Sex differences and stress across the lifespan

Bale, Tracy L; Epperson, C Neill

doi:10.1038/nn.4112

Cited by 752Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Sex differences and stress across the lifespan

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Bale, Tracy L, Epperson, C Neill·2015·Nature Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nn.4112PMC PMC4620712

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Abstract

Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex chromosomes. As stress dysregulation is the most common feature across neuropsychiatric diseases, sex differences in how these pathways develop and mature may predict sex-specific periods of vulnerability to disruption and increased disease risk or resilience across the lifespan. The aging brain is also at risk to the effects of stress, where the rapid decline of gonadal hormones in women combined with cellular aging processes promote sex biases in stress dysregulation. In this Review, we discuss potential underlying mechanisms driving sex differences in stress responses and their relevance to disease. Although stress is involved in a much broader range of diseases than neuropsychiatric ones, we highlight here this area and its examples across the lifespan.

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Coping mechanisms for stressors differ between males and females.
“the mechanisms to cope with stressors differ between males and females”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity (2017) · cites this paper as Bale & Epperson, 2015
Both adolescence and the perinatal period are times of increased risk of the emergence of mental health problems.
“Both adolescence and the perinatal period are times of increased risk of the emergence of mental health problems.92”
From The transition to parenthood in obstetrics: enhancing prenatal care for 2-generation impact (2022) · cites this paper as [92]

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Exposure to RepetitiveVersusVaried Stress during Prenatal Development Generates Two Distinct Anxiogenic and Neuroendocrine Profiles in Adulthood
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Sex Differences in the Serotonergic Influence on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Stress Axis
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Animal models of early life stress: Implications for understanding resilience
Lyons, D. M., Parker, K. J., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20500 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Summary of the National Institute on Aging-sponsored conference on depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints in the menopausal transition
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Aged rats: Sex differences and responses to chronic stress
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Sex-Related Differences in Stimulated Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis during Induced Gonadal Suppression
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Androgen-Sensitive Changes in Regulation of Restraint-Induced Adrenocorticotropin Secretion between Early and Late Puberty in Male Rats
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Germ Cell Origins of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Risk: The Transgenerational Impact of Parental Stress Experience
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Epigenetic mechanisms in pubertal brain maturation
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Resilience and vulnerability: a neurobiological perspective
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Protective actions of ovarian hormones in the serotonin system of macaques
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Influence of the X-Chromosome on Neuroanatomy: Evidence from Turner and Klinefelter Syndromes
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Morphological and molecular changes in aging rat prelimbic prefrontal cortical synapses
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Gene-sex interactions in schizophrenia: focus on dopamine neurotransmission
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Neonatal Gonadectomy and Adult Testosterone Replacement Suggest an Involvement of Limbic Arginine Vasopressin and Androgen Receptors in the Organization of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
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Estrogen treatment impairs cognitive performance after psychosocial stress and monoamine depletion in postmenopausal women
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Androgenic Influence on Serotonergic Activation of the HPA Stress Axis
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Androgen regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) mRNA expression and receptor binding in the rat brain
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Prepubertal stress and hippocampal function: Sex‐specific effects
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Effect of Ovarian Hormones on Genes Promoting Dendritic Spines In Laser Captured Serotonin Neurons From Macaques
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Ovarian Steroids Decrease DNA Fragmentation in the Serotonin Neurons of Non-Injured Rhesus Macaques
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Peri-pubertal gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment affects sex biased gene expression of amygdala in sheep
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Stress, menopause and vulnerability for psychiatric illness
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Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Bairey Merz, N., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J.-J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31561-0 · Cited by 2,001 · see citing works
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Social determinants of mental disorders and the Sustainable Development Goals: a systematic review of reviews
Lund, C., Brooke-Sumner, C., Baingana, F., Baron, E. C., Breuer, E., Chandra, P., Haushofer, J., Herrman, H., Jordans, M., Kieling, C., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30060-9 · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity
Oyola, M. G., & Handa, R. J. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1369523 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
“Moreover, the mechanisms to cope with stressors differ between males and females (Bale & Epperson, 2015).”
Background
Sex differences, gender and addiction
Becker, J. B., McClellan, M. L., & Reed, B. G. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23963 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Ten Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk
Cohen, S., Murphy, M. L. M., & Prather, A. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis’ response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones
Heck, A., & Handa, R. J. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0167-9 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Sex differences in neural mechanisms mediating reward and addiction
Becker, J. B., & Chartoff, E. H. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0125-6 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Vulnerability and Resilience to Stress Across the Life Span
Hodes, G. E., & Epperson, C. N. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.028 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
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Depression's Unholy Trinity: Dysregulated Stress, Immunity, and the Microbiome
Cruz-Pereira, J. S., Rea, K., Nolan, Y. M., O'Leary, O. F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011613 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Resilience: Interface Between Mind and Body
Cathomas, F., Murrough, J. W., Nestler, E. J., Han, M.-H., & Russo, S. J. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.011 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“These models will provide important tools to further elucidate neurobiological mechanisms underlying sex specific differences and commonalities in stress-responses relevant to affective disorders (see (31) for review).”
Background
Chronic stress and glucocorticoids: From neuronal plasticity to neurodegeneration
Vyas, S., Rodrigues, A. J., Silva, J. M., Tronche, F., Almeida, O. F. X., Sousa, N., & Sotiropoulos, I. (2016) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/6391686 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Androgen Excess- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society: position statement on depression, anxiety, quality of life, and eating disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome
Dokras, A., Stener-Victorin, E., Yildiz, B. O., Li, R., Ottey, S., Shah, D., Epperson, N., & Teede, H. (2018) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.01.038 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Sex differences and the neurobiology of affective disorders
Rubinow, D. R., & Schmidt, P. J. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0148-z · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Depression in neurodegenerative diseases: Common mechanisms and current treatment options
Galts, C., Bettio, L. E. B., Jewett, D. C., Yang, C. C., Brocardo, P. S., Rodrigues, A. L. S., Thacker, J. S., & Gil‐Mohapel, J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.002 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
An overview of maternal separation effects on behavioural outcomes in mice: evidence from a four-stage methodological systematic review
Tractenberg, S. G., Levandowski, M. L., de Azeredo, L. A., Orso, R., Roithmann, L. G., Hoffmann, E. S., Brenhouse, H., & Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.021 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Integrating the Neurodevelopmental and Dopamine Hypotheses of Schizophrenia and the Role of Cortical Excitation-Inhibition Balance
Howes, O. D., & Shatalina, E. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.017 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Sex differences in antidepressant efficacy
LeGates, T. A., Kvarta, M. D., & Thompson, S. M. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0156-z · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Stress-induced plasticity and functioning of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons
Douma, E. H., & de Kloet, E. R. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.015 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Sex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer's disease
Arenaza‐Urquijo, E. M., Boyle, R., Casaletto, K., Anstey, K. J., Vila‐Castelar, C., Colverson, A., Palpatzis, E., Eissman, J. M., Kheng Siang Ng, T., Raghavan, S., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13844 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Prefrontal excitatory/inhibitory balance in stress and emotional disorders: Evidence for over-inhibition
Page, C. E., & Coutellier, L. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.024 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Sex-Dependent Glial Signaling in Pathological Pain: Distinct Roles of Spinal Microglia and Astrocytes
Chen, G., Luo, X., Qadri, M., Berta, T., & Ji, R. (2017) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-017-0145-y · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The stressed synapse 2.0: pathophysiological mechanisms in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders
Sanacora, G., Yan, Z., & Popoli, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00540-x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Vulnerability to Prenatal Stress: a Review of the Recent Literature
Sutherland, S. L., & Brunwasser, S. M. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0961-4 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Sex and Gender Driven Modifiers of Alzheimer’s: The Role for Estrogenic Control Across Age, Race, Medical, and Lifestyle Risks
Rahman, A., Jackson, H. C., Hristov, H., Isaacson, R., Saif, N., Shetty, T., Etingin, O. R., Henchcliffe, C., Brinton, R. D., & Mosconi, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00315 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Depression During and After the Perimenopause
Bromberger, J. T., & Epperson, C. N. (2018) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.007 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mental health rescue effects of women's outdoor tourism: A role in COVID-19 recovery
Buckley, R., & Westaway, D. (2020) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.103041 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
At the Crossroads of Fate—Somatic Cell Lineage Specification in the Fetal Gonad
Rotgers, E., Jørgensen, A., & Yao, H. H. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00010 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders Among Women: A Female Lifespan Approach
Hantsoo, L., & Epperson, C. N. (2017) · Focus · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20160042 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
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Authors: Bale, T. L., & Epperson, C. N.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Bale, Tracy L
ORCID: Bale, Tracy L
Epperson, C Neill
Venue: Nature Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-09-25
Volume: 18
Issue: 10
Pages: 1413-1420
ISSN: 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
1546-1726
DOI: 10.1038/nn.4112
PMC: PMC4620712
OpenAlex: W1734948187
Cited by: 751
References: 150
Citations by year: 2026: 70 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 44 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 4.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh091258-05)
National Institute on Aging (R01AG048839, AG048839)
National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH099910, R37MH108286, MH087597, MH 104184, MH 091258, MH099910, R01MH073030, MH 073030, R33MH104184, MH 108286, R01 MH-091258, R21MH104184, R01MH087597)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA037289, DA030301, K24DA030301)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: sex differences, stress, stress dysregulation, lifespan development, gonadal hormones, organizational effects, activational effects, sex chromosomes, neuropsychiatric disorders, resilience, brain aging, cellular aging
MeSH terms: Aging, Animals, Brain, Female, Humans, Longevity, Male, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological

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