The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of electrocorticographic high gamma activity during overt and covert word repetition
Open accessAbstract
Language is one of the defining abilities of humans. Many studies have characterized the neural correlates of different aspects of language processing. However, the imaging techniques typically used in these studies were limited in either their temporal or spatial resolution. Electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings from the surface of the brain combine high spatial with high temporal resolution and thus could be a valuable tool for the study of neural correlates of language function. In this study, we defined the spatiotemporal dynamics of ECoG activity during a word repetition task in nine human subjects. ECoG was recorded while each subject overtly or covertly repeated words that were presented either visually or auditorily. ECoG amplitudes in the high gamma (HG) band confidently tracked neural changes associated with stimulus presentation and with the subject's verbal response. Overt word production was primarily associated with HG changes in the superior and middle parts of temporal lobe, Wernicke's area, the supramarginal gyrus, Broca's area, premotor cortex (PMC), primary motor cortex. Covert word production was primarily associated with HG changes in superior temporal lobe and the supramarginal gyrus. Acoustic processing from both auditory stimuli as well as the subject's own voice resulted in HG power changes in superior temporal lobe and Wernicke's area. In summary, this study represents a comprehensive characterization of overt and covert speech using electrophysiological imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution. It thereby complements the findings of previous neuroimaging studies of language and thus further adds to current understanding of word processing in humans.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Neuroprosthetic studies using electrocorticography (ECoG) have shown that inner speech can be decoded from particular regions of the cortex but differ in their conclusions about which regions contribute45,49–51.”
From Inner speech in motor cortex and implications for speech neuroprostheses (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies on inner speech have also shown overlapping mechanisms between attempted and inner speech production 34,45,49–52.”
From Inner speech in motor cortex and implications for speech neuroprostheses (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The cortical organization of speech processing
Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2113 · Cited by 5,495
Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Graves, W. W., & Conant, L. L. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp055 · Cited by 4,060
BCI2000: A General-Purpose Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) System
Schalk, G., McFarland, D. J., Hinterberger, T., Birbaumer, N., & Wolpaw, J. R. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2004.827072 · Cited by 3,129
Self-citationDigital Spectral Analysis with Applications.
Porat, B., & Marple, S. L. (1988) · Mathematics of Computation · doi:10.2307/2008605 · Cited by 2,660
(1909) · Cited by 2,575
The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components
Indefrey, P., & Levelt, W. J. M. (2004) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2002.06.001 · Cited by 2,144
Digital Spectral Analysis with Applications
Marple, S. L., & Carey, W. M. (1989) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.398548 · Cited by 1,992
Brain mechanisms linking language and action
Pulvermüller, F. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1706 · Cited by 1,828
The anatomy of language: contributions from functional neuroimaging
Price, C. J. (2000) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19730335.x · Cited by 1,352
Human temporal lobe activation by speech and nonspeech sounds
Binder, J. R. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.5.512 · Cited by 1,345
Denis, D. J. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119583004.ch2 · Cited by 1,333
A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation
Dronkers, N. F. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/384159a0 · Cited by 1,192
Crone, N. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.12.2301 · Cited by 1,044
Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension
Dronkers, N. F., Wilkins, D. P., Van Valin, R. D., Redfern, B. B., & Jaeger, J. J. (2004) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.002 · Cited by 1,035
Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: a metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies
Jobard, G., Crivello, F., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00343-4 · Cited by 973
Listening to speech activates motor areas involved in speech production
Wilson, S. M., Saygin, A. P., Sereno, M. I., & Iacoboni, M. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1263 · Cited by 885
Hemodynamic Signals Correlate Tightly with Synchronized Gamma Oscillations
Niessing, J., Ebisch, B., Schmidt, K. E., Niessing, M., Singer, W., & Galuske, R. A. W. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110948 · Cited by 806
Spectral Changes in Cortical Surface Potentials during Motor Movement
Miller, K. J., Leuthardt, E. C., Schalk, G., Rao, R. P. N., Anderson, N., Moran, D. W., Miller, J. W., & Ojemann, J. G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3886-06.2007 · Cited by 743
Self-citationPower-Law Scaling in the Brain Surface Electric Potential
Miller, K. J., Sorensen, L. B., Ojemann, J. G., & den Nijs, M. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000609 · Cited by 742
Neuroimaging studies of word reading
Fiez, J. A., & Petersen, S. E. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.914 · Cited by 727
Ray, S., Crone, N. E., Niebur, E., Franaszczuk, P. J., & Hsiao, S. S. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2848-08.2008 · Cited by 722
A Stereotactic Method of Anatomical Localization for Positron Emission Tomography
Fox, P. T., Perlmutter, J. S., & Raichle, M. E. (1985) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-198501000-00025 · Cited by 576
Decoding two-dimensional movement trajectories using electrocorticographic signals in humans
Schalk, G., Kubanek, J., Miller, K. J., Anderson, N., Leuthardt, E. C., Ojemann, J. G., Limbrick, D. D., Moran, D. W., Gerhardt, L. A., & Wolpaw, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/4/3/012 · Cited by 530
Self-citationHigh-frequency gamma oscillations and human brain mapping with electrocorticography
Crone, N. E., Sinai, A., & Korzeniewska, A. (2006) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)59019-3 · Cited by 526
Induced electrocorticographic gamma activity during auditory perception
Crone, N. E., Boatman, D., Gordon, B., & Hao, L. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00545-9 · Cited by 494
Price, C. J., Price, C. J., Wise, R. J. S., Warburton, E. A., Moore, C. J., Howard, D., Patterson, K., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Friston, K. J. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.3.919 · Cited by 467
Sequential Processing of Lexical, Grammatical, and Phonological Information Within Broca’s Area
Sahin, N. T., Pinker, S., Cash, S. S., Schomer, D., & Halgren, E. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1174481 · Cited by 452
Renewal of the Neurophysiology of Language: Functional Neuroimaging
Démonet, J., Thierry, G., & Cardebat, D. (2004) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00049.2003 · Cited by 437
Phonological and orthographic components of word recognition. A PET- rCBF study
Rumsey, J. M. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.5.739 · Cited by 401
Haenschel, C., Baldeweg, T., Croft, R. J., Whittington, M. A., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.120162397 · Cited by 359
Behavioural analysis of an inherited speech and language disorder: comparison with acquired aphasia
Watkins, K. E., Dronkers, N. F., & Vargha‐Khadem, F. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf058 · Cited by 353
High Gamma Activity in Response to Deviant Auditory Stimuli Recorded Directly From Human Cortex
Edwards, E., Soltani, M., Deouell, L. Y., Berger, M. S., & Knight, R. T. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00324.2005 · Cited by 334
Lachaux, J.-P., Fonlupt, P., Kahane, P., Minotti, L., Hoffmann, D., Bertrand, O., & Baciu, M. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20352 · Cited by 326
The Processing of Single Words Studied with Positron Emission Tomography
Petersen, S. E., & Fiez, J. A. (1993) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.002453 · Cited by 317
Electrocorticographic gamma activity during word production in spoken and sign language
Crone, N. E., Hao, L., Hart, J., Boatman, D. F., Lesser, R. P., Irizarry, R. A., & Gordon, B. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.11.2045 · Cited by 301
Decoding flexion of individual fingers using electrocorticographic signals in humans
Kubanek, J., Miller, K. J., Ojemann, J. G., Wolpaw, J. R., & Schalk, G. (2009) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/6/6/066001 · Cited by 292
Self-citationLanguage networks in semantic dementia
Agosta, F., Henry, R. G., Migliaccio, R., Neuhaus, J. M., Miller, B. L., Dronkers, N. F., Brambati, S. M., Filippi, M., Ogar, J., Wilson, S. M., et al. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp233 · Cited by 287
Electrocorticographic high gamma activity versus electrical cortical stimulation mapping of naming
Sinai, A., Bowers, C. W., Crainiceanu, C. M., Boatman, D. F., Gordon, B., Lesser, R. P., Lenz, F. A., & Crone, N. E. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh491 · Cited by 267
Functional neuroanatomy of verbal self-monitoring
McGuire, P. K., Silbersweig, D., & Frith, C. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.3.907 · Cited by 257
ECoG gamma activity during a language task: differentiating expressive and receptive speech areas
Towle, V. L., Yoon, H., Castelle, M., Edgar, J. C., Biassou, N. M., Frim, D. M., Spire, J., & Kohrman, M. H. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn147 · Cited by 239
Spatiotemporal dynamics of word processing in the human brain
Canolty, R. T. (2007) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.01.1.1.014.2007 · Cited by 226
Duffau, H. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00203-9 · Cited by 224
Bowerman, B., Wonnacott, T. H., & Wonnacott, R. J. (1978) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1267655 · Cited by 221
Comparing cortical activations for silent and overt speech using event-related fMRI
Huang, J., Carr, T. H., & Cao, Y. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.1060 · Cited by 216
Behavioral features in semantic dementia vs other forms of progressive aphasias
Rosen, H. J., Allison, S. C., Ogar, J., Amici, S., Rose, K., Dronkers, N. F., Miller, B. L., & Gorno‐Tempini, M. L. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000247630.29222.34 · Cited by 215
The Effect of Varying Stimulus Rate and Duration on Brain Activity during Reading
Price, C. J., Moore, C. J., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0005 · Cited by 185
Increased gamma-range activity in human sensorimotor cortex during performance of visuomotor tasks
Aoki, F., Fetz, E. E., Shupe, L., Lettich, E., & Ojemann, G. A. (1999) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(98)00064-9 · Cited by 182
Edwards, E., Soltani, M., Kim, W. B., Dalal, S. S., Nagarajan, S. S., Berger, M. S., & Knight, R. T. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90954.2008 · Cited by 153
Church, J. A., Coalson, R. S., Lugar, H. M., Petersen, S. E., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm228 · Cited by 146
Brunner, P., Ritaccio, A. L., Lynch, T. M., Emrich, J. F., Wilson, J. A., Williams, J. C., Aarnoutse, E. J., Ramsey, N. F., Leuthardt, E. C., Bischof, H., et al. (2009) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.04.001 · Cited by 141
Self-citationRay, S., Hsiao, S. S., Crone, N. E., Franaszczuk, P. J., & Niebur, E. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1588-08.2008 · Cited by 141
Miller, K. J., Makeig, S., Hebb, A. O., Rao, R. P. N., den Nijs, M., & Ojemann, J. G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.01.019 · Cited by 105
Language-Related Potentials Specific to Human Language Cortex
Fried, I., Ojemann, G. A., & Fetz, E. E. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7209537 · Cited by 100
ELECTROCORTICOGRAPHIC FREQUENCY ALTERATION MAPPING
Leuthardt, E. C., Miller, K. J., Anderson, N., Schalk, G., Dowling, J. L., Miller, J. W., Moran, D. W., & Ojemann, J. G. (2007) · Operative Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000255413.70807.6e · Cited by 94
Self-citationSearching for activations that generalize over tasks
Shulman, G. L., Corbetta, M., Fiez, J. A., Buckner, R. L., Miezin, F. M., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1997) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:4 · Cited by 85
Aoki, F., Fetz, E. E., Shupe, L., Lettich, E., & Ojemann, G. A. (2001) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/s0303-2647(01)00149-6 · Cited by 63
Borowsky, R., Owen, W. J., Wile, T. L., Friesen, C. K., Martin, J. L., & Sarty, G. E. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 27
Lurito (2000) · doi:10.1002/1097-0193(200007)10:3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
High-Frequency Brain Activity and Muscle Artifacts in MEG/EEG: A Review and Recommendations
Muthukumaraswamy, S. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00138 · Cited by 697
Brain-Computer Interfaces in Medicine
Shih, J. J., Krusienski, D. J., & Wolpaw, J. R. (2012) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.12.008 · Cited by 796
Self-citationReconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex
Pasley, B. N., David, S. V., Mesgarani, N., Flinker, A., Shamma, S. A., Crone, N. E., Knight, R. T., & Chang, E. F. (2012) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251 · Cited by 604
Redefining the role of Broca’s area in speech
Flinker, A., Korzeniewska, A., Shestyuk, A. Y., Franaszczuk, P. J., Dronkers, N. F., Knight, R. T., & Crone, N. E. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414491112 · Cited by 487
Lachaux, J.-P., Axmacher, N., Mormann, F., Halgren, E., & Crone, N. E. (2012) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.06.008 · Cited by 535
Metadata
- Authors
- Pei, X., Leuthardt, E. C., Gaona, C. M., Brunner, P., Wolpaw, J. R., & Schalk, G.
- Affiliations
- New York State Department of Health (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schalk, Gerwin
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2960-2972
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3020260
- OpenAlex
- W2010495159
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB006356, EB000856, R01EB000856, EB006356)
- Army Research Office
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Keywords
- high gamma activity, electrocorticography, covert speech, word repetition, language processing, Wernicke's area, Broca's area, supramarginal gyrus, superior temporal lobe, auditory processing, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, spatiotemporal dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Verbal Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
