8 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Towards a unifying neural theory of social cognition
Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2006) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56021-2 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Implicit and explicit evaluation: fMRI correlates of valence, emotional intensity, and control in the processing of attitudes
Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L., & Johnson, M. K. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947919 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
An fMRI investigation of race-related amygdala activity in African-American and Caucasian-American individuals
Lieberman, M. D., Hariri, A., Jarcho, J. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1465 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
MDMA enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior
Hysek, C. M., Schmid, Y., Simmler, L. D., Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Eisenegger, C., Preller, K. H., Quednow, B. B., & Liechti, M. E. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst161 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
An integrative theoretical framework for understanding sexual motivation, arousal, and behavior
Toates, F. (2009) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490902747768 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders and Sensory Over-Responsivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Is There a Causal Relationship?
Green, S. A., & Ben-Sasson, A. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1007-x · Cited by 327 · see citing works
“The amount of enhancement in the sensory response is correlated with the amount of amygdala activation, which suggests that children with SOR may have over-active amygdalas (Zald 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Differential neural responses to overt and covert presentations of facial expressions of fear and disgust
Phillips, M. L., Williams, L. M., Heining, M., Herba, C. M., Russell, T., Andrew, C., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., Morgan, M., et al. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.013 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: examining the contributions of sensory over-responsivity and anxiety
Mazurek, M. O., & Petroski, G. F. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.11.006 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Modulation of Amygdalar Activity by the Conscious Regulation of Negative Emotion
Schaefer, S. M., Jackson, D. C., Davidson, R. J., Aguirre, G. K., Kimberg, D. Y., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760191135 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data
Spear, L. P. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.08.001 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Facial-Expression and Gaze-Selective Responses in the Monkey Amygdala
Hoffman, K. L., Gothard, K. M., Schmid, M. C., & Logothetis, N. K. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.040 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Amygdala–prefrontal dissociation of subliminal and supraliminal fear
Williams, L. M., Liddell, B. J., Kemp, A. H., Bryant, R. A., Meares, R. A., Peduto, A. S., & Gordon, E. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20208 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Cannabinoid Modulation of Amygdala Reactivity to Social Signals of Threat in Humans
Phan, K. L., Angstadt, M., Golden, J., Onyewuenyi, I., Popovska, A., & de Wit, H. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5603-07.2008 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Effects of oxytocin and prosocial behavior on brain responses to direct and vicariously experienced pain.
Singer, T., Snozzi, R., Bird, G., Petrovic, P., Silani, G., Heinrichs, M., & Dolan, R. J. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014195 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Social‐cognitive, physiological, and neural mechanisms underlying emotion regulation impairments: understanding anxiety in autism spectrum disorder
White, S. W., Mazefsky, C. A., Dichter, G. S., Chiu, P. H., Richey, J. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.05.012 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
fMRI correlates of the episodic retrieval of emotional contexts
Smith, A. P. R., Henson, R. N. A., Dolan, R. J., & Rugg, M. D. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.049 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The neural correlates of race
Ito, T. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.10.002 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Mode of Functional Connectivity in Amygdala Pathways Dissociates Level of Awareness for Signals of Fear
Williams, L. M., Das, P., Liddell, B. J., Kemp, A. H., Rennie, C. J., & Gordon, E. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1016-06.2006 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“…are biologically salient signals of potential danger (Ekman, 1982), with the capacity to influence our physiology in the absence of awareness (Hatfield et al., 1992; Zald, 2003), but the neural mechanisms that dissociate conscious from nonconscious perception of these signals remain unknown.”
Background
Is the Human Amygdala Critical for the Subjective Experience of Emotion? Evidence of Intact Dispositional Affect in Patients with Amygdala Lesions
Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260138618 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
A double dissociation in the affective modulation of startle in humans: effects of unilateral temporal lobectomy
Funayama, E. S., Grillon, C., Davis, M., & Phelps, E. A. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290152541395 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Lateralization of olfactory processes
Royet, J.-P. (2004) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh067 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Conditioned and Unconditioned Fear: A Neurobehavioral System Analysis of the Amygdala
Rosen, J. B. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304265945 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Noradrenaline mediates amygdala activation in men and women during encoding of emotional material
van Stegeren, A. H., Goekoop, R., Everaerd, W., Scheltens, P., Barkhof, F., Kuijer, J. P. A., & Rombouts, S. A. R. B. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.011 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward
Bedi, G., Phan, K. L., Angstadt, M., & de Wit, H. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1635-z · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Overreactive brain responses to sensory stimuli in youth with autism spectrum disorders
Green, S. A., Rudie, J. D., Colich, N. L., Wood, J. J., Shirinyan, D., Hernandez, L., Tottenham, N., Dapretto, M., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.08.004 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Emotional imagery: Assessing pleasure and arousal in the brain's reward circuitry
Costa, V. D., Lang, P. J., Sabatinelli, D., Versace, F., & Bradley, M. M. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20948 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Amygdala damage impairs emotion recognition from music
Gosselin, N., Peretz, I., Johnsen, E., & Adolphs, R. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.07.012 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Pathways for emotions and attention converge on the thalamic reticular nucleus in primates
Zikopoulos, B., & Barbas, H. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4793-11.2012 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Adaptation to potential threat: the evolution, neurobiology, and psychopathology of the security motivation system
Woody, E. Z., & Szechtman, H. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.003 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Hyperphagia in Prader‐Willi Syndrome
Holsen, L. M., Zarcone, J. R., Brooks, W. M., Butler, M. G., Thompson, T. I., Ahluwalia, J. S., Nollen, N. L., & Savage, C. R. (2006) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2006.118 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Anhedonia and Emotional Experience in Schizophrenia: Neural and Behavioral Indicators
Dowd, E. C., & Barch, D. M. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.020 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Response properties of human amygdala subregions: evidence based on functional MRI combined with probabilistic anatomical maps
Ball, T., Rahm, B., Eickhoff, S. B., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Speck, O., & Mutschler, I. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000307 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Impact of early adversity on glucocorticoid regulation and later mental disorders
Strüber, N., Strüber, D., & Roth, G. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.015 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Neural basis of maternal communication and emotional expression processing during infant preverbal stage
Lenzi, D., Trentini, C., Pantano, P., Macaluso, E., Iacoboni, M., Lenzi, G. L., & Ammaniti, M. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn153 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
A socio-relational framework of sex differences in the expression of emotion
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Authors: Zald, D. H.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author: Zald, David H.
ORCID: Zald, David H.
Venue: Brain Research Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-01
Volume: 41
Issue: 1
Pages: 88-123
ISSN: 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00248-5
OpenAlex: W2154734566
Cited by: 1,062
References: 335
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 56
FWCI: 6.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH011641, 1F32MH11641-01A1)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32-DA-07097, T32DA007097)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: amygdala, affective evaluation, sensory stimuli, aversive stimuli, positive valence, arousal, hedonic value, habituation, conscious awareness, emotional memory, attention, gender differences, personality, mental health status, autonomic regulation, motor readiness
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Arousal, Cognition, Emotions, Fear, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Perception, Radionuclide Imaging, Sensation, Sexuality

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The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli

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