Magnetoelectric materials for miniature, wireless neural stimulation at therapeutic frequencies
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
A major challenge for miniature bioelectronics is wireless power delivery deep inside the body. Electromagnetic or ultrasound waves suffer from absorption and impedance mismatches at biological interfaces. On the other hand, magnetic fields do not suffer these losses, which has led to magnetically powered bioelectronic implants based on induction or magnetothermal effects. However, these approaches have yet to produce a miniature stimulator that operates at clinically relevant high frequencies. Here, we show that an alternative wireless power method based on magnetoelectric (ME) materials enables miniature magnetically powered neural stimulators that operate up to clinically relevant frequencies in excess of 100 Hz. We demonstrate that wireless ME stimulators provide therapeutic deep brain stimulation in a freely moving rodent model for Parkinson's disease and that these devices can be miniaturized to millimeter-scale and fully implanted. These results suggest that ME materials are an excellent candidate to enable miniature bioelectronics for clinical and research applications.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In ME energy transfer, a magnetic field causes the magnetostrictive material to deform, and the piezoelectric component converts this mechanical deformation into an electrical voltage.
“Upon reaching the transducer, the magnetic field causes the magnetostrictive material to undergo a deformation. This mechanical deformation is then converted into an electrical voltage by the piezoelectric component, effectively transferring energy from the external source to the implant (Dong et al., 2003; Zhai et al., 2006; Singer et al., 2020).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Singer et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning
Mathis, A., Mamidanna, P., Cury, K. M., Abe, T., Murthy, V. N., Mathis, M. W., & Bethge, M. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0209-y · Cited by 5,187 · see citing works
Olds, J., & Milner, P. (1954) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0058775 · Cited by 3,176 · see citing works
Biodiversity on the Rocks: Macrofauna Inhabiting Authigenic Carbonate at Costa Rica Methane Seeps
Levin, L. A., Mendoza, G., Grupe, B., Gonzalez, J. P., Jellison, B. M., Rouse, G. W., Thurber, A. R., & Warén, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131080 · Cited by 2,166 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols
Merrill, D. R., Bikson, M., & Jefferys, J. G. R. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020 · Cited by 2,078 · see citing works
Suñé, P., Suñé, J. M., & Montoro, J. B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054583 · Cited by 1,687 · see citing works
Sikweyiya, Y. M., & Jewkes, R. K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035495 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Carrey, J., Mehdaoui, B., & Respaud, M. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.3551582 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
Bewernick, B. H., Hurlemann, R., Matusch, A., Kayser, S., Grubert, C., Hadrysiewicz, B., Axmacher, N., Lemke, M., Cooper-Mahkorn, D., Cohen, M. X., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.013 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Wireless magnetothermal deep brain stimulation
Chen, R., Romero, G., Christiansen, M. G., Mohr, A. C., & Anikeeva, P. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1261821 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Thalamocortical responses of mouse somatosensory (barrel) cortexin vitro
Agmon, A., & Connors, B. W. (1991) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90333-j · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Ting, J. T., Daigle, T. L., Chen, Q., & Feng, G. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1096-0_14 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Therapeutic deep brain stimulation reduces cortical phase-amplitude coupling in Parkinson's disease
de Hemptinne, C., Swann, N. C., Ostrem, J. L., Ryapolova-Webb, E. S., San Luciano, M., Galifianakis, N. B., & Starr, P. A. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3997 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Wan, C., & Bowen, C. (2017) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c6ta09590a · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice
Montgomery, K. L., Yeh, A. J., Ho, J. S., Tsao, V., Mohan Iyer, S., Grosenick, L., Ferenczi, E. A., Tanabe, Y., Deisseroth, K., Delp, S. L., et al. (2015) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3536 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Wireless Recording in the Peripheral Nervous System with Ultrasonic Neural Dust
Seo, D., Neely, R. M., Shen, K., Singhal, U., Alon, E., Rabaey, J. M., Carmena, J. M., & Maharbiz, M. M. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.034 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
A biodegradable and biocompatible gecko-inspired tissue adhesive
Mahdavi, A., Ferreira, L., Sundback, C. A., Nichol, J. W., Chan, E. P., Carter, D. J. D., Bettinger, C. J., Patanavanich, S., Chignozha, L., Ben-Joseph, E., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0712117105 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Churchill, A., Gutiérrez, G. D., Singer, R. A., Lorberbaum, D. S., Fischer, K. A., & Sussel, L. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.20010 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Jin, L., Zhou, H., Platiša, J., Wooltorton, J. R. A., Cohen, L. B., & Pieribone, V. A. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.040 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Acoustically actuated ultra-compact NEMS magnetoelectric antennas
Nan, T., Lin, H., Gao, Y., Matyushov, A. D., Yu, G., Chen, H., Sun, N., Wei, S., Wang, Z., Li, M., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00343-8 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Piech, D. K., Johnson, B. C., Shen, K., Ghanbari, M. M., Li, K. Y., Neely, R. M., Kay, J. E., Carmena, J. M., Maharbiz, M. M., & Muller, R. (2020) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-020-0518-9 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Power Approaches for Implantable Medical Devices
Amar, A. B., Kouki, A. B., & Cao, H. (2015) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s151128889 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Brain stimulation for epilepsy
Theodore, W. H., & Fisher, R. S. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(03)00664-1 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Alonso, P., Cuadras, D., Gabriëls, L., Denys, D., Goodman, W., Greenberg, B. D., Jimenez-Ponce, F., Kuhn, J., Lenartz, D., Mallet, L., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133591 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Bottomley, P. A., & Andrew, E. R. (1978) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/23/4/006 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Shin, G., Gomez, A. M., Al-Hasani, R., Jeong, Y. R., Kim, J., Xie, Z., Banks, A., Lee, S. M., Han, S. Y., Yoo, C. J., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.031 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Wireless Power Transfer in Loosely Coupled Links: Coil Misalignment Model
Fotopoulou, K., & Flynn, B. W. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2010.2093534 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Cell Densities in the Mouse Brain: A Systematic Review
Keller, D., Erö, C., & Markram, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00083 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Biran, R., Martin, D. C., & Tresco, P. A. (2007) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.31138 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Cardiac Pacemakers: Function, Troubleshooting, and Management
Mulpuru, S. K., Madhavan, M., McLeod, C. J., Cha, Y., & Friedman, P. A. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.061 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Giant magnetoelectric effect in Metglas/polyvinylidene-fluoride laminates
Zhai, J., Dong, S., Xing, Z., Li, J., & Viehland, D. (2006) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2337996 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices
Parastarfeizabadi, M., & Kouzani, A. Z. (2017) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-017-0295-1 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Magnetothermal genetic deep brain stimulation of motor behaviors in awake, freely moving mice
Munshi, R., Qadri, S. M., Zhang, Q. Y., Castellanos-Rubio, I., del Pino, P., & Pralle, A. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.27069 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Hargreaves, D. G., Drew, S., & ECKERSLEY, R. (2004) · Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) · doi:10.1016/j.jhsb.2004.03.003 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Conformal phased surfaces for wireless powering of bioelectronic microdevices
Agrawal, D. R., Tanabe, Y., Weng, D., Ma, A., Hsu, S., Liao, S.-Y., Zhen, Z., Zhu, Z., Sun, C., Dong, Z., et al. (2017) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-017-0043 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Magnetoelectric ‘spin’ on stimulating the brain.
Guduru, R., Liang, P., Hong, J., Rodzinski, A., Hadjikhani, A., Horstmyer, J., Levister, E., & Khizroev, S. (2015) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm.15.52 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Proving the suitability of magnetoelectric stimuli for tissue engineering applications
Ribeiro, C., Correia, V. M. G., Martins, P., Gama, M., & Lanceros-Méndez, S. (2016) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.055 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Magneto-electric nano-particles for non-invasive brain stimulation.
Yue, K., Guduru, R., Hong, J., Liang, P., Nair, M., & Khizroev, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044040 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Schabrun, S. M., Jones, E., Cancino, E. E., & Hodges, P. W. (2014) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.01.058 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Kesar, T. M., Perumal, R., Jancosko, A., Reisman, D. S., Rudolph, K. S., Higginson, J. S., & Binder‐Macleod, S. A. (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090140 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Stretchable multichannel antennas in soft wireless optoelectronic implants for optogenetics
Park, S. I., Shin, G., McCall, J. G., Al-Hasani, R., Norris, A., Xia, L., Brenner, D. S., Noh, K. N., Bang, S. Y., Bhatti, D. L., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1611769113 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Disordered clusters of Bak dimers rupture mitochondria during apoptosis
Uren, R. T., O’Hely, M., Iyer, S., Bartolo, R. C., Shi, M. X., Brouwer, J. M., Alsop, A. E., Dewson, G., & Kluck, R. M. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.19944 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Screening Fluorescent Voltage Indicators with Spontaneously Spiking HEK Cells
Park, J., Werley, C. A., Venkatachalam, V., Kralj, J. M., Dib‐Hajj, S. D., Waxman, S. G., & Cohen, A. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085221 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A Sub-millimeter, Inductively Powered Neural Stimulator
Freeman, D. K., O'Brien, J. M., Kumar, P., Daniels, B., Irion, R. A., Shraytah, L., Ingersoll, B. K., Magyar, A. P., Czarnecki, A., Wheeler, J. J., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00659 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
StimDust: A 6.5mm3, wireless ultrasonic peripheral nerve stimulator with 82% peak chip efficiency
Johnson, B. C., Shen, K., Piech, D. K., Ghanbari, M. M., Li, K. Y., Neely, R., Carmena, J. M., Maharbiz, M. M., & Muller, R. (2018) · Custom Integrated Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/cicc.2018.8357047 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Improved Wireless, Transcutaneous Power Transmission for In Vivo Applications
O’Handley, R. C., Huang, J., Bono, D. C., & Simon, J. (2008) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2007.912899 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Giant magnetoelectric effect at low frequencies in polymer-based thin film composites
Kulkarni, A., Meurisch, K., Teliban, I., Jahns, R., Strunskus, T., Piorra, A., Knochel, R. H., & Faupel, F. (2014) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4860664 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-Tracking Energy Transfer for Neural Stimulation in Untethered Mice
Ho, J. S., Tanabe, Y., Iyer, S. M., Christensen, A. J., Grosenick, L., Deisseroth, K. A., Delp, S. L., & Poon, A. S. Y. (2015) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.4.024001 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Low-frequency deep brain stimulation for movement disorders
Baizabal‐Carvallo, J. F., & Alonso‐Juarez, M. (2016) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.07.018 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sub-meninges implantation reduces immune response to neural implants
Markwardt, N. T., Stokol, J., & Rennaker, R. L. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.01.020 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A Miniaturized, Programmable Deep-Brain Stimulator for Group-Housing and Water Maze Use
Pinnell, R., de Vasconcelos, A. P., Cassel, J., & Hofmann, U. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00231 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wireless Microstimulators for Neural Prosthetics
Şahin, M., & Pikov, V. (2011) · Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v39.i1.50 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wirelessly powered implantable pacemaker with on-chip antenna
Sun, Y., Greet, B. D., Burkland, D. A., John, M. M., Razavi, M., & Babakhani, A. (2017) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2017.8058831 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
34.3 An 8.2mm3 Implantable Neurostimulator with Magnetoelectric Power and Data Transfer
Yu, Z., Chen, J., Avants, B. W., He, Y., Singer, A. L., Robinson, J. T., & Yang, K. (2020) · Digest of technical papers/Digest of technical papers - IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/isscc19947.2020.9062931 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSantacruz, S. R., Aazhang, B., & Kemere, C. T. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2014.2330515 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSo, R. Q., McConnell, G. C., & Grill, W. M. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Maeng, L. Y., Murillo, M. F., Mu, M., Lo, M.-C., de la Rosa, M., O’Brien, J. M., Freeman, D. K., & Widge, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aafc72 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Approaches to large scale neural recording by chronic implants for mobile BCIs
Nurmikko, A. V. (2018) · International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) · doi:10.1109/iww-bci.2018.8311503 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Using DeepLabCut for 3D markerless pose estimation across species and behaviors
Nath, T., Mathis, A., Chen, A. C., Patel, A., Bethge, M., & Mathis, M. W. (2019) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-019-0176-0 · Cited by 1,476 · see citing works
A wireless millimetric magnetoelectric implant for the endovascular stimulation of peripheral nerves
Chen, J., Kan, P. T. M., Yu, Z., Alrashdan, F. T., Garcia, R., Singer, A. L., Lai, C. S. E., Avants, B., Crosby, S., Li, Z., et al. (2022) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00873-7 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationZaeimbashi, M., Nasrollahpour, M., Khalifa, A., Romano, A., Liang, X., Chen, H., Sun, N., Matyushov, A. D., Lin, H., Dong, C., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23256-z · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Magnetoelectric effect: principles and applications in biology and medicine– a review
Kopyl, S., Surmenev, R., Surmeneva, M., Fetisov, Y., & Kholkin, A. (2021) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100149 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Kozielski, K., Jahanshahi, A., Gilbert, H. B., Yu, Y., Erin, Ö., Francisco, D., Alosaimi, F., Temel, Y., & Sitti, M. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc4189 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Zhang, T., Liang, H., Wang, Z., Qiu, C., Peng, Y. B., Zhu, X., Li, J., Ge, X., Xu, J., Huang, X. L., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abk0159 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Wireless power delivery techniques for miniature implantable bioelectronics
Singer, A., & Robinson, J. T. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202100664 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationEjneby, M. S., Jakešová, M., Ferrero, J. J., Migliaccio, L., Sahalianov, I. Y., Zhao, Z., Magnus Berggren, A., Khodagholy, D., Đerek, V., Gelinas, J. N., et al. (2021) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00817-7 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Luan, L., Robinson, J. T., Aazhang, B., Chi, T., Yang, K., Li, X., Rathore, H., Singer, A., Yellapantula, S., Fan, Y., et al. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.011 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationTranslational opportunities and challenges of invasive electrodes for neural interfaces
Shen, K., Chen, O., Edmunds, J. L., Piech, D. K., & Maharbiz, M. M. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01021-5 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Miniature battery-free bioelectronics
Nair, V., Dalrymple, A. N., Yu, Z., Balakrishnan, G., Bettinger, C. J., Weber, D. J., Yang, K., & Robinson, J. T. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abn4732 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationIn Vivo Organic Bioelectronics for Neuromodulation
Magnus Berggren, A., Głowacki, E. D., Simon, D. T., Stavrinidou, E., & Tybrandt, K. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00390 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The Microbead: A 0.009 mm 3 Implantable Wireless Neural Stimulator
Khalifa, A., Liu, Y., Karimi, Y., Wang, Q., Eisape, A. A., Stanaćević, M., Thakor, N. V., Bao, Z., & Etienne‐Cummings, R. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2019.2939014 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Wireless Power Transfer and Telemetry for Implantable Bioelectronics
Yoo, S., Lee, J. H., Joo, H., Sunwoo, S., Kim, S., & Kim, D. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202100614 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Magnetoelectric nanodiscs enable wireless transgene-free neuromodulation
Kim, Y. J., Kent, N., Paniagua, E. V., Driscoll, N., Tabet, A., Koehler, F., Malkin, E., Frey, E. J., Manthey, M., Sahasrabudhe, A., et al. (2024) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-024-01798-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., Li, X., Zheng, Y., & Yang, Z. (2025) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00399 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Ultrasound‐Powered Implants: A Critical Review of Piezoelectric Material Selection and Applications
Turner, B. L., Senevirathne, S., Kilgour, K. M., McArt, D. G., Biggs, M. J. P., Menegatti, S., & Daniele, M. A.-A. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202100986 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Body Dust: Well Beyond Wearable and Implantable Sensors
Carrara, S. (2020) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2020.3029432 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Sun, P., Li, C., Yang, C., Sun, M., Hou, H., Guan, Y., Chen, J., Liu, S., Chen, K., Ma, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49166-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationMagNI: A Magnetoelectrically Powered and Controlled Wireless Neurostimulating Implant
Yu, Z., Chen, J. C., Alrashdan, F. T., Avants, B. W., He, Y., Singer, A., Robinson, J. T., & Yang, K. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2020.3037862 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, J. C., Bhave, G., Alrashdan, F. T., Dhuliyawalla, A., Hogan, K. J., Mikos, A. G., & Robinson, J. T. (2023) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-023-01680-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationMagnetic-driven wireless electrical stimulation in a scaffold
Qi, F., Gao, X., Yang, S., Peng, S., Deng, Y., Yang, S. L., Yang, Y., & Shuai, C. (2022) · Composites Part B Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109864 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Interfacing with the Brain: How Nanotechnology Can Contribute
Ahmed, A. A. A., Alegret, N., Almeida, B., Álvarez‐Puebla, R. A., Andrews, A. M., Ballerini, L., Barrios‐Capuchino, J. J., Becker, C., Blick, R. H., Bonakdar, S., et al. (2025) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c10525 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Wearable wireless power systems for ‘ME-BIT’ magnetoelectric-powered bio implants
Alrashdan, F. T., Chen, J., Singer, A. L., Avants, B. W., Yang, K., & Robinson, J. T. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac1178 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationIn vivo magnetogenetics for cell-type-specific targeting and modulation of brain circuits
Choi, S.-H., Shin, J., Park, C., Lee, J.-U., Lee, J., Ambo, Y., Shin, W., Yu, R., Kim, J., Lah, J. D., et al. (2024) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-024-01694-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Nan, K., Wong, K., Li, D., Ying, B., McRae, J. C., Feig, V. R., Wang, S., Du, N., Liang, Y., Mao, Q., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51102-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Han, M., Yıldız, E., Bozuyuk, U., Aydın, A., Yu, Y., Bhargava, A., Karaz, S., & Sitti, M. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46245-4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Khan, A. N., Cha, Y., Giddens, H., & Hao, Y. (2022) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2021.10.019 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lead-free dual-frequency ultrasound implants for wireless, biphasic deep brain stimulation
Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Xue, H., Zeng, Y., Lu, G., Fan, H., Jiang, L., & Wu, J. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48250-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Fiocchi, S., Chiaramello, E., Marrella, A., Suarato, G., Bonato, M., Parazzini, M., & Ravazzani, P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274676 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Magnetoelectrics for biomedical applications: 130 years later, bridging materials, energy, and life
Martins, P., Brito‐Pereira, R., Ribeiro, S., Lanceros-Méndez, S., & Ribeiro, C. (2024) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109569 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Biomedical Implants with Charge‐Transfer Monitoring and Regulating Abilities
Wang, D., Tan, J., Zhu, H., Mei, Y., & Liu, X. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202004393 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Yang, F., Wu, X., Cui, H., Ou, Z., Jiang, S., Cai, S., Zhou, Q., Wong, B. G., Huang, H., & Hong, G. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo6743 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bioelectronic Sensor Nodes for the Internet of Bodies
Chatterjee, B., Mohseni, P., & Sen, S. (2023) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110220-112448 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Khalifa, A., Mittal, A., Nasrollahpour, M., Das, D., Onabajo, M., Sun, N. X., Cash, S. S., & Shrivastava, A. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2022.3180633 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Modulating cell signalling in vivo with magnetic nanotransducers
Romero, G., Park, J., Koehler, F., Pralle, A., & Anikeeva, P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-022-00170-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Developing Next-Generation Brain Sensing Technologies—A Review
Robinson, J. T., Xie, C., Pohlmeyer, E. A., Gather, M. C., Kemere, C. T., Kitching, J. E., Malliaras, G. G., Marblestone, A. H., Shepard, K. L., & Stieglitz, T. (2019) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2019.2931159 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationBok, I., Haber, I., Qu, X., & Hai, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12303-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Wrapping stem cells with wireless electrical nanopatches for traumatic brain injury therapy
Wang, L., Du, J., Liu, Q., Wang, D., Wang, W., Lei, M., Li, K., Li, Y., Hao, A., Sang, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51098-y · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mukherjee, D., & Mallick, D. (2023) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/5.0122736 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Yu, Z., Chen, J., He, Y., Alrashdan, F. T., Avants, B. W., Singer, A. L., Robinson, J. T., & Yang, K. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3129993 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationDeep brain stimulation: Challenges at the tissue‐electrode interface and current solutions
Kolaya, E., & Firestein, B. L. (2021) · Biotechnology Progress · doi:10.1002/btpr.3179 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Advances in Material‐Assisted Electromagnetic Neural Stimulation
Sun, Y., Zhifeng, X., Chen, B., Zhao, Y., & Dai, J. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202400346 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mukherjee, D., Rainu, S., Singh, N., & Mallick, D. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3336598 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Choe, J. K., Kim, S., Lee, A., Choi, C., Cho, J., Jo, W., Song, M. H., Cha, C., & Kim, J. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202311154 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Graphene and graphene-related materials as brain electrodes
Xu, B., Pei, J., Feng, L., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d1tb01795k · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Conductive Materials with Elaborate Micro/Nanostructures for Bioelectronics
Guo, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., & Zhao, Y. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202110024 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Jafari, M., Marquez, G., Dechiraju, H., Gomez, M. M., & Rolandi, M. (2023) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101535 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
All-in-one self-powered wearable biosensors systems
Li, Q., Gao, M., Sun, X., Wang, X., Chu, D., Cheng, W., Xi, Y., & Lu, Y. (2025) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2025.100934 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Distributed sensor and actuator networks for closed-loop bioelectronic medicine
Bhave, G., Chen, J., Singer, A. L., Sharma, A., & Robinson, J. T. (2021) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2020.12.020 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationMultifunctional bioelectronics for brain–body circuits
Sahasrabudhe, A., Cea, C., & Anikeeva, P. (2025) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-025-00289-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A review of wireless power transfer using magnetoelectric structures
Saha, O., Truong, B. D., & Roundy, S. (2022) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ac9166 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Magnetoelectrics enables large power delivery to mm-sized wireless bioelectronics
Kim, W., Tuppen, C. A., Alrashdan, F. T., Singer, A. L., Weirnick, R., & Robinson, J. T. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0156015 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationHosur, S., Sriramdas, R., Karan, S. K., Liu, N., Priya, S., & Kiani, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2021.3118981 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kolishetti, N., Vashist, A., Yndart, A., Atluri, V. S. R., Dhar, S., & Nair, M. G. (2021) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2021.101046 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Su, B., Tian, Y., Yu, Z., Wu, X., Ding, J., Wu, C., Wei, D., Yin, H., Sun, J., et al. (2023) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.029 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lamont, C., Grego, T., Nanbakhsh, K., Shah Idil, A., Giagka, V, Vanhoestenberghe, A., Cogan, S., & Donaldson, N. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abf0d6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Over the Horizon: The Present and Future of Endovascular Neural Recording and Stimulation
Fan, J., Lopez‐Rivera, V., & Sheth, S. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00432 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Magnetoelectric backscatter communication for millimeter-sized wireless biomedical implants
Yu, Z., Alrashdan, F. T., Wang, W., Parker, M., Chen, X., Chen, F. Y., Woods, J. E., Chen, Z., Robinson, J. T., & Yang, K. (2022) · ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) · doi:10.1145/3495243.3560541 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationSu, C.-L., Cheng, C., Yen, P.-H., Huang, J., Ting, Y., & Chiang, P. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04124-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Current advances in magnetoelectric composites with various interphase connectivity types
Hadouch, Y., Mezzane, D., Amjoud, M., Uršič, H., Lahmar, A., Rožič, B., Luk’yanchuk, I. A., Kutnjak, Z., & Marssi, M. E. (2025) · Sustainable Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1039/d5se00053j · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer for Millimetric Magnetoelectric Biomedical Implants
Wang, W., Yu, Z., Zou, Y., Woods, J. E., Chari, P., Su, Y., Robinson, J. T., & Yang, K. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2024.3464533 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, J., Chen, X., Wang, X., Fang, C., & Weng, G. J. (2022) · Composite Structures · doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116450 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Exploring Present and Future Directions in Nano-Enhanced Optoelectronic Neuromodulation
Yang, C., Cheng, Z., Li, P., & Tian, B. (2024) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00086 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Currie, A. D., Wong, J. K., & Okun, M. S. (2024) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-024-00804-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Modelling of magnetoelectric nanoparticles for non-invasive brain stimulation: a computational study
Fiocchi, S., Chiaramello, E., Marrella, A., Bonato, M., Parazzini, M., & Ravazzani, P. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac9085 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Magnetoelectrics for Implantable Bioelectronics: Progress to Date
Alrashdan, F. T., Yang, K., & Robinson, J. T. (2024) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00307 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, J., Dhuliyawalla, A., Garcia, R., Robledo, A., Woods, J. E., Alrashdan, F. T., O’Leary, S., Husain, A., Price, A., Crosby, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-024-01281-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationComparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants
Miziev, S., Pawlak, W. A., & Howard, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wirelessly controlled drug delivery systems for translational medicine
Wei, X., Wang, Y., Hu, H., Sheng, T., Yao, Y., Chen, C., Xu, G., Li, K., Su, Y., Nan, K., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44287-025-00151-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A review on magnetic and spintronic neurostimulation: challenges and prospects
Saha, R., Wu, K., Bloom, R. P., Liang, S. A., Tonini, D., & Wang, J. (2022) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ac49be · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Physical mechanisms of emerging neuromodulation modalities
Karatum, O., Han, M., Erdoğan, E. T., Karamürsel, S., & Nizamoğlu, S. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acd870 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wireless Power Transfer and Management for Medical Applications: Wireless power
Kiani, M. (2022) · IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine · doi:10.1109/mssc.2022.3178671 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wireless optoelectronic devices for vagus nerve stimulation in mice
Donahue, M. J., Ejneby, M. S., Jakešová, M., Caravaca, A. S., Andersson, G., Sahalianov, I. Y., Đerek, V., Hult, H., Olofsson, P. S., & Głowacki, E. D. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aca1e3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Noh, B., & Yang, S. C. (2021) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161861 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kumari, P., Wunderlich, H., Milojkovic, A., López, J. E., Fossati, A., Jahanshahi, A., & Kozielski, K. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202302871 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Organic electrolytic photocapacitors for stimulation of the mouse somatosensory cortex
Missey, F., Botzanowski, B., Migliaccio, L., Acerbo, E., Głowacki, E. D., & Williamson, A. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac37a6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Das, D., Xu, Z., Nasrollahpour, M., Martos-Repath, I., Zaeimbashi, M., Khalifa, A., Mittal, A., Cash, S. S., Sun, N. X., Shrivastava, A., et al. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/ojcas.2023.3259233 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sadeghi, A., Afshari, E., Hashemi, M., Kaplan, D. L., & Mozafari, M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100420 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Micromechanical Transmitter with Only One BAW Magneto-Electric Antenna
Chen, S., Li, J., Gao, Y., Li, J., Dong, H., Gu, Z., & Ren, W. (2022) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13020272 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A review: flexible devices for nerve stimulation
Liu, Z.-Q., Yu, X.-Y., Huang, J., Wu, X.-Y., Wang, Z.-Y., & Zhu, B. (2024) · Soft Science · doi:10.20517/ss.2023.36 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Implantable Neural Interfaces for Multimodal Electrical Neuromodulation
Wang, L., Liu, S., Zhao, W., Li, J., Zeng, H., Kang, S., Sheng, X., Wang, L., Fan, Y., & Yin, L. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202303316 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Eid, M. M., Chinnaperumal, S., Raju, S. K., Kannan, S., Alharbi, A. H., Natarajan, S., Khafaga, D. S., & Tawfeek, S. M. (2024) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0194094 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ren, Z., Liu, C., Li, M., Ge, W., Zhou, L., Zhao, H., Tang, L., & Ren, L. (2025) · International Journal of Mechanical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110042 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Modeling of Magnetoelectric Antennas for Circuit Simulations in Magnetic Sensing Applications
Martos-Repath, I., Mittal, A., Zaeimbashi, M., Das, D., Sun, N. X., Shrivastava, A., & Onabajo, M. (2020) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas48704.2020.9184568 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Qin, C., Yue, Z., Wallace, G. G., & Chen, J. (2022) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.2c00679 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationChiaramello, E., Fiocchi, S., Bonato, M., Marrella, A., Suarato, G., Parazzini, M., & Ravazzani, P. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3225098 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wireless neuromodulation at submillimeter precision via a microwave split-ring resonator
Marar, C., Jiang, Y., Li, Y., Lan, L., Zheng, N., Chen, G., Yang, C., & Cheng, J. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ado5560 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cho, J., Seong, G., Chang, Y., & Kim, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.667447 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lasheras, A., Saiz, P. G., Porro, J., Quintana, I., Polak, C., & Lopes, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161065 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Magnetically Guided Catheters, Micro- and Nanorobots for Spinal Cord Stimulation
Torlakcik, H., Sarica, C., Bayer, P., Yamamoto, K., Iorio‐Morin, C., Hodaie, M., Kalia, S. K., Neimat, J. S., Hernesniemi, J. A., Bhatia, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2021.749024 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Expanding biological control to bioelectronics with machine learning
Selberg, J. A., Jafari, M., Bradley, C., Gomez, M. M., & Rolandi, M. (2020) · APL Materials · doi:10.1063/5.0027226 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Aerosol Jet Printing for Neuroprosthetic Device Development
Waele, L. D., Pietro, M. D., Perilli, S., Mantini, E., Trevisan, G., Simoncini, M., Panella, M., Betti, V., Laffranchi, M., & Mantini, D. (2025) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering12070707 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Functional material-mediated wireless physical stimulation for neuro-modulation and regeneration
Li, J., Wu, C., Zeng, M., Zhang, Y., Wei, D., Sun, J., & Fan, H. (2023) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d3tb01354e · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wang, D., Xing, S., Peng, F., Zhang, X., Tan, J., Hao, X., Qiao, Y., Ge, N., & Liu, X. (2022) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A simple method for implanting free-floating microdevices into the nervous tissue
Khalifa, A., Eisape, A. A., Coughlin, B. F., & Cash, S. S. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abf590 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A chronic photocapacitor implant for noninvasive neurostimulation with deep red lightPreprint
Ejneby, M. S., Jakešová, M., Ferrero, J. J., Migliaccio, L., Zhao, Z., Magnus Berggren, A., Khodagholy, D., Đerek, V., Gelinas, J. N., & Głowacki, E. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182113 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Power optimization of a magnetoelectric wireless power transfer system with volume constraint
Truong, B. D. (2021) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2021.113226 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mukherjee, D., & Mallick, D. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) · doi:10.1109/mems51670.2022.9699779 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tao, Q., Chao, H., Fang, D., & Dou, D. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.375342 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Singer, A., Dutta, S., Lewis, E., Chen, Z., Chen, J. C., Verma, N., Avants, B., Feldman, A. K., O’Malley, J., Beierlein, M., Kemere, C., & Robinson, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Rice University (US)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Robinson, Jacob T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 631-643.e5
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7818389
- OpenAlex
- W3033085681
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 11.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (CBET-1351692, GRFP 1842494, IGERT 1250104)
- National Institutes of Health (1U18EB029353-01, R21EY028397A)
- Rice University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Multiferroics and related materials
- Keywords
- magnetoelectric materials, wireless neural stimulation, deep brain stimulation, Parkinson's disease, high-frequency stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Equipment Design, Humans, Deep Brain Stimulation, Implantable Neurostimulators, Wireless Technology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
