Sensitive periods of amygdala development: The role of maltreatment in preadolescence

“Random forest regression has the advantage of high accuracy, no restrictions regarding the distribution and scaling properties of the data, high tolerance formulticolinearity and a novelmeans of determining variable importance (Breiman, 2001; Cutler et al., 2007).”

“The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used as a global measure of subjective stress experienced during the past month (Cohen et al., 1983), the SymptomQuestionnaire (SQ) (Kellner, 1987) assessed symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger–hostility and somatic complaints during the last week, and the…”

“Although this program originated as a method for assessing cortical structure (Dale et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 2001; Fischl andDale, 2000), it has evolved to include robust tools for subcortical volume analyses (Fischl et al., 2002; Fischl et al., 2004).”

“Although this program originated as a method for assessing cortical structure (Dale et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 2001; Fischl andDale, 2000), it has evolved to include robust tools for subcortical volume analyses (Fischl et al.”

“Voxels within subcortical regions are labeled using an elaborate process based on both a subject-independent probabilistic atlas derived from a hand-labeled training set and on subject-specific measures (Fischl et al., 2004).”

“In addition, the conditional random forest technique used is not biased by independent variable parameters, such as variability, range or mean (Strobl et al., 2007).”

“Although this program originated as a method for assessing cortical structure (Dale et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 2001; Fischl andDale, 2000), it has evolved to include robust tools for subcortical volume analyses (Fischl et al., 2002; Fischl et al., 2004).”

“025 function have been reported in psychiatric disorders marked by affective dysregulation (Rauch et al., 2006; Saleh et al., 2012; Lange and Irle, 2004; Schmahl et al., 2003a).”

“…adversity focusing on adults have either found no significant differences (Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Brambilla et al., 2004; Bremner et al., 1997; Cohen et al., 2006;Dannlowski et al., 2012; vanHarmelen et al., 2010) or smaller amygdala volumes in borderline personality or…”

“…Tottenham et al., 2010), the caudate and thalamus were selected a priori as control structures that should be less susceptible to periadolescent stress due to their developmental trajectory and lower glucocorticoid receptor density (Patel et al., 2000; Giedd et al., 1996a; Hasan et al., 2011).”

“Sensitive periods are also likely windows of opportunity during which clinical interventions may provide maximal benefits (Andersen and Teicher, 2008) to minimize or preempt long-term consequences of abuse.”

“…in amygdala volume following adversity (Bremner et al., 1997; Brambilla et al., 2004; van Harmelen et al., 2010; Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Cohen et al., 2006; Dannlowski et al., 2012; De Bellis et al., 2001; De Bellis et al., 1999; De Bellis et al., 2002; Carrion et al., 2001).”

“However, studies of childhood adversity focusing on adults have either found no significant differences (Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Brambilla et al., 2004; Bremner et al., 1997; Cohen et al., 2006;Dannlowski et al., 2012; vanHarmelen et al., 2010) or smaller amygdala volumes in borderline personality…”

“2 (11.10) 28 (84.80) x2 = 26.15 .001 t1:8 U N C O R R E C was found in children who had experienced prolonged institutional deprivation (Mehta et al., 2009; Tottenham et al., 2010) or rearing by chronically depressedmothers (Lupien et al., 2011).”

“Stimulation of right amygdala in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy has been shown to produce greater intensity of emotions such as fear, compared to left-sided stimulation (Gloor et al., 1982).”

“However, studies of childhood adversity focusing on adults have either found no significant differences (Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Brambilla et al., 2004; Bremner et al., 1997; Cohen et al., 2006;Dannlowski et al., 2012; vanHarmelen et al., 2010) or smaller amygdala volumes in borderline personality…”

“, immobilization) and administration of stress hormones stimulate dendritic arborization and formation of new spines in the amygdala and increase volume (Mitra et al., 2005; Vyas et al., 2006).”

“Previous studies have also observed a specific association between ELS and anatomical changes in the right amygdala (Mehta et al., 2009; Buss et al., 2012).”

“…in amygdala volume following adversity (Bremner et al., 1997; Brambilla et al., 2004; van Harmelen et al., 2010; Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Cohen et al., 2006; Dannlowski et al., 2012; De Bellis et al., 2001; De Bellis et al., 1999; De Bellis et al., 2002; Carrion et al., 2001).”

“Overall, FreeSurfer provides one of the most reliable automated brain segmentation methods for assessing the amygdala and thesemeasures correlate highlywith expert hand tracings (Morey et al., 2009).”

“Typically, these overproduced elements are extensively pruned in the period between onset of puberty and emergence of adulthood (Seeman et al., 1987; Teicher et al., 1995).”

“Previous studies have also observed a specific association between ELS and anatomical changes in the right amygdala (Mehta et al., 2009; Buss et al., 2012).”

“6 months) for a study on social risk factors and child development (Lyons-Ruth et al., 1990).”

“…on adults have either found no significant differences (Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Brambilla et al., 2004; Bremner et al., 1997; Cohen et al., 2006;Dannlowski et al., 2012; vanHarmelen et al., 2010) or smaller amygdala volumes in borderline personality or dissociative identity…”

“In fact, many studies have reported no differences in amygdala volume following adversity (Bremner et al., 1997; Brambilla et al., 2004; van Harmelen et al., 2010; Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Cohen et al., 2006; Dannlowski et al., 2012; De Bellis et al., 2001; De Bellis et al., 1999; De Bellis et al.,…”

“…article as: Pechtel, P., et al., Sensitive periods of amygdala d (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.025 E D P R O O F infancy, childhood, and late adolescence (age 20 years) (Lyons-Ruth et al., 1990; Lyons-Ruth et al., 1997; Obsuth et al., in press), with a 74% follow-up rate.”

“2 (11.10) 28 (84.80) x2 = 26.15 .001 t1:8 U N C O R R E C was found in children who had experienced prolonged institutional deprivation (Mehta et al., 2009; Tottenham et al., 2010) or rearing by chronically depressedmothers (Lupien et al., 2011).”

“The right amygdala increases in volume over a longer time period than the left amygdala, potentially leaving it more vulnerable to stress-related effects during later periods of development (Uematsu et al., 2012).”

“In fact, many studies have reported no differences in amygdala volume following adversity (Bremner et al., 1997; Brambilla et al., 2004; van Harmelen et al., 2010; Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Cohen et al., 2006; Dannlowski et al., 2012; De Bellis et al., 2001; De Bellis et al.,…”

“…differences in amygdala volume following adversity (Bremner et al., 1997; Brambilla et al., 2004; van Harmelen et al., 2010; Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Cohen et al., 2006; Dannlowski et al., 2012; De Bellis et al., 2001; De Bellis et al., 1999; De Bellis et al., 2002; Carrion et…”

“…in amygdala volume following adversity (Bremner et al., 1997; Brambilla et al., 2004; van Harmelen et al., 2010; Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Cohen et al., 2006; Dannlowski et al., 2012; De Bellis et al., 2001; De Bellis et al., 1999; De Bellis et al., 2002; Carrion et al., 2001).”

“Future studies will need to assess whether functional response shows a similar sensitive period given that amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional stimuli has been frequently reported in individuals with ELS (Dannlowski et al., 2012; Grant et al., 2011;McCrory et al., 2011; van Harmelen et al., 2012).”

“In contrast, smaller amygdala volumes were reported among adults with childhood trauma and diagnoses of Borderline Personality (Driessen et al., 2000; Schmahl et al., 2003b) or Dissociative Identity Disorders (Vermetten et al., 2006; Weniger et al., 2009).”

“Using a parallel humanmice model, Cohen et al. (2013) showed that manipulating type and timing of stressor to parallel early orphanage experiences in humans led to early and persistent alterations in amygdala development and function.”

“In contrast, smaller amygdala volumes were reported among adults with childhood trauma and diagnoses of Borderline Personality (Driessen et al., 2000; Schmahl et al., 2003b) or Dissociative Identity Disorders (Vermetten et al., 2006; Weniger et al., 2009).”

“For example, it is possible that reduced amygdala volumemay be a preexisting risk factor for certain forms of psychopathology (Morey et al., 2012), and may appear as a maltreatment-related consequence in these samples.”

“Automated segmentation eliminates differences between studies and facilitates replication by other investigators (Bergouignan et al., 2009; Morey et al., 2012).”

“…Tottenham et al., 2010), the caudate and thalamus were selected a priori as control structures that should be less susceptible to periadolescent stress due to their developmental trajectory and lower glucocorticoid receptor density (Patel et al., 2000; Giedd et al., 1996a; Hasan et al., 2011).”

“Interestingly, Dannlowski et al. (2013) showed that even at a level of automatic emotion processing, childhood maltreatment was associated with hyper-reactivity of the right but not left amygdala in response to subliminally presented negative faces.”

“Future studies will need to assess whether functional response shows a similar sensitive period given that amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional stimuli has been frequently reported in individuals with ELS (Dannlowski et al., 2012; Grant et al., 2011;McCrory et al., 2011; van Harmelen et al., 2012).”

“025 function have been reported in psychiatric disorders marked by affective dysregulation (Rauch et al., 2006; Saleh et al., 2012; Lange and Irle, 2004; Schmahl et al., 2003a).”

“While random forest regression is well-suited to identify ages when severity of exposure has the most important predictive effect on morphology (Tomoda et al., 2012; Choi et al., 2012), we also sought to determinewhether themagnitude of importance at peak periods could have occurred by chance.”

“While random forest regression is well-suited to identify ages when severity of exposure has the most important predictive effect on morphology (Tomoda et al., 2012; Choi et al., 2012), we also sought to determinewhether themagnitude of importance at peak periods could have occurred by chance.”

“Furthermore, a recent longitudinal study showed that only left amygdala growth but not right amygdala growth following childhoodmaltreatment is mediated by adolescent psychopathology (Whittle et al., 2013).”

“However, studies of childhood adversity focusing on adults have either found no significant differences (Andersen et al., 2008; Ansell et al., 2012; Brambilla et al., 2004; Bremner et al., 1997; Cohen et al., 2006;Dannlowski et al., 2012; vanHarmelen et al., 2010) or smaller amygdala volumes in…”

“Future studies will need to assess whether functional response shows a similar sensitive period given that amygdala hyperreactivity to emotional stimuli has been frequently reported in individuals with ELS (Dannlowski et al., 2012; Grant et al., 2011;McCrory et al., 2011; van Harmelen et al., 2012).”

“Although previous research has found higher levels of anxiety associated with increased right amygdala volume (Juranek et al., 2006), the present study only showed a trend-level”

“Functionally, the amygdala has been proposed to be associatedwith self-referential processing of negative emotional stimuli on the right and positive emotional stimuli on the left (Yoshimura et al., 2009).”

“, 1991) and postnatal developmental trajectory characterized by rapid initial growth followed by more sustained growth to peak volumes between 9 and 11 years and gradual pruning (Payne et al., 2010; Uematsu et al., 2012).”

“Subjective evaluations of the severity of the abuse are especially relevant for an individual's level of stress response and consequent impact on neural development (Browne and Winkelman, 2007).”

“In contrast, smaller amygdala volumes were reported among adults with childhood trauma and diagnoses of Borderline Personality (Driessen et al., 2000; Schmahl et al., 2003b) or Dissociative Identity Disorders (Vermetten et al., 2006; Weniger et al., 2009).”

“…Tottenham et al., 2010), the caudate and thalamus were selected a priori as control structures that should be less susceptible to periadolescent stress due to their developmental trajectory and lower glucocorticoid receptor density (Patel et al., 2000; Giedd et al., 1996a; Hasan et al., 2011).”

“The amygdala may be particularly vulnerable due to high glucocorticoid receptor density (Peiffer et al., 1991) and postnatal developmental trajectory characterized by rapid initial growth followed by more sustained growth to peak volumes between 9 and 11 years and gradual pruning (Payne et al.,…”

“Pechtel et al (2014) provided data from a small (n = 18) group of adult subjects in which quality of attachment was evaluated as infants using the strange intruder paradigm.”

“Next to the dose-dependent effect, studies suggest a different impact of type and timing of ACE in terms of neurobiological alterations, mental and somatic consequences (26, 30, 34, 35).”